Flow and outdoor adventure recreation: Using flow measures to re-examine motives for participation.

Adventure participants have traditionally been viewed as having thrill or risk-seeking motives, and this perception remains despite empirical research suggesting that other motives may drive participation. This study was conducted to extend understanding of participation motives of adventure recreation participants in relation to Csiksentmihalyi's nine-dimension model of flow and other proposed motivational constructs. Participants (n = 199) who had typically engaged in their adventure recreation activity (i.e., highlining, rock climbing, downhill mountain biking, freefalling, snow sports) regularly, and with considerable competence, took part in this investigation by completing self-report measures of dispositional flow (The Dispositional Flow Scale; DFS-2), state flow (The Short Flow State Scale; SFSS), and participation motives in their adventure recreation environments. Support was observed in confirmatory factor analytic procedures for the factorial validity of DFS-2 and SFSS data obtained from adventure recreation participants. Mean scores from measures on participant experience of flow in adventure recreation were generally found to be significantly higher than previously observed in other physical activity domains, with some differences also being observed among adventure recreation subgroups. Contrary to traditional explanations of adventure recreation participation, risk-seeking was not supported as a key underlying motive by participants in this study. Mastery of one's adventure recreation activity, perceived connection to one's activity, and trust in one's skills, were identified as important participation motives. This study demonstrated that the DFS-2 and SFSS were able to satisfactorily assess flow constructs in adventure recreation, and supported recent research demonstrating flow to be a relevant experience to this setting. The implications of these findings for theory, practice, and future research directions in adventure recreation are discussed.

Gender Differences in Adventure Tourists Who Practice Kayaking in Extremadura.

Adventure tourism is among the sectors that has experienced the greatest growth in participation in recent years. In addition, it provides a unique opportunity to generate different benefits for rural populations as well as for the preservation of their environment. The objective of this study was to analyze gender differences in the profile, estimated expenditure, perception of economic impact and satisfaction of adventure tourists visiting the Valle del Jerte (Extremadura, Spain) for kayaking activities. The sample was composed of 511 tourists who kayaked in the Valle del Jerte. Gender differences were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test in continuous variables and Pearson's chi-square test in categorical variables. The predominant profile of the kayaking tourist is Spanish, married, employed, with university education, lives with their partner with children at home, chooses a rural home for accommodation, travels with companions, uses their own car for transportation, spends 550 euros on average, has good perceptions of the economic impact of the activity on the destination and is satisfied with the kayak service received. This information is relevant for public and private organizations as well as for the local community to be able to offer services more oriented to the tourist who engages in these activities, as well as to attract more tourists.

Investigation into the Trampoline Dynamic Characteristics and Analysis of Double Bounce Vibrations.

Double bounce is an unusual and potentially very hazardous phenomenon that most trampoline users may have experienced, yet few would have really understood how and why it occurs. This paper provides an in-depth investigation into the double bounce. Firstly, the static and dynamic characteristics of a recreational trampoline are analysed theoretically and verified through experiments. Then, based on the developed trampoline dynamic model, double bounce simulation is conducted with two medicine balls released with different time delays. Through simulation, the process of double bounce is presented in detail, which comprehensively reveals how energy is transferred between users during double bounce. Furthermore, the effect of release time delay on double bounce is also presented. Finally, we conducted an experiment which produced similar results to the simulation and validated the reliability of the trampoline dynamic model and double bounce theoretical analysis.

An Ecological Dynamics Approach to Understanding Human-Environment Interactions in the Adventure Sport Context-Implications for Research and Practice.

The last few decades have witnessed a surge of interest in adventure sports, and has led to an emerging research focus on these activities. However, recent conceptual analyses and scientific reviews have highlighted a major, fundamental question that remains unresolved: what constitutes an adventure sport. Despite several proposals for definitions, the field still seems to lack a shared conceptualization. This deficit may be a serious limitation for research and practice, restricting the development of a more nuanced theoretical explanation of participation and practical implications within and across adventure sports. In this article, we address another crucial question, how can adventure sports be better understood for research and practice? We briefly summarize previous definitions to address evident confusion and a lack of conceptual clarity in the discourse. Alternatively, we propose how an ecological perspective of human behaviors, such as interactions with the environment, may provide an appropriate conceptualization to guide and enhance future research and practice, using examples from activities such as freeride skiing/snowboarding, white-water kayaking, climbing, mountaineering and the fields of sport science, psychology and avalanche research and education. We draw on ecological dynamics as a transdisciplinary approach to discuss how this holistic framework presents a more detailed, nuanced, and precise understanding of adventure sports.

