Psicología del desarrollo en Colombia: pasado reciente y situación actual / Developmental Psychology in Colombia: Recent Past and Present Situation

Resumen El presente artículo analiza el estado actual de la psicología del desarrollo en Colombia. El punto de partida es la producción académica más significativa de los grupos de investigación, registrada en el Sistema Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Colombia (ScienTI) en las últimas tres décadas. La revisión documental se organizó a partir de las principales áreas de trabajo identificadas: desarrollo en contextos de pobreza, desarrollo cognitivo, relaciones vinculares, desarrollo afectivo y emocional, desarrollo moral, psicología cultural del desarrollo y desarrollos atípicos. Se identificaron 44 grupos de investigación que aportan al campo de la psicología del desarrollo desde diferentes ámbitos teóricos, conceptuales y metodológicos. Cada uno de estos grupos brinda sus aportes desde diferentes regiones del país y en distintos segmentos de la población, en los que se destaca una preocupación por poblaciones en contextos de pobreza y violencia, respondiendo así a la situación del país. Algunos de esos estudios han contribuido a la identificación de factores protectores en poblaciones vulnerables y al fortalecimiento de bases seguras en familias, así como en la formulación de políticas públicas a favor de la niñez colombiana.

Abstract This paper analyzes the current state of developmental psychology in Colombia. The starting point is the most significant academic production of research groups, registered in the National System of Science and Technology of Colombia in the last three decades. The documentary review was organized according to the main areas of work identified: development in contexts of poverty, cognitive development, bonding relationships, affective and emotional development, moral development, cultural psychology of development and atypical developments. Forty-four research groups have been identified that contribute to the field of developmental psychology from different theoretical, conceptual, and methodological fields. Each of these groups provides their contributions from different regions of the country and in different segments of the population, in which a concern for populations in contexts of poverty and violence stands out, thus responding to the situation of the country. Some of these studies have contributed to the identification of protective factors in vulnerable populations and to the strengthening of safe bases in families, as well as to the formulation of public policies in favor of Colombian children.

The Radically Embodied Conscious Cybernetic Bayesian Brain: From Free Energy to Free Will and Back Again.

Drawing from both enactivist and cognitivist perspectives on mind, I propose that explaining teleological phenomena may require reappraising both "Cartesian theaters" and mental homunculi in terms of embodied self-models (ESMs), understood as body maps with agentic properties, functioning as predictive-memory systems and cybernetic controllers. Quasi-homuncular ESMs are suggested to constitute a major organizing principle for neural architectures due to their initial and ongoing significance for solutions to inference problems in cognitive (and affective) development. Embodied experiences provide foundational lessons in learning curriculums in which agents explore increasingly challenging problem spaces, so answering an unresolved question in Bayesian cognitive science: what are biologically plausible mechanisms for equipping learners with sufficiently powerful inductive biases to adequately constrain inference spaces? Drawing on models from neurophysiology, psychology, and developmental robotics, I describe how embodiment provides fundamental sources of empirical priors (as reliably learnable posterior expectations). If ESMs play this kind of foundational role in cognitive development, then bidirectional linkages will be found between all sensory modalities and frontal-parietal control hierarchies, so infusing all senses with somatic-motoric properties, thereby structuring all perception by relevant affordances, so solving frame problems for embodied agents. Drawing upon the Free Energy Principle and Active Inference framework, I describe a particular mechanism for intentional action selection via consciously imagined (and explicitly represented) goal realization, where contrasts between desired and present states influence ongoing policy selection via predictive coding mechanisms and backward-chained imaginings (as self-realizing predictions). This embodied developmental legacy suggests a mechanism by which imaginings can be intentionally shaped by (internalized) partially-expressed motor acts, so providing means of agentic control for attention, working memory, imagination, and behavior. I further describe the nature(s) of mental causation and self-control, and also provide an account of readiness potentials in Libet paradigms wherein conscious intentions shape causal streams leading to enaction. Finally, I provide neurophenomenological handlings of prototypical qualia including pleasure, pain, and desire in terms of self-annihilating free energy gradients via quasi-synesthetic interoceptive active inference. In brief, this manuscript is intended to illustrate how radically embodied minds may create foundations for intelligence (as capacity for learning and inference), consciousness (as somatically-grounded self-world modeling), and will (as deployment of predictive models for enacting valued goals).

