Shifting Tides: The Evolution of Racial Inequality in Higher Education from the 1980s through the 2010s.

Amid the proliferation of state-level bans on race-based affirmative action in higher education, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on June 29, 2023, dismantled race-conscious college admission policies, intensifying concerns about the persistence and potential increase of racial inequality in higher education. The authors analyze four restricted-use national survey datasets to investigate racial disparities in college attendance outcomes from the 1980s through the 2010s. Although college entrance rates increased for all racial groups, Black and Hispanic youth became increasingly less likely than their White peers to attend four-year selective colleges. In the 2010s cohort, Black and Hispanic youth were 8 and 7 percentage points, respectively, less likely than their White counterparts to secure admission to four-year selective colleges, even after controlling for parents' income, education, and other family background variables. The findings underscore the urgent need for proactive policy interventions to address the widening racial inequality in attending selective postsecondary institutions.

What Predicts Graduate Public Health Student Success? Evidence for Admission Committees in a Post-Affirmative Action Landscape.

OBJECTIVE: A severe staff shortage and a dearth of professionals from underrepresented backgrounds in the public health workforce are contributing to poor health outcomes in the United States. Schools and programs can mitigate these problems by admitting more graduate public health students overall and from underrepresented backgrounds. We identified predictors of foundational graduate public health course grades and graduate grade point average (GPA), sharing evidence to remove application factors that are admission barriers and do not predict student outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a linear regression analysis on demographic and academic factors from 564 graduate public health applications for students at the University at Buffalo who received their degree from January 1, 2016, to February 1, 2021, analyzing age, race and ethnicity, sex, income, undergraduate degree, verbal and quantitative Graduate Record Examination (GRE) percentiles, and undergraduate GPA. Outcomes were grades in foundational public health courses and cumulative graduate GPA. RESULTS: Undergraduate GPA was the best predictor of graduate public health student success, explaining nearly 7% of foundational public health course grades and 29% of graduate GPA. Higher undergraduate GPA contributed to higher course grades and graduate GPA. GRE scores explained <1% of student outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings add to the growing body of research showing that standardized test scores may not predict graduate student outcomes and provide further evidence for the field of public health to consider removing this admission barrier. By doing so, institutions could admit more students to graduate public health programs who can bring needed skills to the market, further diversifying the workforce and public health faculty, to better meet population health needs.

Discontinuation of affirmative action: Consequences for black educational equity, neurosurgical residency, and medical diversity, with consideration of potential adversity as a new path forward.

Background: The underrepresentation of the Black community in neurosurgery is concerning, especially given projections that racial minorities will become the majority in the U.S. by 2044. Yet, despite these forecasts, Black candidates make up less than 4% of those in neurosurgical training programs. The recent Supreme Court decision to end Affirmative Action underscores the urgency of addressing this disparity. This research delves into the implications of eliminating Affirmative Action on neurosurgery admissions and residencies. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, OVID Embase, and OVID Medline, employing the keywords "Black", "Neurosurgery", and "Residency". The Maslow Adversity Index (MAI) was created to integrate adversity as a factor in neurosurgery residency evaluation. Results: After Affirmative Action, Black college enrollment increased, peaking at 36% by 2020. However, Black medical students remain underrepresented in neurosurgery residencies. ALDC (Athletes, Legacies, Dean's List, Children of faculty/staff) admissions criteria favor White students. Furthermore, studies have highlighted the beneficial impacts of racial concordance on patient outcomes. The end of Affirmative Action necessitates new diversity strategies in admissions. A points-based assessment, inspired by Maslow's hierarchy, recognizes adversities faced by underrepresented applicants which could help residency programs enhance diversity, inclusivity, and equity in selection. Conclusion: Despite the growth in Black college attendance, disparities persist in specialized medical fields like neurosurgery. The end to Affirmative Action policies might exacerbate these disparities. Embracing holistic admission approaches, rooted in Maslow's hierarchy. This consideration is key for inclusive representation, impacting education, professions, and health outcomes.