As implicações do coaching science nos esportes de aventura: um estudo de revisão sistemática / Coaching science implications in adventure sports: a systematic review study / Las implicaciones del coaching science en los deportes de aventura: un estudio de revisión sistemática

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a produção científica sobre o coaching nos esportes de aventura, de modo a identificar as características dos artigos, os direcionamentos metodológicos e as tendências temáticas. Para a obtenção dos artigos foi realizada uma revisão sistemática segundo as orientações do ENTREQ e PRISMA. Foram selecionados 24 artigos indexados nas bases de dados SciELO, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PubMed e PsycINFO. Os artigos incluídos foram, em sua maioria, publicados nos últimos cinco anos e originários do Reino Unido. O método qualitativo foi o mais utilizado por meio da técnica de entrevista semiestruturada. Já as tendências temáticas dividiram-se em: atuação e desenvolvimento do treinador de esportes de aventura. Conclui-se que as características do ambiente de prática (ex.: risco e instabilidade) é o que influencia diretamente a atuação e o desenvolvimento do treinador. Apesar desta área ser recente, acredita-se que ela já apresenta conhecimentos de base para estudos futuros .

Abstract: This study analyzes scientific articles on coaching in adventure sports in order to identify their characteristics, methodological foci, and thematic trends. We performed a systematic review in accordance with ENTREQ and PRISMA guidelines to select 24 articles indexed on Scielo, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO. Most of the articles selected had been published in the last five years and the authors were from the UK. Qualitative methods were used more frequently through semi-structured interviews. Thematic trends were divided into adventure sports coaches' work and development. We concluded that features of the environment of practice - e.g., risk and instability - are the main factor influencing coaches' performance and development. Despite being a recent field, the body of knowledge published supports future studies to be conducted.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la producción científica sobre el coaching en los deportes de aventura, con fin de identificar las características de los artículos, las directrices metodológicas y las tendencias temáticas. Para obtener los artículos, se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con las pautas de ENTREQ y PRISMA. Se seleccionaron 24 artículos indexados en las bases de datos Scielo, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PubMed y PsycINFO. La mayoría de los artículos incluidos fueron publicados en los últimos cinco años y se originaron en el Reino Unido. El método más utilizado fue el cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Las tendencias temáticas se dividieron en: actuación y desarrollo del entrenador de deportes de aventura. Se concluye que las características del entorno de práctica (riesgo e inestabilidad) es lo que influye directamente en el desempeño y desarrollo del entrenador. Aunque es un área reciente, se cree que ya presenta conocimientos de base para estudios futuros.

What Motivates Participants to Adhere to Green Exercise?

There is a lack of research into green exercise which investigates and compares motivational drivers between the different types of outdoor activities. The current paper addressed this gap by classifying and comparing three types of green exercise: (i) Recreational physical activity, (ii) competitive sport, and (iii) outdoor adventure sport. Using a mixed methodological approach, the present study investigated the motivations for adhering to green exercise and directly compared the differences between these three forms of green exercise. Online questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were used to collect data. The results demonstrated that within all types of green exercise, enjoyment was the greatest motivator. Based on analysis of the qualitative materials, extrinsic motivators such as the environment, family, and friends were highlighted as key factors in beginning and continuing their activity. However, intrinsic motivators were also emphasised as more important in adherence to green exercise. Furthermore, as seen in other research, numerous psychological benefits were reported over time. The results of the study may act as a starting point in understanding how we may increase public engagement in green exercise by prompting participants to select a form of green exercise that best suits them based on their motivational profile.

