Scuba diving-related fatalities in the Philippines from 2008 to 2022 as reported in online news media.

The present study aims to investigate the demographics and characteristics of scuba diving fatalities in the Philippines which can help in the identification of local trends and ultimately in the development of appropriate preventive measures. Data on scuba diving-related fatalities in the Philippines from 2008 to 2022 were manually retrieved from online news media sources. Information on age, sex, nationality, certification, purpose, and causative factors, whenever possible were collected and analysed. A total of 39 fatalities were identified having a median age of 43.5 (range 20-80). Majority of victims were males (n = 30), and of foreign ethnicity (n = 26). Asphyxia was identified as the possible disabling injury in almost half of the cases (n = 17). The causes of death based on autopsies were determined only for few cases which included drowning (n = 2), heart attack (n = 1), and traumatic injuries from a dynamite blast (n = 1). Potential vulnerable groups were identified to be the ageing population and foreign tourist divers. In the absence of an existing database, this preliminary report provides the best available evidence at this time concerning scuba diving fatalities in the Philippines.

Accidents and injuries related to paragliding on mount Babadag, Turkey: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: In light of the growing popularity of paragliding, this cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of paragliding accidents, providing insights into the types and severity of injuries sustained as well as the body regions most commonly affected. METHODS: This cross-sectional retrospective study utilized data on adverse paragliding events on Mount Babadag in Turkey, collected by the Mugla Sports Tourism Board (STB) between January 2020 and December 2021, with data sources including out-of-hospital STB forms and in-hospital electronic health records. RESULTS: Out of 241,420 paragliding flights, a total of 44 accidents were identified, with only three resulting in fatalities. Most of the accidents occurred during take off and landing, but the deadliest phase was during flight. The majority of accidents were of low severity, with a median National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics score of 1 (interquartile range [IQR] 1-3) and a median injury severity score of 1 (IQR 1-7.75). The lower limb was the most commonly injured body part, accounting for 55.8% of injuries, followed by the upper limb at 30.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being considered an extreme sport, paragliding carries a relatively low risk of accidents and serious injuries, owing to advancements in training, equipment inspection, and protective gear.

As práticas corporais de aventura no currículo dos cursos de licenciatura em Educação Física nas instituições de ensino superior públicas do Brasil / Adventure sports in the curriculum of degree courses in Physical Education in public higher education institutions in Brazil

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a disciplina de Práticas Corporais de Aventura (PCAs) nos cursos de licenciatura em Educação Física (EF) das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) Públicas do Brasil. A pesquisa se caracteriza como quantitativa. Os dados coletados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva simples. O procedimento de coletas se deu através da consulta ao site http://emec.mec.gov.br, regulamentado pela Portaria Normativa nº 21, de 21/12/2017. Esse site é uma base de dados oficial dos cursos e IES. Os documentos que não estavam disponíveis nos sites da IES foram consultados através de e-mail e telefone das coordenações de cursos ou dos professores da disciplina. A pesquisa constatou que a disciplina está se consolidando no currículo das Licenciaturas em EF, visto que está presente em todas as regiões do país. Os cursos que ofertam as disciplinas de PCAs, na maioria dos casos, ofertam como obrigatórias e com carga horária acima de 40h/a.

This research aimed to analyze the discipline Adventure Sports in the degree courses in Physical Education (PE) of Public Higher Education Institutions in Brazil. The research is characterized as quantitative. The collected data were analyzed using simpledescriptive statistics. The collection procedure was carried out by consulting the website http://emec.mec.gov.br. Regulated by Normative Ordinance No. 21, of 12/21/2017, this site is an official database of courses and Higher Education Institutions. Documents that were not available on the websites of the IES were consulted via e-mail and telephone from the course coordinators or professors of the discipline. The research found that the discipline is consolidating in the curriculum of Undergraduate degrees in PE, as it is present in all regions of the country. The courses that offer the disciplines adventure sports, in most cases, offer them as mandatory and with a workload above 40h/a.

Risk Factors for Accidents and Close Calls in Junior Freeriders, Adolescent Alpine Skiers and Adult Freeriders-A Comparison.