Affective Development from Middle Childhood to Late Adolescence: Trajectories of Mean-Level Change in Negative and Positive Affect.

Adolescence has long been purported to be a period of emotional upheaval, yet relatively little is known regarding normative patterns of change in youth positive and negative affect across the adolescent transition. This study addressed this gap by examining normative patterns of mean-level change in youth positive and negative affect from middle childhood through late adolescence, encompassing the full span of adolescent development. Participants included 665 youth recruited in 3rd, 6th, and 9th grade cohorts (55.0% female; age 9-16 at baseline) who provided self-report ratings of positive and negative affect every 18 months for a period of three years in an accelerated longitudinal cohort design. Multi-level growth curve models revealed that adolescence is characterized by declines in positive affect and non-linear patterns of alternating decreases and increases in negative affect. Patterns of change differed across boys and girls. The findings from this study indicate that adolescence is characterized by normative reductions in positive affect in the context of labile negative affect, with implications for understanding processes of risk and resilience across the adolescent transition.

The Effects of a Reading-Based Intervention on Emotion Processing in Children Who Have Suffered Early Adversity and War Related Trauma.

Early adversity and trauma can have profound effects on children's affective development and mental health outcomes. Interventions that improve mental health and socioemotional development are essential to mitigate these effects. We conducted a pilot study examining whether a reading-based program (We Love Reading) improves emotion recognition and mental health through socialization in Syrian refugee (n = 49) and Jordanian non-refugee children (n = 45) aged 7-12 years old (M = 8.9, 57% girls) living in Jordan. To measure emotion recognition, children classified the expression in faces morphed between two emotions (happy-sad and fear-anger), while mental health was assessed using survey measures of optimism, depression, anxiety, distress, and insecurity. Prior to the intervention, both groups of children were significantly biased to interpret ambiguous facial expressions as sad, while there was no clear bias on the fear-anger spectrum. Following the intervention, we found changes in Syrian refugee children's bias in emotion recognition away from sad facial expressions, although this returned to pre-intervention levels 2 months after the end of the program. This shift in the bias away from sad facial expressions was not associated with changes in self-reported mental health symptoms. These results suggest a potential positive role of the reading intervention on affective development, but further research is required to determine the longer-term impacts of the program.

Ludoevaluación de la emoción del miedo en educación infantil / Ludo-evaluation of the emotion of fear and personal self-esteem in early childhood education / Ludo-avaliação da emoção do medo na educação infantil

Resumen (analítico) La educación emocional es un objetivo que debemos incorporar en el proceso formativo de la primera infancia, trabajando desde la familia y la escuela. La presente investigación relaciona la promoción de la educación emocional con la emoción del miedo en los niños y niñas, promoviendo un mayor autoconocimiento personal y aceptación de la frustración ante situaciones adversas que puedan darse en su vida. Se llevó a través de un estudio de caso en tercer grado de educación infantil en un centro público de Toledo (España). En este participaron 24 niños y niñas, el profesorado que los atiende y sus familiares, consiguiendo, a través del desarrollo de actividades evidenciados a través de procesos de ludoevaluación, resultados positivos en lo concerniente a la participación, reconocimiento emocional y comunicación asertiva.

Abstract (analytical) Emotional education is an objective that needs to be incorporated in the formative process of early childhood, working in both families and schools. This research focuses on the promotion of emotio-nal education with the emotion of fear in boys and girls; promoting greater personal self-knowledge and acceptance of frustration in the face of adverse situations that may occur in their lives. The re-search was conducted as a case study in the third year of Preschool Education in a public school in Toledo (Spain). A total of 24 boys and girls participated along with the teachers who work with them and their families. Through the development of activities evidenced by ludo-evaluation processes, the study achieved positive results regarding participation, emotional recognition and assertive communication.

Resumo (analítico) A educação emocional é uma disciplina que devemos incorporar no processo educativo da primeira infância, trabalhando juntamente com a família e a escola. A presente investigação debruça-se sobre a promoção da educação da emoção do medo em crianças; com o intuito de promover um maior autoconhecimento e tolerância à frustração perante situações adversas que podem ocorrer na vida. A metodologia usada passou por um estudo de caso em Educação Infantil num centro público de Toledo (Espanha). Participaram no estudo 24 meninos e meninas, os seus professores e as suas famílias, e, por meio do desenvolvimento de atividades suportadas por processos de ludo-avaliação, foram alcançados resultados positivos em relação à participação, reconhecimento emocional e comunicação assertiva.