Gender distribution of North American professional radiology society award recipients.

PURPOSE: Women remain underrepresented in radiology and there is a paucity of literature examining the recognition of their professional contributions to the discipline. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender distribution of award winners across all North American radiology societies. METHODS: The gender distribution of 1923 award recipients from 21 North American radiology societies between 1960 and 2021 was examined. Awards were divided into four categories: leadership, teaching, contribution to radiology, and promising new/young societal member. Primary outcome was the total proportion of awards received by gender. All data was compared to the gender distribution of working radiologists in North America. RESULTS: A total of 1923 award recipients were identified between 1960 and 2021. Seventy-nine percent of award recipients were men (n = 1527) and 21 % were women (n = 396). As of 1970, the proportion of women award recipients increased 0.55 % ± 0.07 % each year. The proportion of women receiving radiological awards after 2018 is equal to or surpassing the percentage of women radiologists. Women received 36.4 % of leadership, 33.6 % of promising new member, 30.1 % of teaching, and 14.4 % of lifetime contribution awards. CONCLUSIONS: In the last five years, the proportion of women receiving awards was equal to or greater than the proportion of women radiologists. Women received more leadership awards and fewer lifetime contributor awards compared to men.

Advancing Diversity in Microbiology: A 55-Year Retrospective Analysis.

Background For over 50 years, affirmative action helped advance equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in educational institutions in the United States (U.S.). However, the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision to end affirmative action in college admissions threatens the progress toward EDI. Objective This study aimed to assess the progress in promoting gender and racial diversity within the discipline of microbiology over a 55-year period. We sought to analyze the representation of women and minority groups in faculty ranks, tenure positions, and leadership to identify disparities and trends and determine who will likely be impacted most with the end of affirmative action. Materials and methods This longitudinal retrospective study utilized publicly available and non-identifiable Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data on full-time microbiology faculty from 1967 to 2021. Faculty members were categorized based on academic ranks and tenure status, while gender and racial data were also considered. Results The analysis revealed a consistent dominance of white faculty, with over 60% representation across all academic ranks throughout the study period. The Asian and female faculty representation decreased in senior academic ranks. We observed a positive trend in the annual increase of women in faculty positions, academic ranks, chairs, and tenure positions. Furthermore, Asian faculty demonstrated the most robust surge in representation. However, disparities persisted for black, Hispanic, and Native American faculty members, reflecting broader challenges in their representation. Discussion Although efforts to enhance diversity within microbiology have yielded positive results, underrepresented minority groups still face obstacles in attaining leadership positions and senior academic ranks. The diminishing proportion of women at higher academic ranks raises concerns about potential attrition or lack of promotion opportunities. The end of affirmative action poses a risk of perpetuating this trend, leading to a decline in diversity among microbiology faculty.

End of Affirmative Action-Who Is Impacted Most? Analysis of Race and Sex Among US Internal Medicine Faculty.

BACKGROUND: For over 50 years, the United States (US) used affirmative action as one strategy to increase diversity in higher education including medical programs, citing benefits including training future public and private sector leaders. However, the recent US Supreme Court ending affirmative action in college admissions threatens advancements in the diversity of medical college faculty. OBJECTIVE: Our study evaluated the demographic trends in Internal Medicine (IM) faculty in the US by assessing sex and race/ethnicity diversity to investigate who is likely to be impacted most with the end of affirmative action. DESIGN: Longitudinal retrospective analysis SUBJECTS: IM faculty from the Association of American Medical Colleges faculty roster from 1966 to 2021 who self-reported sex and ethnicity MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary study measurement was the annual proportion of women and racial/ethnic groups among IM faculty based on academic rank and department chairs. RESULTS: Although racial/ethnic diversity increased throughout the era of affirmative action, African American, Hispanic, and American Indian populations remain underrepresented. White physicians occupied > 50% of faculty positions across academic ranks and department chairs. Among the non-White professors, Asian faculty had the most significant increase in proportion from 1966 to 2021 (0.6 to 16.6%). The percentage of women increased in the ranks of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, and instructor by 19.5%, 27.8%, 25.6%, and 26.9%, respectively. However, the proportion of women and racial/ethnic minority faculty decreased as academic rank increased. CONCLUSION: Despite an increase in the representation of women and racial/ethnic minority IM faculty, there continues to be a predominance of White and men physicians in higher academic ranks. With the end of affirmative action, this trend has the danger of being perpetuated, resulting in decreasing diversity among IM faculty, potentially impacting patient access and health outcomes.