Understanding factors associated with risk-taking behavior, accidents and close calls could enhance prevention strategies and thus contribute to preventing serious injury or death in the long term. The following study aims to assess these factors in junior freeride athletes in comparison with competitive alpine skiers of similar age and adult freeriders. A cross-sectional questionnaire design was used to assess risk-related variables and potential associated factors. Accident and close call involvement did not significantly differ between the groups (p > 0.080). No significant relationships between gender and risk-related variables were found (|r| < 0.26). Precautionary behavior was higher in freeride adults and freeride juniors compared to alpine skiers (p < 0.001) and deliberate risk-taking was lower in freeride adults compared to junior freeriders and alpine skiers (p < 0.001). Regression analyses revealed that the association between self-objectification and accidents was stronger in freeride juniors compared to alpine skiers of similar age and freeride adults (p < 0.049). Although accidents and close calls were similar between groups, age seems to be an associated variable to deliberate risk-taking and precautionary behavior. The relationship between accidents and self-objectification in freeride juniors implicates a need for risk education in freeriders in the sensitive phase of adolescence beyond the mere presentation of environmental dangers.

Foot-Launched Flying Sport Fatalities in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland.

INTRODUCTION: Foot-launched flying sports such as paragliding, hang gliding, and speedflying are popular recreational activities that all pose a significant risk of accidents resulting in injuries or fatalities. We describe the epidemiology, incident circumstances, and findings of forensic examinations of fatalities in these sports. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, we analyzed different parameters of paragliding, hang gliding, and speedflying fatalities in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, between 2000 and 2018. The data sources were police reports, forensic medical reports, the Swiss Hang Gliding Association, and the Swiss Council for Accident Prevention. RESULTS: In the given period, 40 incidents resulting in 42 fatalities were recorded (2 incidents involved 2-seaters). Three of the 40 incidents did not fulfill the inclusion criteria and were excluded. The deadliest phase was midflight. Collapse of the glider (n=9; 36%) was the leading cause of accidents among paraglider pilots. Multiple trauma (n=21; 54%) was the most frequent cause of death. In the forensic examination, all deaths (n=39) were assessed as accidents. CONCLUSIONS: The different categories of foot-launched flying sports varied in the causes of accidents and deaths. Fatalities in speedflying involved young pilots exposing themselves to high-risk situations. Fatalities may be prevented by enhancing education and training and promoting a cautious attitude among pilots.

Atuação profissional nos esportes de aventura: estudo de caso com uma treinadora de surfe / Professional work performance in adventure sports: case study with a surf coach

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o contexto de atuação profissional de uma treinadora de surfe da cidade de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Adotaram-se procedimentos de pesquisa qualitativa e estudo de caso, por meio da combinação de técnicas de observação participante e entrevista semiestruturada. Foi utilizada a técnica de Análise Temática para a análise dos dados. Verificou-se que o contexto de atuação profissional da treinadora investigada compreende um sistema amplo e complexo, marcado pela sua participação em diversas atividades e interações sociais, com o envolvimento pleno em seu local de atuação profissional. A intervenção pedagógica da treinadora para o ensino/treino do surfe é condicionado pela sazonalidade, pelas condições do ambiente de prática desta modalidade, assim como pelo tipo de orientação esportiva, com o propósito pessoal de transmitir o seu estilo de vida ligado ao surfe.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to analyze the context of professional work performance of a surf coach from Florianópolis city, Santa Catarina. Qualitative research and case study procedures were adopted conbining participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Thematic Analysis was used for data analysis. It was verified that the coach's context of professional work performance comprises a broad and complex system, marked by her participation in various activities and social interactions, with full participation in her place of professional work. The coach's pedagogical intervention for teaching/coaching surfing is conditioned by seasonality, the environmental conditions to practice this sport, and the focus of sports instruction. Essentialy, the coach's personal goal is to share her surfing lifestyle.