Características neuro-psicopedagógicas de las dificultades de aprendizaje escolar: un estudio de caso / Neuro-psychopedagogical characteristics of school learning difficulties: a case study

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar las características neuropsicopedagógicas de un niño con dificultades escolares y de comportamiento. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso con un participante de 11 años de edad, quien durante la investigación cursaba el grado quinto de básica primaria en una institución educativa de carácter privado del municipio de Itagüí, Antioquia. Los instrumentos aplicados para la evaluación fueron: el Test Breve de Inteligencia de KAUFMAN (K-BIT), la Batería Psicopedagógica EVALÚA - 5, el Cuestionario de Depresión para Niños (CDS) y una entrevista semiestructurada para padres y docentes, relacionada con los aspectos del desarrollo, el aprendizaje y la conducta del estudiante. Los resultados demostraron que el niño presentaba un coeficiente intelectual dentro de los parámetros normales y las principales dificultades se encontraron en el contexto familiar-social, lo que permitió evidenciar que el rendimiento escolar es el resultado de la interacción de diferentes factores que abarcan componentes cognitivos, del neurodesarrollo, emocionales, familiares y contextuales. Así mismo, se evidenció que las dificultades en el comportamiento asociadas al contexto escolar no siempre están relacionadas con trastornos del aprendizaje o de la conducta. Se hace necesaria la obtención de este tipo de perfiles neuropsicopedagógicos con el fin de establecer rutas de intervención pertinentes y eficaces que incorporen las características cognitivas individuales, los vínculos socio afectivos, el entorno social, escolar, y la dinámica familiar del estudiante.

This article aims to present the neuropsychopedagogical characteristics of a child with school and behavior difficulties. A case study was carried out with an 11-year- old participant, who during the research was studying the fifth grade of elementary school in a private educational institution in the municipality of Itagüí, Antioquia. The instruments applied for the evaluation were: the KAUFMAN Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT), the EVALÚA Psychopedagogical Battery­5, the Depression Questionnaire for Children (CDS) and a semi-structured interview for parents and teachers, related to aspects of development, learning and behavior of the student. The results showed that the child had an IQ within normal parameters and the main difficulties were found in the social family context, which allowed to show that school performance is the result of the interaction of different factors, which include cognitive, neurodevelopmental, emotional, family and contextual components. It was also evidenced that behavioral difficulties associated with the school context are not always related to learning or conduct disorders. Obtaining this type of neuropsychopedagogical profiles is necessary in order to establish relevant and effective intervention routes, which incorporate individual cognitive characteristics, socio-affective ties, the social and school environment and the student's family dynamics.

A Cross-National Study Examining the Role of Executive Function and Emotion Regulation in the Relationship between Children's Television Exposure and Consumer Behavior.

Across industrialized nations, children and teens are a highly prized target for the advertising industry because young people have a tremendous influence on family purchases; however, media scholars have long suggested that young people are a fundamentally vulnerable audience because they lack the necessary developmental competencies to adequately process and protect themselves from advertising communications. Yet, the precise developmental mechanisms have not been clearly articulated nor is there a clear understanding of how these competencies extend across childhood contexts (e.g., developmental phase, cultures). The current study seeks to lend clarity to this matter by looking at the potential influence that children's executive function and emotion regulation have on the relationship between television exposure (as a proxy of exposure to advertising messages and other consumption-oriented media content) and consumer behavior across a broad range of ages from two wealthy industrialized countries. Mothers of young elementary school children (5-8 years) and early adolescents (9-12 years) in the Netherlands (N = 333, 51.7% female child) and the United States of America (N = 810, 49.6% female child) took part in an online survey to report on their child's cognitive/affective development, media use, and consumer behavior (i.e., purchase requests, purchase related conflict). The results showed that across ages, executive function via attentional shifting moderated the link between purchase requests and purchase conflict, whereas positively valenced emotion regulation moderated the same relationship but only for older children. Lastly, the findings revealed that while there are differences in reported behavior among children in these two countries, the developmental processes tend to work in the same manner. The discussion focuses on what these findings mean for children's consumer development as they approach adolescence and how researchers and child advocates should take these developmental factors into account when considering children's potential vulnerability as consumers.