The US Supreme Court and Affirmative Action: The Negative Impact on the Physician Workforce.

PURPOSE: Maintaining admissions of underrepresented students to medical schools is essential to securing a diverse health care workforce. Empirical evidence indicates that minority patients may prefer practitioners of their own race. The recent US Supreme Court decision concerning affirmative action makes this goal more difficult, but medical schools can still work within the language of the law to redouble their efforts to seat a diverse class of medical students. METHODS: We examined the literature correlating the availability of minority physicians and the health outcomes of the patients they serve. We also examined the literature on race-conscious policies of medical schools intended to address the shortage of minority physicians considering the benefits achieved through a diverse field of health care workers. We also examined the law and the recent US Supreme Court opinion, including the application of equal protection principles, to suggest strategies to seat a diverse class of students within the scope of the law. FINDINGS: Institutions have maintained the status quo of disparate distributions of professions by race through structural biases that also limit access to medical schools. The new US Supreme Court decision is expected to exacerbate this disparity unless medical schools engage in admissions protocols that actively solicit the character and unique abilities that each of the applicants can offer to contribute to the medical school and the health care profession. IMPLICATIONS: The new US Supreme Court mandate is likely to create challenges for medical schools in their efforts to recruit and seat minority applicants. The mandate provides little discussion, suggesting a lack of understanding of the downstream public health consequences to patients if medical school applicants are denied the benefits of race-conscious admissions policies. Nevertheless, the language of the US Supreme Court's opinion may provide a viable path forward, at least with respect to medical schools where the need for a diverse pool of health care practitioners is particularly compelling.

Moral intuitions and attitudes towards affirmative action in college admissions.

Affirmative action has long been a contentious issue in the United States. Using data from a 2021 national YouGov sample of 1125 U.S. adults, we are the first to examine the effect of moral intuitions on people's support for affirmative action in college admissions. We find that those with strong individualizing moral intuitions-a heightened general concern with avoiding harm and mistreatment of people-are more likely to support affirmative action. We find that its effect is mediated in large part by beliefs in the extent of systemic racism, as those with strong individualizing moral intuitions are more likely to also believe that systemic racism is pervasive, and also partly by low levels of racial resentment. Conversely, those with strong binding moral intuitions-a heightened concern with the cohesion of social groups-are less likely to support affirmative action. This effect is also mediated by belief in the extent of systemic racism and racial resentment, as those with strong binding moral intuitions are more likely to believe both that the system is fair and have higher levels of racial resentment. Our study suggests that future work should consider the role of moral intuitions in shaping people's views of contentious social policies.

The Coordination of Environmental Protection and Female Discrimination Based on the Concept of Affirmative Action.