Defining Extreme Sport: Conceptions and Misconceptions.

One feature of how sport is defined is the distinction between extreme and non-extreme sport. BASE jumping is an example of an "extreme sport" because it involves a high degree of risk, whilst swimming is classified as "non-extreme" because the risks involved are minimal. This broad definition falls short of identifying the extent of risk and ignores the psychological, social-demographic and life style variables associated with engagement in each sport.

Percepção de instrutores com relação aos procedimentos necessários à condução de modalidades de esporte de aventura / Perception of instructors about the necessary procedures to conduct the modalities of adventure sport

O presente estudo buscou identifi car e analisar a percepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura acerca de procedimentos necessários à condução das modalidades no estado de Minas Gerais. Por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa, foram identifi cados instrutores com três níveis e áreas de formação profissional: ensino médio, graduados em Educação Física e em outras áreas do conhecimento. A experiência prática como praticante foi apontada como pré-requisito para atuação como instrutor. Quanto aos possíveis impactos ambientais causados pela prática de esporte de aventura, prevalece uma visão positiva por parte dos instrutores, o que, nem sempre, condiz com a realidade. A percepção acerca dos procedimentos necessários à segurança do praticante ganhou relevo na percepção dos instrutores....(AU)

The present study sought to identify and analyze the perception of adventure sports instructors about procedures required to conduct the modalities in the state of Minas Gerais. Through a qualitative research, instructors with three levels and areas of professional training were identifi ed: high school, graduates in Physical Education and other areas of knowledge. Practical experience as a practitioner was indicated as a prerequisite for acting as an instructor. Prevails a positive vision about possible environmental impacts due to the practice of adventure sports, which, not always, is in keeping with reality. The perception of the procedures necessary to the practitioner's safety has gained prominence in the insights of the instructors....(AU)

O esporte de aventura como conteúdo possível nas aulas de educação física escolar / Adventure sport as possible content in physical education classes / Deporte de aventura como el contenido possible en clases de educación física en la escuela

Este estudo investigou possibilidades para o trato das diferentes modalidades que compõem o esporte de aventura como conteúdo da Educação Física na escola. A partir de uma pesquisa de levantamento bibliográfico, fortalece-se a crença de que a busca por elementos com potencial para um currículo escolar alternativo para Educação Física é, acima de tudo, uma atitude de não conformismo, por parte dos atores envolvidos na ação educativa. A própria realidade nas escolas evidencia a necessidade de propostas e movimentos para implementar o processo educacional nos diferentes segmentos que compõem a educação básica. Certamente, a reflexão e o debate sobre a referida temática configuram-se procedimentos fundamentais para que as possibilidades possam ser concretizadas na ambiência das aulas de Educação Física.

This study aimed to investigate possibilities to work the different adventure sport modalities as content of Physical Education at school. From a literature review, strengthens the belief that the search for elements with the potential for an alternative curriculum for Physical Education is, above all, an attitude of non-conformism, by the actors involved in the educational activity. Reality itself in schools highlights the need for proposals and moves to implement the educational process in the different segments of basic education. Certainly, reflection and debate on this theme configured to fundamental procedures so that the possibilities can be realized in the Physical Education classes.

Este estudio investiga las posibilidades para el tratamiento de diferentes tipos que componen el deporte de aventura como el contenido de la educación física en la escuela. A partir de una revisión de la literatura especializada, refuerza la creencia de que la búsqueda de elementos con el potencial de un currículum alternativo para la educación física es, sobre todo, una actitud de no conformidad por parte de los actores que participan en actividades educativas. La realidad misma en las escuelas pone de relieve la necesidad de propuestas y se mueve para poner en práctica el proceso educativo en los diferentes segmentos que conforman la educación básica. Ciertamente, la reflexión y el debate sobre ese tema configuran los procedimientos básicos para que las posibilidades se pueden realizar en el ambiente de las clases de Educación Física.