Development and Evaluation of Affective Domain Using Student's Feedback in Entrepreneurial Massive Open Online Courses.

Entrepreneurship education is a very important issue in the digital age. It aims to enable learners and society to respond to emergent economic and employment challenges. When entrepreneurs struggle to launch and sustain a new venture, the key question usually is not a lack of relevant knowledge, but the necessary fortitude and attitude to face down difficulties and challenges. Thus, entrepreneurs require development in the affective domain. However, most of courses emphasize the cognition and psychomotor functions, but neglect the affective domain. This study attempts to combine entrepreneurial Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and blended curriculum design for affective learning. A total of 32 students participated in a 9-week social entrepreneurship program. Content analysis was used for comparison of the learning performance. The findings suggest that social entrepreneurship courses can be effectively used to help learners achieve learning objectives of different affective levels, but this is a time-intensive process, particularly for higher levels. The affective development of the final level takes longer to achieve; therefore, course designers should adopt a spiral structure which frequently revisits concepts in the last three levels. Moreover, MOOCs are designed for mass usage, and treat all learners uniformly. MOOCs' course content should be supplemented and adjusted according to specific course goals and student needs.

Evidências de validade e fidedignidade para o jogo de areia psicopedagógico - JAP: Uma contribuição para a prática psicopedagógica / JAP-Psychopedagogical Sand: contribution to psychopedagogical practice

Este estudo teve como principal objetivo investigar evidências de validade e fidedignidade para o Jogo de Areia Psicopedagógico-JAP, considerando o contexto brasileiro. A pesquisa foi dividida em três estudos apresentados na forma de capítulos. O primeiro estudo consistiu na revisão histórica e da literatura sobre o Jogo de Areia (Sandplay). O segundo estudo tratou da fundamentação teórica piagetiana do JAP. O terceiro estudo apresenta pesquisa sobre evidência de validade de conteúdo e fidedignidade da Ficha de Protocolo do JAP entre avaliadores. Este último estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: a primeira consistiu no levantamento de indicadores de condutas afetivas e cognitivas presentes na literatura piagetiana sobre o tema para validação de conteúdo da ficha. Participou deste processo um comitê de análise composto por cinco peritos conhecedores da teoria piagetiana e do Sandplay. Já a segunda etapa da pesquisa consistiu na realização de estudos de fidedignidade entre os avaliadores, os quais se utilizaram da Ficha de Protocolo do JAP, com os itens formulados para aplicação da técnica em 21 crianças de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 10 e 11 anos de uma escola pública da cidade de Osasco, São Paulo, que cursavam quartas e quintas séries do Ensino Fundamental I. A análise de dados foi realizada pelo Coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Os resultados mostraram índices consideráveis de concordância nos estudos de fidedignidade entre avaliadores para todos os itens de análise do Protocolo do JAP.

This study had as main objective to investigate evidences of validity and reliability for the Psychopedagogical Sand Game, considering the Brazilian context. This research was divided into three studies presented in the form of chapters. The first study consisted of a historical review and literature on the Sand Game. The second study dealt with the theoretical basis. The third study presents research on evidence of content validity and reliability among reviewers. This last study was divided in two stages: the first consisted in the survey of indicators of affective and cognitive behaviors present in the literature on the subject for validation of content. The results pointed out the need to reformulate some items. A committee of five experts participated in this process. The second stage of the research consisted of reliability studies between two evaluators, who used the final version of the Psychopedagogical Sand Game correction sheet with the items already reformulated for the application of the technique in twenty one children of both between the ages of ten and eleven. The data analysis was performed by Cohen Kappa Coefficient. The results showed considerable concordance indices in the reliability studies between evaluators for all the items of analysis of the Psychopedagogical Sand Game. It is recommended that further studies of validity and reliability be carried out, increasing the reliability of said technique.