With the development of society, the chemical industry is expanding, and the hazy weather everywhere is becoming increasingly frequent, already affecting people's lives and causing them to pay more attention to environmental issues. Therefore, this paper highlights the role of women in environmental protection by studying the coordination of environmental protection and female discrimination based on the concept of affirmative action. Through this study and a survey, we found that China has not yet realized that women's participation in environmental protection plays a key role in improving the quality of our environment and the development of ecological civilization. However, we should clearly understand that environmental issues are not only personal, they are related to the survival and development of a country, and as a member of that country, both women and men should have the right and obligation to protect the environment. Therefore, this article discusses the concept and meaning of affirmative action and gender discrimination in the context of research on these concepts, discussing the problems and phenomena that women encounter in environmental protection. These include the system of women's environmental protection, gender issues for women in society, and the unequal treatment from the Government based on some studies. Through the study and analysis of the system of women's environmental protection, the role and position of women in this regard is summarized. Finally, it is suggested that, for the construction and development of ecological civilization in China, it is necessary to fully integrate ecological civilization into all aspects of society and pay attention to environmental protection issues. Therefore, we should pay attention to the role of women in environmental protection, provide corresponding policies, and actively encourage women to partake in environmental protection in order to build an environmentally friendly and resource-saving society together.

Trajetórias de estudantes cotistas para o ingresso numa universidade pública brasileira / Las trayectorias de los estudiantes de cuota para el ingreso a una universidad pública brasileña / Trajectories of quota students for admission to a brazilian public university

RESUMO. As vivências psicossociais de estudantes cotistas são temáticas de interesse da psicologia no campo de estudos das ações afirmativas. Esta pesquisa objetivou descrever as trajetórias de estudantes cotistas para o ingresso em uma universidade pública federal. Participaram 11 universitários cotistas, estudantes de psicologia, subdivididos em dois grupos focais. Utilizou-se da análise do discurso, de orientação inglesa, como estratégia interpretativa. As narrativas foram organizadas em seis repertórios: a cultura familiar sobre o ensino superior; as limitações e a precariedade da educação básica pública; a busca por complementação educacional; a rotina e as dificuldades anteriores ao ingresso na universidade pública; as atividades extracurriculares e os institutos federais para viabilizar o acesso ao ensino superior público. A análise das trajetórias dos cotistas evidenciou vivências psicossociais comuns aos estudantes. Os sentidos compartilhados sinalizaram que para alcançarem o objetivo de ingressar em uma universidade pública federal foi preciso, além do esforço pessoal intenso, disciplina e novos hábitos, romper com valores culturais e familiares, contar com apoio de instituições de ensino de qualidade referendada como, por exemplo, os institutos federais ou recorrer à complementação de estudos. Espera-se que este estudo contribua para a elaboração de intervenções psicossociais aos cotistas nos âmbitos da orientação acadêmica e de carreira e também para a consolidação das referidas políticas de ações afirmativas.

RESUMEN. Las experiencias psicosociales de los titulares de cuotas estudiantiles son temas de interés para la Psicología en el campo de los estudios de acción afirmativa. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo describir las trayectorias de los estudiantes de cuota para la admisión a una universidad federal brasileña. Participaron once universitarios, estudiantes de psicología, divididos en dos grupos focales. Se utilizó el análisis del discurso orientado al inglés como estrategia interpretativa de los datos. Las narraciones se organizaron en seis repertorios: la cultura sobre la educación superior; las limitaciones y precariedad de la educación básica pública; la búsqueda de complementación educativa; la rutina y las dificultades previas al ingreso a la universidad; actividades extracurriculares y los institutos federales para permitir el acceso a la educación superior. El análisis de las trayectorias de los titulares de los cupos mostró experiencias psicosociales comunes. Los sentidos compartidos indicaban que para lograr el objetivo de entrar en una universidad pública era necesario, además del intenso esfuerzo personal de disciplina y nuevos hábitos, romper con los valores culturales y familiares, contar con el apoyo de instituciones educativas de calidad, como los Institutos Federales, o recurrir a estudios complementarios. Se espera que este estudio contribuya al desarrollo de intervenciones psicosociales a los titulares de cuotas en los campos de orientación académica y profesional y también para la consolidación de las políticas de acción afirmativa.