Princípios metodológicos para o ensino dos esportes de aventura: uma proposta pedagógica / Methodological principles for the teaching of adventure sports: a pedagogical proposal / Princípios metodológicos para la enseñanza de deportes de aventura: una propuesta pedagógica

Objetivo: Trata-se de uma revisão que propõe uma reflexão sobre a possibilidade de ensino dos esportes de aventura a partir de princípios metodológicos como norteadores da ação docente. Método: Propõe-se uma síntese dos princípios, revisando-os de forma conceitual, a fim de direcionar a leitura no sentido do referencial adotado. Destacam-se os nexos de cada princípio e suas possibilidades pedagógicas no ensino dos esportes de aventura. Conclusão: A apropriação de princípios metodológicos para o ensino dos esportes de aventura pode servir como uma possível estratégia de ação, considerando a escassez de produções sobre a temática.

Objective: This is a review that proposes a reflection on the possibility of teaching adventure sports based on methodological principles that guide teaching action. Method: A synthesis of the principles is proposed, reviewing them in a conceptual way, in order to direct the reading towards the adopted framework. The nexus of each principle and its pedagogical possibilities in the teaching of adventure sports are highlighted. Conclusion: The appropriation of methodological principles for the teaching of adventure sports can serve as a possible strategy for action, considering the scarcity of productions on the theme.

Objetivo: Se trata de una revisión que propone una reflexión sobre la posibilidad de enseñar deportes de aventura a partir de principios metodológicos que orienten la acción docente. Método: Se propone una síntesis de los principios, revisándolos de manera conceptual, con el fin de orientar la lectura hacia el marco adoptado. Se destaca el nexo de cada principio y sus posibilidades pedagógicas en la enseñanza de los deportes de aventura. Conclusión: La apropiación de principios metodológicos para la enseñanza de los deportes de aventura puede servir como una posible estrategia de acción, considerando la escasez de producciones sobre el tema.

Health and Wellbeing in an Outdoor and Adventure Sports Context.

Outdoor and adventure sports (OAS) have been linked to positive health and wellbeing outcomes. This Special Edition brings together cutting-edge research and thought on the implications of this link. An analysis of the papers in this Special Edition reveals important insights into (i) the diverse and powerful outcomes derived from adventure experiences, (ii) how adventure experiences facilitate these outcomes, (iii) how best to design outdoor and adventure experiences. The evidence in this edition indicates a need for a more systematic approach to the inclusion of OAS as important to good health and wellbeing. OAS should be included as part of education, health, policy and planning.

Esportes de aventura para pessoas com deficiência visual: o que dizem sobre a prática? / Adventure sports for people with visual disability: what is said about the practice? / Deportes de aventura para personas con discapacidades visuales: ¿qué dicem sobra la practica?

Por muito tempo, a deficiência visual privou aqueles que a pos - suíam de praticar esportes, principalmente quando o destaque é dado ao elemento risco. Entretanto, esse fator, em particular, é presença constante também no cotidiano desse grupo. Assim, este estudo obje - tiva analisar, através dos relatos dos participantes, a relação da pessoa com deficiência visual com os esportes de aventura praticados em meio natural. Caracterizada como qualitativa, esta pesquisa contou com a par - ticipação de sete pessoas com deficiência visual. Nos resultados foram relatados aspectos como tempo de preparação para a experimentação em meio natural, os desafios enfrentados no cotidiano e a similaridade com os que foram encontrados na natureza e a interação entre pessoas com e sem deficiência em atividades consideradas de risco.

A lo largo de la historia las personas con discapacidades visuales fueron impedidas de practicar los deportes variados, principalmente aquellos con el destaque al riesgo, todavía, ese factor en particular es parte integrante del cotidiano de este grupo. Así, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la relación entre las personas con discapacidades y los deportes de aventura practicadas en la naturaleza oyendo a los participantes. Caracterizada como investigación cualitativa, 7 personas con discapacidades visuales participaron. En los resultados, aspectos del tiempo de preparación para la experimentación en la naturaleza, los retos enfrentados en el cotidiano y la similitud con los encontrados en la naturaleza, la interacción entre las personas con y sin discapacidades fueron reportadas.