Desarrollo cognitivo, psicoafectivo y del juego en niños y niñas con dificultades de aprendizaje que cursan primero, tercero y cuarto de primaria / Cognitive, psycho-affective, and game development in children with learning difficulties from first, third and fourth grade in elementary school

El desarrollo cognitivo, psicoafectivo y del juego han sido considerados como factores que influyen dentro del proceso de aprendizaje. En la presente investigación se pretende describir el desarrollo cognitivo, psicoafectivo y del juego en seis niños que presentan dificultades de aprendizaje y que cursan primero, tercero y cuarto de primaria en los departamentos del Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Meta en Colombia. Cabe resaltar que Elkonin será el principal autor, puesto que es el referente desde la Neuropsicología histórico-cultural para estudiar el desarrollo del juego por etapas y en su propuesta teórica plantea que el juego favorece procesos atencionales, de regulación de la conducta y el desarrollo de las neoformaciones psicológicas en el niño, necesarias para la escolarización y el aprendizaje de la lectura, la escritura y el cálculo. Como idea central, Elkonin y diversos exponentes han demostrado la relación entre el desarrollo del juego temático de roles y el desarrollo de la actividad voluntaria en el niño, crucial para la adaptación a la escuela primaria. En la investigación se utilizó un estudio de caso múltiple de corte no experimental con diseño transaccional, enfoque mixto donde el alcance de la investigación es descriptivo. Los instrumentos utilizados son la Batería Psicopedagógica Evalúa de García y González (2002), específicamente el Evalúa 0, 3 y 4, el Test del Dibujo de la Familia de Louis Corman, y se diseñó para la evaluación de las etapas del juego un Protocolo de exploración, un formato de entrevista y encuestas con padres y docentes. Los datos arrojan que los participantes presentan un desempeño bajo en cuanto al desarrollo cognitivo y las habilidades escolares, lo que contrasta significativamente con el adecuado desarrollo del juego. Los niños más pequeños y con mayores dificultades en la realización de las tareas del Evalúa, aún no alcanzan la etapa del juego temático de roles. A nivel emocional, se encontró que los niños presentan inseguridad y baja autoestima, que influyen en los niveles de adaptación.

Cognitive, psycho-affective, and game development have been considered as factors that influence the learning process. The following research describes the cognitive, psycho-affective, and game development in six children presenting learning difficulties and that are in first, third and fourth grade in elementary school in the departments Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Meta in Colombia. It is important to mention that Elkonin is the main author presented as he, from the historical-cultural neuropsychology, is a reference to study the development of the game and his theory presents that the game favors attention processes, behavior regulation and development of new psychological formation in children for schooling, literacy and mathematical awareness. As main idea, Elkonin and other authors have demonstrated the relationship between the development of role plays and the development of voluntary activity in children which is paramount for elementary school adaptation. For the research, a non-experimental multiple case study with a transactional design and mixed focus was used where the research goal is descriptive. The instruments implemented are García y González's (2002) Batería Psicopedagógica Evalúa, specifically Evalúa 0, 3 y 4, Louis Corman's Test del dibujo de la familia. A game stages exploratory protocol, an interview format and surveys for parents and teachers were designed as assessment. Data present that participants show low performance regarding cognitive development and school abilities, contrasting reatly with the proper game development. Younger children with greater difficulties solving Evalúa's tasks do not reach the role play game stage. Emotionally, it was found that the children present uncertainty and low self-steem, which influence adaptations levels.

Pisotón: un programa de desarrollo psicoafectivo, como alternativa para construir la paz / Pisotón: Program in the psycho-emotional development in order to determine its possible contribution to peace-building process / Pisotón: um programa de desenvolvimento psicoafectivo como ferramenta para construir a paz

Resumen (analítico): Este artículo evalúa los resultados de la implementación del Programa Pisotón en el desarrollo psicoafectivo de niños y niñas colombianos entre tres y siete años, para determinar su posible aporte a la construcción de paz en el país. Con este fin, se empleó un estudio cualitativo, utilizando como instrumento las Fábulas de Düss, las cuales se aplicaron a 6808 niños y niñas, antes y después de haber participado del Programa. Los resultados evidencian la reorganización emocional y la reducción de defensas maladaptativas en todas las dimensiones emocionales evaluadas. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el Programa brinda herramientas válidas para la elaboración de los conflictos emocionales, tanto aquellos que son propios del desarrollo, como también aquellos que surgen de contextos de violencia.

Abstract (analytic): This article evaluates the results of the Pisotón Program in the psychoemotional development of Colombian children between the ages of 3 and 7 in order to determine its possible contribution to the country's future peace-building process. To this end, a qualitative research was realized, using the Fábulas de Düss as a research instrument. These were applied with 6,808 boys and girls, before and after participating in the program. The results show the emotional reorganization and reduction of defense mechanisms in all of the evaluated emotional dimensions. These results lead to the conclusion that Pisotón provides valid tools for the resolution of conflicts, both those that are common for this age as well as those that arise from contexts of violence.