ABSTRACT. Psychosocial experiences of quota students are topics of interest to Psychology in the field of affirmative action studies. This research aimed to describe the trajectories of quota students to enter a federal public university. Eleven quota students participated, Psychology students, subdivided into two focus groups. English-oriented discourse analysis was used as an interpretive strategy. Narratives were organized into six repertoires: family culture on higher education; limitations and precariousness of public basic education; the search for educational complementation; the routine and difficulties prior to university admission; extracurricular activities and the Federal Institutes to enable access to higher education. The analysis of quota student trajectories showed common psychosocial experiences. The shared meanings pointed out that to achieve the goal of entering a public university, in addition to the intense personal effort, discipline and new habits, to break with cultural and family values, it was necessary to have the support of good quality educational institutions, such as the Federal Institutes, or resorting to complementary studies. This study is expected to contribute to the development of psychosocial interventions for quota students in areas of academic and career guidance and also for the consolidation of affirmative action policies.

Relatos da permanencia de estudiantes indígenas en los programas de posgrado de la Universidad Federal do Amazonas / Relatos da permanência de estudantes indígenas nos programas de pós-graduação da universidade federal do amazonas / Reports on the permanence of indigenous students in the post-gratuation programs at the federal university of amazonas

Através de reivindicações e políticas de ações afirmativas, cada vez mais os povos indígenas têm ingressado no Ensino Superior. Esta pesquisa pretendeu investigar e compreender os motivos de permanência dos indígenas nos Programas de Pós-Graduação (PPGs) da Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM). A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa, enviamos questionários às 42 secretarias desses PPGs e, posteriormente, entrevistamos 7 pós-graduandos indígenas de etnias diferentes, com transcrição e análise de conteúdos segundo Bardin. Chegamos às unidades temáticas e categorias: percurso acadêmico dos alunos pós-graduandos (trajetória de escolarização; chegada na universidade); enfrentamentos para permanecer universitário (dificuldades, resistência, resoluções); sugestões e propostas. Concluímos que as dificuldades financeiras, pedagógicas, culturais e sociais são decorrentes de uma lógica hegemônica que continua gerando discriminação, desigualdade e exclusão, mas o compromisso consigo, com sua família, etnia e causas indígenas dão resistência para finalizar o curso.

A través de reivindicaciones y políticas de acciones afirmativas, cada vez más los pueblos indígenas han ingresado en la enseñanza universitaria. En esta investigación se pretendió averiguar y comprender los motivos de permanencia de los indígenas en los Programas de Posgrado (PPGs) de la Universidad Federal do Amazonas (UFAM). A partir de una investigación cualitativa, enviamos cuestionarios a las 42 secretarias de esos PPGs y, posteriormente, entrevistamos 7 posgraduados indígenas de etnias distintas, con transcripción y análisis de contenidos según Bardin. Llegamos a las unidades temáticas y categorías: recorrido académico de los alumnos posgraduados (trayectoria de escolarización; llegada en la universidad); enfrentamientos para permanecer universitario (dificultades, resistencia, resoluciones); sugerencias y propuestas. Concluimos que las dificultades financieras, pedagógicas, culturales y sociales son decurrentes de una lógica hegemónica que sigue generando discriminación, desigualdad y exclusión, pero el compromiso consigo, con su familia, etnia y causas indígenas dan resistencia para finalizar el curso.

By means of claims and affirmative action policies, more and more indigenous peoples have entered higher education. This research intended to investigate and understand the reasons for the indigenous people's permanence in the Post-Graduate Programs (PPGs) of the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM). Based on qualitative research, we sent questionnaires to the 42 coordination offices of these PPGs and, subsequently, we interviewed 7 indigenous graduate students from different ethnic groups, with transcription and content analysis according to Bardin. We included three thematic units and categories: academic path of postgraduate students (schooling records; entrance at university); confrontations to remain at the university (difficulties, resistance, resolutions); suggestions and proposals. We conclude that financial, pedagogical, cultural, and social difficulties are the result of a hegemonic logic that continues to generate discrimination, inequality, and exclusion, but the commitment to oneself, to one's family, ethnicity and indigenous causes provides them with the inspiration to resist and finish the course.