For a long time, those who had visual disabilities could not practice sports, especially those involving a risk factor. However, this element is also a constant presence in their everyday lives. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the relation between people with visual disability and adventure sports practiced in natural environments through the participants' reports. This qualitative research had seven participants with visual disability. The results showed aspects regarding the experience preparation time, the daily challenges and which are similar to those found in natural environments, the interaction between people with and without disability during activities considered risky.

Atividades de aventura na educação física escolar: uma análise nos periódicos nacionais / Adventure activities in school physical education: an analysis in national periodics / Actividades de aventura en la educación física escolar: un análisis en revistas nacionales

As práticas corporais de aventura na escola ainda são um recen- te conteúdo e carecem de investigações centradas na área da Educação Física. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar a produção científica em periódicos nacionais sobre as atividades e os esportes de aventura no contexto escolar. Caracterizada como bibliográfica, esta pesquisa utilizou como fonte de informação os periódicos na área da Educação Física classificados como A2, B1 e B2, mediante os descritores atividades de aventura e esportes de aventura. A partir desses critérios, foram analisados 5 artigos, nas categorias objetivo, método e principais resultados. Esperava-se encontrar um contingente maior de estudos nos periódicos investigados. Todavia, considera-se que o objetivo inicial foi atingido, pois revelou que há a necessidade de ampliar as investigações sobre o tema práticas corporais de aventura.

The body adventure practices in the school are still a recent content and need research focused on Physical Education, in this sense, the aim of the study is to analyze the scientific production in national journals about adventure activities and sports in the school context. Characterized as a bibliography, the periodicals in Physical Education classified as A2, B1 and B2 were used as sources of information, using the descriptors adventure activities and adventure sports. Considering the analysis of the established criteria, 5 articles were analyzed in the objective, method and main results categories. It was expected to find a larger contingent of studies in the investigated periodicals, however, it is considered that the initial objective was reached, because it revealed that there is a need to broaden the investigations on the topic of corporal adventure practices.

Las prácticas corporales de aventura en la escuela siguen siendo un contenido reciente y la falta de investigaciones centradas en el área de Educación Física. En este sentido, el objetivo del estudio es analizar la producción científica en revistas nacionales sobre las actividades y los deportes de aventura en el contexto escolar. Caracterizados como bibliográficos, las revistas en el área de Educación Física clasificadas como A2, B1 y B2 se utilizaron como fuente de información, utilizando los descriptores de actividades de aventura y deportes de aventura. Considerando el análisis de los criterios establecidos, se analizaron 5 artículos, en las categorías objetivo, método y principales resultados. Se esperaba encontrar un mayor contingente de estudios en las revistas investigadas. Sin embargo, se considera que se logró el objetivo inicial, ya que reveló que es necesario ampliar las investigaciones sobre el tema de las prácticas de aventura corporal.

Risk of Death and Major Injury from Natural Winter Hazards in Helicopter and Snowcat Skiing in Canada.

INTRODUCTION: Guests and guides partaking in helicopter and snowcat skiing (collectively known as mechanized skiing) are exposed to numerous natural winter hazards that can result in injury or death, but detailed quantitative risk estimates are currently lacking. This lack represents a considerable barrier for evaluating existing risk management practices and implementing evidence-based improvements. METHODS: We collected historical incident and exposure information from mechanized skiing operations in Canada to perform a retrospective risk analysis. Our analysis dataset includes 713 incidents that resulted in injuries or fatalities among guests or guides during a total of 3,258,000 skier days from the 1970 to 2016 winter season. RESULTS: Overall risk of death from natural winter hazards in mechanized skiing was 18.6 fatalities per million skier days (1997-2016). Although the risk of death from avalanches decreased substantially over the entire study period, avalanches remain the largest contributor to the overall risk of death (77%), followed by tree wells and other non-avalanche-related snow immersions. The risk of death from avalanches in snowcat skiing is about half of that in helicopter skiing, but other snow immersion fatalities are more common. The risk of major injury to guests is primarily associated with other falls and collisions. The risk of major injury for guides is higher in snowcat skiing than in helicopter skiing. CONCLUSION: We recommend the design of an industry-wide incident and near-miss reporting system to support evidence-based improvements of safety practices.