O risco na concepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura / El riesgo en la concepción de instructores de deporte de aventura / The risk in the concept of adventure sports instructors

Resumo O presente estudo buscou analisar a concepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura sobre o risco na prática do rapel vinculada a diferentes modalidades terrestres praticadas no estado de Minas Gerais. A partir de um estudo descritivo-exploratório com um grupo amostral composto por 35 instrutores (32 homens e 03 mulheres) verificou-se que os instrutores reconhecem o risco como elemento inerente à prática do rapel. Os sujeitos apontam o domínio da técnica, o estado dos equipamentos específicos, a adoção de tecnologias e a capacidade para decifrar informações referentes ao ambiente natural como forma de controlar e minimizar o risco. Chama atenção a postura dos instrutores participantes dessa investigação que, apesar de buscarem vivenciar fortes emoções, sensação de adrenalina e liberdade, colocam como princípio fundamental a manutenção da vida.

Resumen Este estudio investiga el concepto de instructores de deporte de aventura sobre el riesgo en la práctica de rapel vinculado a diferentes modalidades terrestres que se practican en el estado de Minas Gerais. A partir de un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con una muestra de 35 profesores (32 hombres y 03 mujeres) se encontró que los profesores son conscientes del riesgo como un elemento inherente al rapel. Los sujetos indican el dominio técnico, el estado de los equipos especiales, la adopción de las tecnologías y la capacidad de decodificar la información relacionada con el medio natural con el fin de controlar y minimizar los riesgos. Cabe destacar la actitud de los participantes instructores de esta investigación, aunque tratando de experimentar emociones fuertes, sensación de la adrenalina y la libertad, lo que plantea como principio fundamental el mantenimiento de la vida.

Abstract The presente study analyzed the concept of adventure sports instructors about the risk in the rappel linked to different modalities practiced in the state of Minas Gerais. From the method of descriptive and exploratory study with a sample group composed of 35 instructors (32 men and 03 women) was concluded that the instructors recognize the risk as inherent element in the rappel. In order to control and minimize the risk these subjects indicate the technical field, the status of specific equipment, the adoption of technologies and the ability to decode information relating to the natural environment. Noteworthy is the attitude of the participants instructors of this investigation that, although seeking to experience strong emotions, feeling of adrenaline and freedom, posing as a fundamental principle the maintenance of life.

Integration of professional judgement and decision-making in high-level adventure sports coaching practice.

This study examined the integration of professional judgement and decision-making processes in adventure sports coaching. The study utilised a thematic analysis approach to investigate the decision-making practices of a sample of high-level adventure sports coaches over a series of sessions. Results revealed that, in order to make judgements and decisions in practice, expert coaches employ a range of practical and pedagogic management strategies to create and opportunistically use time for decision-making. These approaches include span of control and time management strategies to facilitate the decision-making process regarding risk management, venue selection, aims, objectives, session content, and differentiation of the coaching process. The implication for coaches, coach education, and accreditation is the recognition and training of the approaches that "create time" for the judgements in practice, namely "creating space to think". The paper concludes by offering a template for a more expertise-focused progression in adventure sports coaching.

Questões de gênero em universitários praticantes de esportes de aventura / Gender issues in universtity practitioners of adventure sports

Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar homens e mulheres praticantes e não praticantes de esportes de aventura com o intuito de identificar especificidades dentre os acadêmicos de um curso de graduação em Educação Física. Participaram desta pesquisa 157 (52%) homens e 145 (48%) mulheres, que preencheram, de forma anônima e privada, o Questionário de Identidade Sexual (QIC). Cento e sete estudantes (35,1%) foram categorizados como não praticantes; 133 (43,7%), como praticantes esporádicos; e 62 (20,5%), como praticantes frequentes. Das variáveis controladas neste estudo, a prática de esporte de aventura pode ser explicada em 55% da sua variação para os homens e a satisfação corporal em 30% para os homens e 52% para as mulheres. Aspectos psicológicos de praticantes de esporte de aventura apontam para aspectos socioculturais das oportunidades, bem como para a dimensão psicológica de crianças que tiveram uma experiência motora coeducativa.