Resumo (analítico): Este artigo avalia os resultados da implementação do Programa Pisotón, no desenvolvimento psico-emocional das crianças colombianas com idades entre 3 e 7 anos, para determinar a sua possível contribuição para a construção da paz no país. Para este fim, um estudo qualitativo foi realizado utilizando como instrumento Fábulas de DUSS, que foram aplicados a 6.808 crianças, antes e depois de participar no programa. Os resultados mostram a reorganização emocional e redução de defesas mal adaptadas em todas as dimensões emocionais avaliadas. Estes resultados sugerem que o programa fornece ferramentas válidas para o desenvolvimento de conflitos emocionais, tanto aqueles que estão próprio desenvolvimento, como tambem as decorrentes de situações de violência.

Perspectivas conceptuales y metodológicas en los estudios sobre relaciones afectivas tempranas

El propósito de este artículo es presentar un balance bibliográfico del estudio de las relaciones afectivas en el primer año de vida a partir del análisis cualitativo de artículos teóricos e investigativos publicados durante las cuatro últimas décadas. La selección de artículos adopta como criterio el índice de citación que denota relevancia y amplia circulación de los postulados teóricos-metodológicos en este campo de conocimiento. Las reseñas de los artículos se sistematizan en una rejilla descriptiva que permite identificar los elementos constitutivos de una publicación y la consistencia interna de la conceptualización. Las reseñas de los artículos investigativos incluyen la revisión del diseño, las técnicas de recolección de información y las unidades analíticas que utilizan los investigadores. El análisis cualitativo de las reseñas sistematizadas establece algunas polaridades que estructuran las publicaciones: innato - adquirido; endógeno - exógeno; desarrollo de dominio general - desarrollo de dominio específico; cambios macro - cambios micro. En términos metodológicos, diseños experimentales - diseños situacionales en contextos culturales específicos; modelos de análisis de relaciones causales directas - modelos de análisis de relaciones múltiples. Simultáneamente, estas polaridades definen cuatro perspectivas que sintetizan las afinidades teóricas y metodológicas de las publicaciones: innatistas, ecológico-contextual, interaccionista y de los Sistemas Dinámicos No Lineales (SDNL). En la discusión presentamos la matriz de pensamiento psicológico y las concepciones de desarrollo que están implícitas en cada una de las perspectivas. Por último, en las conclusiones destacamos la búsqueda de algunos investigadores por modelos de análisis que establezcan diálogos de fronteras entre perspectivas para superar las polaridades con el propósito de comprender la complejidad de las relaciones afectivas en el primer año de vida. En este esfuerzo surgen los estudios de los SDNL para explicar la emergencia de la novedad en el desarrollo afectivo-cognitivo del niño a partir de los eventos de reorganización en el interior de los sistemas diádicos.

The aim of this article is to present a bibliographic review of the study of affective relationships in the first year of life based on qualitative analysis of theoretical and investigative articles published during the last four decades. The articles' selection adopts as a criterion the index of citation that denotesrelevance and wide circulation of the theoretical and methodological postulates in this field of knowledge. The reviews of the articles are systematized in a descriptive grid that allows to identify the constituent elements of a publication and the internal consistency of the conceptualization. Reviews of investigative articles include the design review, data collection techniques, and analytical units used by researchers. The qualitative analysis of systematized reviews, establishes some polarities that structure publications: innate - acquired; Endogenous - exogenous; General domain development - specific domain development; Macro changes - micro changes. In methodological terms, experimental designs - situational designs in specific cultural contexts; direct causal relationship analysis models - multiple relationship analysis models. Simultaneously, these polarities define four perspectives that synthesize the theoretical and methodological affinities of the publications: innatist, ecological-contextual, interactionist and Nonlinear Dynamic Systems (SDNL). In the discussion, we present the matrix of psychological thinking and the conceptions of development that are implicit in each one of the perspectives. Finally, in the conclusions we highlight the researchers' search for models of analysis that establish border dialogues between perspectives to overcome the polarities to understand the complexity of affective relationships in the first year of life. In this effort arise the studies of SDNL to explain the emergence of novelty in the affective-cognitive development of the child from the events of reorganization within the dyadic systems.

Age-related differences in function and structure of rSMG and reduced functional connectivity with DLPFC explains heightened emotional egocentricity bias in childhood.