Anônimos supercampeões: a equipe de rafting Bozo D´água e a caracterização dos esportes de aventura / Anonim superchampions: Bozo D'água rafting team and the characterization of adventure sports / Anónimos supercampeones: el equipo de rafting Bozo D'agua y la caracterización de los deportes de aventura

O objetivo deste artigo foi problematizar a caracterização dos esportes de aventura a partir do caso da equipe de rafting Bozo D'água, um contraexemplo em relação à literatura pioneira sobre o tema. Parte de etnografia mais ampla, o presente texto analisa dez entrevistas cotejadas com observação de campo. Os resultados indicam que, ao contrário da prática de aventura caracterizada como participação não competitiva de lazer, o esporte de alto rendimento foi a alternativa para viabilizar a participação esportiva em atividade de aventura para praticantes de classes sociais baixas. Conclui-se que diferentes formas de apropriação e distintas versões do esporte de aventura variam conforme contexto e questões de classe e que o potencial das práticas de aventura, de colocar em circulação valores esportivos alternativos, perde espaço na medida em que as políticas públicas brasileiras priorizam o esporte de alto rendimento.

This paper´s objective was to analyse the characterization of adventure sports though the analysis of the practice conditions of the Brazilian rafting team called Bozo D´água, a counterexample regarding the literature review. Part of an ethnography, it is focused on ten in depth interviews and field observation. The results indicate that, on the contrary of the adventure practice described as leisure participation, high performance sport was the only possibility of adventure participation for those athletes. Concluding that different versions of adventure sports vary according to class issues, and the potential for circulating alternative sportive values of the adventure practices lose space as Brazilian public politics prioritize high performance sports.

El objetivo de este artículo fue problematizar la caracterización de los deportes de aventura a partir del caso del equipo de rafting Bozo de agua, un contraejemplo en relación a la revisión de literatura. Parte de una etnografía más amplia, se centra en diez entrevistas en profundidad cotejándolas con la observación de campo. Los resultados indican que, diferentemente de la práctica de aventura caracterizada como participación no competitiva de ocio, el deporte de alto rendimiento fue la alternativa para viabilizar la participación en actividad de aventura para practicantes de clases bajas. Se concluye que diferentes formas de apropiación y distintas versiones de los deportes de aventura varían según contexto y cuestiones de clase y que el potencial de las prácticas de aventura de poner en circulación valores deportivos alternativos pierde espacio en la medida en que las políticas públicas brasileñas priorizan el deporte De alto rendimiento.

Adventure sports and sexual freedom hip replacement: the tripolar hip.

Certain athletic activities and lifestyles require a completely stable and very mobile hip. Total hip replacement with a natural femoral head size and two mobile-bearing surfaces (i.e., a "tripolar" prosthesis) is the most stable prosthesis. Elegant design and wear-resistant bearing surfaces are the keys to long-term implant survivorship. The hypothesis is that a ceramic-coated tripolar prosthesis using highly cross-linked polyethylene can provide full function and complete stability with low wear. This study sought to determine: (1) patient-reported outcomes, (2) functional outcomes, (3) implant survivorship and complications, and (4) postoperative sexual limitations. Between 1998 and 2011, the author performed 160 primary total hip replacements using tripolar prostheses in patients participating in adventure sports and other physically demanding activities. The institutional review board approved this study. The inclusion criteria were patients who needed unrestricted activity and who were not candidates for or did not choose hip resurfacing. Patients were followed every second year and assessed with radiographs, Harris Hip Score, WOMAC, SF-12, and UCLA functional outcome scores. Patients were asked about symptoms of instability and satisfaction with their hip replacement. Patients were asked both preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively four questions about their sexual activity. Mean follow-up was 11 years. At 2 years' postoperatively, 98% of patients reported their satisfaction as excellent or good and 99% were not limited for sexual activity following surgery. Seventy-four percent of patients reported they were recovered within 6 weeks of surgery. There were no dislocations. There were three revision procedures for implant loosening, infection, and periprosthetic fracture, but there were no failures of the tripolar articulation. The mean postoperative UCLA score was the highly athletic score of 8. There were no signs of osteolysis, wear, or metal sensitivity reactions. The range of motion achieved, sexual, and functional outcomes were higher than with other types of total hip replacement. This ceramic-coated tripolar prosthesis using highly cross-linked polyethylene provides full function, complete stability, and low wear to younger, active patients, thus confirming the hypothesis and clinical relevance.

