ABSTRACT
Supraorbital salt-excreting glands are present in at least 10 avian orders and are largest in marine species, including penguins. Diseases of the avian salt gland have been described infrequently. From September 2015, five captive northern rockhopper penguins ( Eudyptes moseleyi) were presented over a 6-wk period for unilateral or bilateral supraorbital swellings. In September 2016, two cases recurred and two additional cases were identified. Histopathology demonstrated salt gland adenitis with extensive squamous metaplasia. Blood plasma testing demonstrated marked vitamin A and E deficiencies within the colony. Prolonged frozen storage of feed-fish was implicated as a cause of vitamin depletion; reducing storage times and addition of dietary supplementation prevented recurrence.
Subject(s)
Animals, Zoo , Bird Diseases/diagnosis , Lymphadenitis/veterinary , Salt Gland/pathology , Spheniscidae , Vitamin A Deficiency/veterinary , Animals , Bird Diseases/chemically induced , Bird Diseases/therapy , Female , Lymphadenitis/chemically induced , Lymphadenitis/diagnosis , Lymphadenitis/therapy , Male , Metaplasia , Recurrence , Scotland , Vitamin A/blood , Vitamin A Deficiency/chemically induced , Vitamin A Deficiency/diagnosis , Vitamin A Deficiency/therapyABSTRACT
El género Mycobacterium provoca infecciones pulmonares y extrapulmonares, de estas últimas predomina la infección ganglionar. Mientras Mycobacterium tuberculosis es el agente causal más importante, en las últimas décadas aumenta la incidencia de otras especies micobacterianas que se han hecho prevalentes en los pacientes positivos al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH +) tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Durante el período enero 2007 hasta diciembre 2009 se procesó en nuestro laboratorio 6540 muestras, 210 muestras fueron obtenidas por biopsia ganglionar, precisamente este constituyó nuestro universo de estudio, 190 (90.4%) muestras se obtuvieron por exéresis quirúrgica, 20 (9.5%) por punción espirativa;17 procedían de pacientes VIH (8.1%) y 193 procedentes de pacientes VIH+(91.9%). En solo 16 muestras (7.6%) el cultivo BAAR fue positivo; 4 procedentes de pacientes VIH (25%) y 12 VIH+(75%). La clasificación e identificación micobacteriana demostró la presencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en 13 de los casos (81.25%), mientras Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare fue aislado en 3 (18.7%). En los pacientes inmunodeprimidos con linfadenopatía incluidos los pacientes VIH/sida, es muy importante la búsqueda activa de la presencia de BAAR como coinfección oportunista, donde Mycobacterium tuberculosis se mantiene como el agente infeccioso más frecuente, sin embargo la posibilidad de que otras especies micobacterianas también estén presentes no se debe descartar. Nuestro objetivo en este estudio como Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de TB- Micobacterias fue lograr la caracterización etiológica de linfadenopatías en pacientes en que se sospechaba clínicamente la participación del género Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most important etiological agent producing pulmonary as well as extrapulmonary infection. During these last decades, the increase in the incidence of infection due to other mycobacteria species is evident. Lymphadenopathy is the most frequent extrapulmonary presentation form of Mycobacterium Genera infection among HIV positive patients either in developed or underdeveloped countries. The aim of this work is to analyze the results obtained during January 2007 - December 2009 in our laboratory. Two hundred ten tissue samples were studied; 190 (90.4%) samples were lymph node biopsied tissues and 20 (9.5%) samples were obtained by fine needle aspiration; 17 were from HIV - patients (8.1%) and 193 from HIV + (91.9%). A total of 16 (7.6%) samples produced a positive culture for BAAR, 4 VIH- (25%) and 12 VIH+ (75%). Classification and identification for mycobacteria confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 13 of the cases (81.25%), and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in three patients (18.7%). The present study once again confirms that BAAR culture has more sensitivity and specificity than histopathologhic studies have. Lymphadenopathy in immunosuppressed patients should by studied for the presence of an BAAR coinfection where M. tuberculosis is still the agent most frequently found, nevertheless, other species of Mycobacteria may be causing infection and should be searched for. Our objective as National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis and Mycobacterial was to obtain the etiological characterization of Mycobacterium lymphadenopathy in clinically suspect patients.