Humans often judge others egocentrically, assuming that they feel or think similarly to themselves. Emotional egocentricity bias (EEB) occurs in situations when others feel differently to oneself. Using a novel paradigm, we investigated the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the developmental capacity to overcome such EEB in children compared with adults. We showed that children display a stronger EEB than adults and that this correlates with reduced activation in right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) as well as reduced coupling between rSMG and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) in children compared with adults. Crucially, functional recruitment of rSMG was associated with age-related differences in cortical thickness of this region. Although in adults the mere presence of emotional conflict occurs between self and other recruited rSMG, rSMG-lDLPFC coupling was only observed when implementing empathic judgements. Finally, resting state analyses comparing connectivity patterns of rSMG with that of right temporoparietal junction suggested a unique role of rSMG for self-other distinction in the emotional domain for adults as well as for children. Thus, children's difficulties in overcoming EEB may be due to late maturation of regions distinguishing between conflicting socio-affective information and relaying this information to regions necessary for implementing accurate judgments.

Interacciones vinculares en el sistema de cuidado infantil / Binding interactions in the childcare system

El estudio identifica y analiza las interacciones vinculares existentes en el sistema de cuidado infantil de niños con y sin desnutrición crónica en un mismo contexto de pobreza. Este es un estudio multimétodo, basado en información de campo recopilada y en una construcción teórica que emergió a partir de los resultados obtenidos, ampliando el marco conceptual de la desnutrición infantil. La constelación y gestión del cuidado son dos categorías emergentes, que contribuyen a comprender que en los diferentes escenarios donde transitan los niños hay diversos cuidadores que varían en calidad, permanencia y coherencia repercutiendo esta situación su estado nutricional. Si bien las mujeres constituyen las gestoras principales del cuidado, no son ellas las únicas responsables del cuidado y por ello se recomienda fortalecer las redes de apoyo familiar y comunitario

O estudo identifica e analisa as interações de vínculo existentes no sistema de cuidado infantil de crianças com e sem desnutrição crõnica no Centro Poblado Mi Peru, localizado no município de Ventanilla, Região Callao - Peru, localizado no estrato 1 de pobreza extrema, segundo o SISFOH. Partindo de um estudo multi-métodos, baseado nas informações de campo coletadas e numa construção teórica que emergiu da descrição, análise e interpretação dos resultados obtidos, procurou-se aprofundar a compreensão social da relação vincular entre mãe e filho, as práticas de cuidado e o estado nutricional, identificando diversos cenários em que a criança transita desde a gravidez. A constelação e gestão do cuidado são duas categorias emergentes que contribuem para o referencial conceitual das políticas públicas na primeira infância.

Surging Hormones: Brain-Behavior Interactions During Puberty.

In this paper we discuss the surging hormones of puberty and their influences on adolescent behavior. We describe why these issues represent an interesting and important area of investigation, emphasizing their contributions to a specific set of developmental processes at the heart of the transition from childhood to adolescence. We briefly review the neuroendocrine underpinnings of human puberty. Our review focuses on evidence for behavioral (and neurobehavioral) effects of gonadal hormones, and emphasizes the social and affective dimensions of these hormonal effects. More broadly, we consider how these hormonal events contribute to brain-behavior interactions that can bias early adolescent trajectories in both positive and negative directions, and in ways that may begin as small influences, but can spiral into large-scale effects over time. These influences also appear to play an important role in functional and structural brain development during adolescence. Finally we offer some thoughts on directions for future research in these areas.

Psychological aspects in children affected by duchenne de boulogne muscular dystrophy.

Impairment of intelligence in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients was described by Duchenne de Boulogne himself in 1868. Further studies report intelligence disorders with mayor impairment of memory. The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of affective and personality disorders in a group of children affected by DMD. Twenty six male DMD patients, mean age eleven and four months years old, were assessed for their affective and personality disorder. Only eight subjects had a total IQ below average with major difficulties in verbal and visual-spatial memory, comprehension, arithmetic and vocabulary. All the subjects presented some disorders: tendency to marginalization and isolation, self-depreciation, sense of insecurity, hypochondriac thoughts and marked state of anxiety. These disorders are often a dynamic prolongation of a psychological process which starts when the diagnosis is made and continues, in a slow and latent fashion, throughout the evolution of the disease.