This study compare the adventure sports practitioners and non practitioners in order to identify specificities among academics of an undergraduate degree in Physical Education. The sample was 157 (52%) men and 145 (48%) women, that filled out in an anonymous and private Sexual Identity Questionnaire (QIC). Of these 107 (35,1%) were classified as non practitioners, 133 (43,7%) as sporadic practitioners and 62 (20,5%) as frequent practitioners. Of the total controlled variables from this study, the adventure sport practice can be explained in 55% of its variation for men and the body satisfaction in 30% for men and 52% for women. Psychological aspects of adventure sport practitioners point to socio-cultural influence of the environment opportunities, as well as, for the children's psychological dimension of a co-educative motor experience.

Risco e aventura no esporte na percepção do instrutor / Risk and adventure in sport: instructor's perception

O presente estudo analisa o risco na percepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura. A amostra foi constituída de 121 (cento e vinte e um) instrutores de diferentes modalidades de esporte de aventura praticadas em Minas Gerais, com média de idade de 31 (trinta e um) anos; considerou-se o desvio-padrão com significância < 0,05 por cento. Utilizou-se o método de estudo descritivo-exploratório. A coleta de dados se deu a partir de um questionário, validado em conformidade com a Técnica Delphi. Os resultados obtidos expressam que o risco percebido pelos instrutores é a forma mais genuína do risco-aventura provido do sentido lúdico. Ao se considerarem procedimentos e recomendações que visam prever, calcular e minimizar o risco imprevisto, verificou-se que a percepção do risco pelos instrutores decorre de uma atitude na qual prevalece a confiança no domínio da técnica e da qualidade dos equipamentos no momento dessas práticas corporais junto a natureza.

This study analyzes the risk perceptions of adventure sports instructors. The sample consisted of 121 (one hundred and twenty-one) instructors of different types of adventure sport practiced in Minas Gerais, with a mean age of 31 (thirty-one) years. It was considered the standard deviation with significance >< 0,05 percent. The exploratory method was used in this study. Data collection took place from a questionnaire, validated in accordance with the Delphi technique, containing 15 items based on the theoretical literature. The results express that the risk perceived by the instructors is the most genuine risk-filled adventure of the sense of play. When considering procedures and recommendations that aim to predict, calculate and minimize the risk unexpected, it was found that the perception of risk by the instructors is due to an attitude which prevails in the domain of technique and quality equipment at the time these bodily practices close to nature.

Risco e aventura no esporte na percepção do instrutor / Risk and adventure in sport: instructor's perception

O presente estudo analisa o risco na percepção de instrutores de esporte de aventura. A amostra foi constituída de 121 (cento e vinte e um) instrutores de diferentes modalidades de esporte de aventura praticadas em Minas Gerais, com média de idade de 31 (trinta e um) anos; considerou-se o desvio-padrão com significância < 0,05 por cento. Utilizou-se o método de estudo descritivo-exploratório. A coleta de dados se deu a partir de um questionário, validado em conformidade com a Técnica Delphi. Os resultados obtidos expressam que o risco percebido pelos instrutores é a forma mais genuína do risco-aventura provido do sentido lúdico. Ao se considerarem procedimentos e recomendações que visam prever, calcular e minimizar o risco imprevisto, verificou-se que a percepção do risco pelos instrutores decorre de uma atitude na qual prevalece a confiança no domínio da técnica e da qualidade dos equipamentos no momento dessas práticas corporais junto a natureza.(AU)

This study analyzes the risk perceptions of adventure sports instructors. The sample consisted of 121 (one hundred and twenty-one) instructors of different types of adventure sport practiced in Minas Gerais, with a mean age of 31 (thirty-one) years. It was considered the standard deviation with significance >< 0,05 percent. The exploratory method was used in this study. Data collection took place from a questionnaire, validated in accordance with the Delphi technique, containing 15 items based on the theoretical literature. The results express that the risk perceived by the instructors is the most genuine risk-filled adventure of the sense of play. When considering procedures and recommendations that aim to predict, calculate and minimize the risk unexpected, it was found that the perception of risk by the instructors is due to an attitude which prevails in the domain of technique and quality equipment at the time these bodily practices close to nature.(AU)