Estado, racismo e ações afirmativas para promoção da igualdade racial: dilemas no capitalismo / Estado, racismo y acciones afirmativas para promover de la igualdad racial: dilemas en el capitalismo / State, racism and affirmative actions to promote racial equality: dilemmas in capitalism

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo desenvolver uma discussão materialista-histórica a respeito das contradições entre o Estado e as políticas de ação afirmativa no modo de produção capitalista. Para tanto, consideramos as dinâmicas reais e concretas entre o capital, os movimentos sociais, as conjunturas políticas e econômicas, que interferem na ação do Estado, bem como o entendimento das relações sociais de classe e raça como centrais para uma análise da formação social brasileira, sem a qual não conseguimos ter melhor compreensão do tempo presente. Apresentamos brevemente algumas formulações da tradição marxista a respeito do Estado e das Relações Raciais e discutimos acerca de alguns dilemas que envolvem as políticas de ação afirmativa no Brasil, uma vez que se revelam enquanto conquista da classe trabalhadora, ao mesmo tempo em que possibilitam a manutenção da ordem do Capital.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo desarrollar una discusión materialista histórica sobre las contradicciones entre el Estado y las Políticas de Acción Afirmativa en el modo de producción capitalista. Consideramos las dinámicas reales y concretas entre el capital, los movimientos sociales, las coyunturas políticas y económicas, que interfieren en la acción del Estado, así como la comprensión de las relaciones sociales de classe y raza como centrales para un análisis del contexto social brasileño, sin la cual no podemos tener una mejor comprensión del tiempo presente. Presentamos brevemente algunas formulaciones de la tradición marxista sobre el Estado y las Relaciones Raciales y discutimos algunos dilemas que envuelven las Políticas de Acción Afirmativa en Brasil, ya que se revelan como una conquista de la clase obrera, al mismo tiempo que posibilitan el mantenimiento de la misma. el orden del Capital.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to develop a historical materialist discussion about the contradictions between State and Affirmative Action policies in the capitalist mode of production. For this purpose, we consider the real and concrete dynamics between capital, social movements, political and economic conjunctures, that they interfere in the State's action, in addition to theories about social relations of class and race, which are central to an analysis of Brazilian social formation, without which we cannot have a better understanding of the present time. We briefly present some formulations of the Marxist tradition regarding State and racial relations and discuss some dilemmas that involve Affirmative Action policies in Brazil, considering that they are conquests of the working class, at the same time that they make it possible to maintain the order of Capital.

Bakke Redux - Affirmative Action and Physician Diversity in Peril.

This article examines the legal arguments that may lead the Supreme Court to overrule precedent and strike down affirmative action in university admissions. Given the critical importance of a diverse physician workforce for our Nation's health care system, the potential reversal of affirmative action admission programs in medical schools may have severe negative consequences. This article discusses the implications for health care should the Court issue an opinion restricting or eliminating affirmative action in higher education.

Affirmative action in healthcare resource allocation: Vaccines, ventilators and race.

This article is about the potential justification for deploying some form of affirmative action (AA) in the context of healthcare, and in particular in relation to the pandemic. We call this Affirmative Action in healthcare Resource Allocation (AARA). Specifically, we aim to investigate whether the rationale and justifications for using prioritization policies based on race in education and employment apply in a healthcare setting, and in particular to the COVID-19 pandemic. We concentrate in this article on vaccines and ventilators because these are both highly scarce resources in the pandemic, and there has been a need to develop policies for allocating them. However, as will become clear, the ethical considerations relating to them may diverge. We first set out two rationales for AAs and what they might entail in a healthcare setting. We then consider some disanalogies between AA and AARA, as well as the different implications of AARA for allocating ventilators as opposed to vaccines. Finally, we consider some of the practical ways in which AARA could be implemented, and conclude by responding to some key objections.