Deportes de aventura realizados por competidores de élite de raids

Los equipamientos y materiales en las actividades físicas en el medio natural y en los deportes de aventura corresponden a instalaciones e instrumentos concretos para cada modalidad deportiva. La práctica de escalada, kayak, esquí o bicicleta todo terreno (BTT) será más adecuada y variará en función de las condiciones medioambientales que presente el entorno y de las características de este. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar los deportes incluidos en los raids y conocer el material, instalaciones y época de año de práctica. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 272 competidores de élite de la Liga Española de Raids de Aventura. El instrumento de medida utilizado fue un cuestionario autoadministrado validado previamente. Los resultados obtenidos fueron que un 80.1% de los participantes practicaba deportes de aventura en todas las estaciones del año por igual y un 69.8% utiliza material específico en la práctica deportiva. Este estudio concluye que los competidores en los raids de aventura practican diversos deportes de aventura en todas las épocas del año por igual y que el material específico es lo más común entre los competidores en el entorno natural.

Physical activities and adventure sports practiced outdoor are implemented in specific places and used specialized devices and particular equipment for every sport. Practicing climbing, kayak, ski, mountain bike (MTB) will be more adequate and they vary in terms of the environment´s conditions and characteristics. The aim of this study was to analyze and identify the raid sports focused on the equipment, facilities, and periods of the year when was accomplished. The sample included 272 elite competitors from Adventure Racing Spanish League (Liga Española de Raids de Aventura, LERA, for its acronym in Spanish.) The measurement method consisted in a previously validated self-test. The results revealed that 80.1% of the participants practiced raid sports through the year, and 69.8% used a particular equipment during sport practices. This study concludes that adventure raid competitors perform all kinds of adventure sports through the year and using specific equipment is the most common issue among competitors in the natural environment.

Os equipamentos e materiais nas atividades físicas no meio natural e nos esportes de aventura correspondem a instalações e instrumentos concretos para cada modalidade esportiva. A prática de escalada, caiaque, esqui ou mountain-bike (BTT) será mais adequada e variará em função das condições meio ambientais que apresentar o ambiente e das características do mesmo. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram analisar os esportes incluídos nos raids e conhecer o material, instalações e época do ano de prática. A amostra esteve composta por 272 competidores de elite da Liga Espanhola de Raids de Aventura. O instrumento de medida utilizado foi um questionário auto administrado legitimado previamente. Os resultados obtidos foram que 80.1% dos participantes praticavam esportes de aventura em todas as estações do ano da mesma forma e 69.8% utilizam material específico na prática esportiva. Este estudo conclui que os competidores nos raids de aventura praticam diversos esportes de aventura em todas as épocas do ano da mesma forma e o material específico é o mais comum entre os competidores em ambiente natural.

"If It Feels Right, Do It": Intuitive Decision Making in a Sample of High-Level Sport Coaches.

Comprehensive understanding and application of decision making is important for the professional practice and status of sports coaches. Accordingly, building on a strong work base exploring the use of professional judgment and decision making (PJDM) in sport, we report a preliminary investigation into uses of intuition by high-level coaches. Two contrasting groups of high-level coaches from adventure sports (n = 10) and rugby union (n = 8), were interviewed on their experiences of using intuitive and deliberative decision making styles, the source of these skills, and the interaction between the two. Participants reported similarly high levels of usage to other professions. Interaction between the two styles was apparent to varying degrees, while the role of experience was seen as an important precursor to greater intuitive practice and employment. Initially intuitive then deliberate decision making was a particular feature, offering participants an immediate check on the accuracy and validity of the decision. Integration of these data with the extant literature and implications for practice are discussed.

