Proteomic analysis and immunodetection of antigens from early developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis.

Trichinella spiralis is an ubiquitous parasitic nematode that lives in muscle tissue of many hosts and causes trichinellosis in humans. Numerous efforts have been directed at specific detection of this infection and strategies for its control. TSL-1 and other antigens, mainly from muscle larvae (ML), have been used to induce partial protection in rodents. An improvement in protective immunity may be achieved by using antigens from other parasite stages. Further, identification of other parasite antigens may provide insights into their role in the host-parasite interaction. In this study, T. spiralis antigens from early developmental parasite stages, namely ML and pre-adult (PA) obtained at 6h, 18h and 30h post-infection, were identified by proteomic and mass spectrometry analyses. Our findings showed a differential expression of several proteins with molecular weights in the range of 13-224kDa and pI range of 4.54-9.89. Bioinformatic analyses revealed a wide diversity of functions in the identified proteins, which include structural, antioxidant, actin binding, peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, motor, hydrolase, ATP binding, magnesium and calcium binding, isomerase and translation elongation factor. This, together with the differential recognition of antigens from these parasite stages by antibodies present in intestinal fluid, in supernatants from intestinal explants, and in serum samples from mice infected with T. spiralis or re-infected with this parasite, provides information that may lead to alternatives in the design of vaccines against this parasite or for modulation of immune responses.

Human taeniasis - cattle and swine cysticercosis complex. I - Human taeniasis / Complexo teníase humana - Cisticercose bovina e suína. I - Teníase humana

A global approach of the Human Taeniasis-Cysticercosis Complex must take into account the natural history of a biological agent that requires the interactive relationship with two vertebrate species for its persistence, one of them being necessarily the human species. In fact, man is the obligatory host of both Taenia solium and Taenia saginata adult stages, while pig and cattle are the larval stage natural hosts (Cysticerclls cellulosae and Cysticercus bovis respectively). The human taeniasis disease process is presented in the first part of this review, emphasizing some relevant aspects such as man"s importance as the only natural host able to harbor both T. solium and T. saginata adult form and his role in the cysticercosis transmission mechanism; the human infestation mechanism by eating viable cysticerci with raw and/or undercooked meat; the role of animal species as taeniasis source of infection; the mild pathology (lesions and symptom ) stressing the importance of the patient"s observation of faeces as to the presence of proglottis; the significance of identifying the taenia species when the patient is treated, as well as the importance of global preventive actions in disrupting the epidemiological chain of this agent in different critical points.

Ao apreciarmos o complexo Teníase Humana - Cisticercose devemos ter em mente a história natural de um agente biológico que, para sua persistência na natureza, necessita, obrigatoriamente, da participação de duas espécies hospedeiras, uma das quais é, necessariamente, a humana. A Taenia solium, por exemplo, em sua forma adulta, hospeda-se, naturalmente, no intestino delgado do ser humano e, em sua forma larvar, o Cysticercus cellulosae, no tecido muscular de suínos. O ser humano é, também, o hospedeiro obrigatório da forma adulta da Taenia saginata, enquanto que a correspondente forma larvar, o Cysticercus bovis, infecta o tecido muscular de bovinos. Neste primeiro artigo trataremos do processo doença intitulado Teníase Humana, salientando: a importância desta espécie, única hospedeira da forma adulta das duas tênias, bem como seu papel na transmissão da cisticercose; o mecanismo envolvido em sua infestação pela ingestão de cisticercos viáveis com carne crua ou mal cozida; a patologia (lesões e sintomas) discreta ressaltando a importância da observação, pelo paciente, da presença de proglotes nas fezes; o significado da identificação da espécie da tênia por ocasião do tratamento do paciente e a essencialidade das ações preventivas globais, buscando romper a cadeia epidemiológica deste agente em seus diferentes pontos críticos.

Human taeniasis - cattle and swine cysticercosis complex. I - Human taeniasis / Complexo teníase humana - Cisticercose bovina e suína. I - Teníase humana

A global approach of the Human Taeniasis-Cysticercosis Complex must take into account the natural history of a biological agent that requires the interactive relationship with two vertebrate species for its persistence, one of them being necessarily the human species. In fact, man is the obligatory host of both Taenia solium and Taenia saginata adult stages, while pig and cattle are the larval stage natural hosts (Cysticerclls cellulosae and Cysticercus bovis respectively). The human taeniasis disease process is presented in the first part of this review, emphasizing some relevant aspects such as man"s importance as the only natural host able to harbor both T. solium and T. saginata adult form and his role in the cysticercosis transmission mechanism; the human infestation mechanism by eating viable cysticerci with raw and/or undercooked meat; the role of animal species as taeniasis source of infection; the mild pathology (lesions and symptom ) stressing the importance of the patient"s observation of faeces as to the presence of proglottis; the significance of identifying the taenia species when the patient is treated, as well as the importance of global preventive actions in disrupting the epidemiological chain of this agent in different critical points.

Ao apreciarmos o complexo Teníase Humana - Cisticercose devemos ter em mente a história natural de um agente biológico que, para sua persistência na natureza, necessita, obrigatoriamente, da participação de duas espécies hospedeiras, uma das quais é, necessariamente, a humana. A Taenia solium, por exemplo, em sua forma adulta, hospeda-se, naturalmente, no intestino delgado do ser humano e, em sua forma larvar, o Cysticercus cellulosae, no tecido muscular de suínos. O ser humano é, também, o hospedeiro obrigatório da forma adulta da Taenia saginata, enquanto que a correspondente forma larvar, o Cysticercus bovis, infecta o tecido muscular de bovinos. Neste primeiro artigo trataremos do processo doença intitulado Teníase Humana, salientando: a importância desta espécie, única hospedeira da forma adulta das duas tênias, bem como seu papel na transmissão da cisticercose; o mecanismo envolvido em sua infestação pela ingestão de cisticercos viáveis com carne crua ou mal cozida; a patologia (lesões e sintomas) discreta ressaltando a importância da observação, pelo paciente, da presença de proglotes nas fezes; o significado da identificação da espécie da tênia por ocasião do tratamento do paciente e a essencialidade das ações preventivas globais, buscando romper a cadeia epidemiológica deste agente em seus diferentes pontos críticos.