Comparison Between Students Admitted Through Regular Path and Affirmative Action Systems in a Brazilian Public Medical School.

Purpose: Affirmative action policies to provide access to higher education for socially vulnerable students have been implemented in several countries and have faced many questions nowadays. The aim of the study was to compare the socioeconomic background and performance during and after completing the undergraduate course of students admitted through the regular path and social quota systems in a public medical school in Brazil. Methods: A retrospective cohort study including students admitted to a medical school within the School of Health Sciences (ESCS), in Brazil, between 2005 and 2012, and followed until May 2020. In the first phase, data collection was performed by analyzing documents from the ESCS academic management system and Brazilian government agencies. In the second phase, a survey with 12 questions was sent to the medical school alumni. The social quota system criteria were the public school attendance in all primary and secondary education levels. Results: Among 707 students, 204 (28.9%) were from the social quota and 503 (78.5%) from the regular path system. The place of residence of social quota students had a lower Human Development Index (p < 0.001) and per capita income (p < 0.001) when compared to regular path students. Regular path students were associated with the highest dropout from medical school (OR: 50.552, 95% CI: 12.438-205.453, p < 0.001). There was no difference between regular path and social quota students attending medical residency programs (OR: 1.780, 95% CI: 0.957-3.309, p = 0.069). Out of the 308 alumni who completed the survey, regular path students had more family members who were health professionals than social quota students (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences regarding monthly income, job satisfaction, employment, or management activities. Conclusion: Affirmative action targeted students with a disadvantaged socioeconomic background. Regular path students had a higher dropout rate than social quota students.

Juzgamiento de justicia de cotas en la universidad y su relación con el desarrollo moral / Julgamento de justiça de cotas na universidade e sua relação com o desenvolvimento moral / Judgment of justice of quotas in the university and its relation with the moral development

O objetivo do estudo é investigar a relação entre o julgamento da justiça de cotas e o nível de competência moral de estudantes e professores. Participaram da pesquisa 317 universitários e 15 docentes de um curso base para engenharias de uma Universidade Federal. Para coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário estruturado composto por um dilema sobre cotas e oito argumentos relacionados à justiça e oito à injustiça das cotas. Aplicamos ainda o Teste de Competência Moral (MCT_xt), que considera aspectos afetivos e cognitivos do julgamento e remete ao escore de competência - C. Os resultados indicaram o baixo índice C dos participantes, conflito de interesse no julgamento da justiça das cotas e a questão racial como principal fator de discordância. Demonstraram ainda que entre os alunos não cotistas, quanto maior o índice C, mais consideravam as cotas injustas e entre os cotistas, quanto menor o escore C, maior a escolha pela justiça. Para julgamentos pautados na justiça por equidade, como no caso das ações afirmativas, seriam necessários níveis superiores de desenvolvimento moral. A educação tem um papel essencial no desenvolvimento da competência moral dos estudantes e em consequência, na promoção da sua participação na vida social, cívica e profissional.