Adventure and Extreme Sports.

Adventure and extreme sports often involve unpredictable and inhospitable environments, high velocities, and stunts. These activities vary widely and include sports like BASE jumping, snowboarding, kayaking, and surfing. Increasing interest and participation in adventure and extreme sports warrants understanding by clinicians to facilitate prevention, identification, and treatment of injuries unique to each sport. This article covers alpine skiing and snowboarding, skateboarding, surfing, bungee jumping, BASE jumping, and whitewater sports with emphasis on epidemiology, demographics, general injury mechanisms, specific injuries, chronic injuries, fatality data, and prevention. Overall, most injuries are related to overuse, trauma, and environmental or microbial exposure.

Accidents and injuries related to powered paragliding: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Powered paragliding (PPG) and paragliding are two totally different sports, mainly because of the use of an engine in powered paragliding. As a consequence, the pattern of injuries caused by each of these two sports may be different. SETTING: To test this hypothesis, we analysed 384 incident reports gathered by the US Powered Paragliding Association from 1995 to 2012. The majority of the incidents occurred in the USA, while 26 incidents occurred elsewhere: Canada (8), Mexico (5), Panama (1), China (1), Japan (1), Malaysia (1), Indonesia (Java) (1), Europe (8): of which Spain (1), Belgium (1), UK (3), Italy (1), Romania (1), unknown (1). OUTCOME: To identify the most affected body area and the most common type of injury sustained in PPG, and to highlight any differences from paragliding. RESULTS: The most affected body areas in PPG were the upper limbs (44.5%), followed by the lower limbs (32%), the back (9.8%), the head (7%), the pelvis (3.1), the chest (2.7%) and the abdomen (0.7%) (p<0.001). The engine caused 43 accidents (11.2%) in our study and was responsible for the majority of injuries to the upper limbs. The number of fatal accidents in PPG is not lower than in paragliding and hang-gliding. CONCLUSIONS: To help prevent the specific injuries of PPG, the most appropriate equipment should be identified. The results of this study also suggest that, in the future, this sport should be analysed separately from paragliding.

Risco e aventura por entre as montanhas de Minas: a formação do profissional de esporte de aventura / Riesgo y aventura por las montañas de Minas Gerais: la formación de profesional de deportes de aventura / Adventure and risk in mountais of Minas Gerais: professional training for extreme sport

O presente estudo buscou analisar a formação dos profissionais de esporte de aventura no estado de Minas Gerais. Realizouse um estudo descritivo exploratório com um grupo amostral composto por 121 instrutores atuantes em diferentes modalidades de esporte de aventura no Estado de Minas Gerais. Verificou-se que a categoria desses profissionais se apresenta a partir de indivíduos com formações diversificadas (nível médio, graduação em Educação Física e em outras áreas do ensino superior). Esses profissionais mobilizam os saberes necessários à atuação do instrutor de esporte de aventura de formas variadas como vivências práticas em uma ou mais modalidades e compartilhamento de informações entre amigos de profissão.

Este estudio investiga la formación de los monitores de deporte de aventura en el estado de Minas Gerais. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, con un grupo de muestra compuesta de 121 profesores que trabajan en diferentes tipos de deporte de aventura en el Estado de Minas Gerais. Se encontró que la categoría de los profesionales se otorga a personas de diversos orígenes (la escuela secundaria, pregrado en la educación física y otras áreas de la educación superior). Estos profesionales movilizar los conocimientos necesarios para el instructor profesional en el deporte de aventura como diversas experiencias prácticas en uno o más términos y el intercambio de información entre amigos en la profesión.

In this study, we aimed at assessing the professional training for extreme sport in the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil). We performed an exploratory and descriptive study with a sample group composed of 121 teachers, working in different types of extreme sport in Minas Gerais. We found that the category of such professionals presents from individuals with diverse backgrounds (secondary school, degree in Physical Education and other areas of higher education). Such professionals rise the knowledge necessary to extreme sport instructor act in various forms, e.g. practical experience in one or more types of sports and information sharing among friends in the profession.