El objetivo del estudio es investigar la relación entre el juzgamiento de la justicia de cotas y el nivel de competencia moral de estudiantes y profesores. Participaron de la investigación 317 universitarios y 15 docentes de un curso base para ingenieros de una Universidad Federal. Para recolecta de datos se ha utilizado un cuestionario estructurado compuesto por un dilema sobre cotas y ocho argumentos relacionados a la justicia y ocho a la injusticia de las cotas. Aplicamos aún la prueba de Competencia Moral (MCT_xt), que considera aspectos afectivos y cognitivos del juzgamiento y remete al escore de competencia - C. Los resultados indicaron el bajo índice C de los participantes, conflicto de interés en el juzgamiento de la justicia de las cotas y la cuestión racial como principal factor de discordancia. Demostraron aún que, entre los alumnos no cotizantes, cuanto mayor el índice C, más consideraban las cotas injustas y entre los cotizantes, cuanto menor el escore C, mayor la escoja por la justicia. Para juzgamientos pautados en la justicia por equidad, como en el caso de las acciones afirmativas, serían necesarios niveles superiores de desarrollo moral. La educación tiene un papel esencial en el desarrollo de la competencia moral de los estudiantes y, en consecuencia, en la promoción de su participación en la vida social, cívica y profesional.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the fairness of quota judgment and the level of moral competency of students and professors. This work was conducted with 317 college students and 15 professors from a base course for engineering at a Public University. We use a structured questionnaire to collect data, composed of a dilemma of quotas and eight arguments related to justice and eight to injustice of quotas. We still apply the Moral Competence Test (MCT_xt), which considers affective and cognitive aspects of the judgment and gives rise to score - C. The results indicated the low C index of the participants, conflict of interest in the judgment of the fairness of quota and the racial issue as the main disagreement factor. Among non-quota students, the higher the C index, the more they considered quotas like unfairness and among quota students, the lower the C score, the greater the choice for fairness. For judgments based on equity, as in the case of affirmative actions, higher levels of moral development would be necessary. Education has an essential role in developing students' moral competence and, consequently, in promoting their participation in social, civic and professional life.

Educação médica, raça e saúde: o que falta para a construção de um projeto pedagógico antirracista? / Medical education, race and health: what is missing for the construction of an antiracist pedagogical project?

Resumo: Introdução: Embora a educação médica esteja pautada, hegemonicamente, por princípios universalistas e igualitários, este artigo pretende tensionar tais concepções ao considerar a heterogeneidade e a multiplicidade imbricadas no saber-fazer médico ante as determinações históricas, sociais e locorregionais de saúde. Para compreender a medicina nesse panorama complexo, é preciso que a produção de conhecimento, desde a construção de projetos pedagógicos e currículos de graduação, privilegie a equidade em saúde, abrangendo, sobretudo, o cuidado destinado às minorias sociais. Nesse substrato, encontra-se a população negra, coletivo majoritário no Brasil, principalmente na Região Nordeste, que enfrenta diversas fragilidades no alcance de uma atenção à saúde integral. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os projetos pedagógicos dos cursos (PPC) de graduação em Medicina, do Nordeste brasileiro, e suas interfaces com conteúdos que contribuam para a formação médica no enfrentamento das iniquidades da saúde da população negra. Método: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal, com análise de 23 PPC de graduação em Medicina de 13 universidades públicas federais da Região Nordeste. Realizou-se também a correlação dos dados com achados científicos e referenciais teóricos que abordam a temática de saúde da população negra e formação médica. Resultado: Identificou-se a presença de disciplinas obrigatórias e optativas sobre a contextualização de raça na saúde em seus aspectos essenciais, o que permite proporcionar aos estudantes de Medicina a compreensão histórica e sociocultural da negritude. Entretanto, é imperioso enfatizar o déficit na abordagem prática com escassez de temas transversais, propostas de internato ou estágio e fomento de programas de extensão, bem como de políticas institucionais de incentivo ao assunto, o que sinaliza o pouco valor atribuído ao campo da experiência para a compreensão da saúde racializada e fortalece o esvaziamento de práticas específicas à saúde da população negra, diminuindo a capacidade médica de interpretar situações, práticas e condutas de maneira efetiva. Conclusão: Este artigo evidencia, portanto, que o fomento de uma educação médica antirracista exige uma formação pautada na práxis dialógica, humanista e crítico-reflexiva da saúde da população negra, sendo necessário correlacionar teorias com habilidades, competências e atitudes assistenciais pautadas no conhecimento racializado para a construção de PCC dos cursos de Medicina.

Abstract: Introduction: The hegemony of medical education is based on so-called universalistic and egalitarian principles. This paper questions such principles, considering the heterogeneity and multiplicity imbricated in medical know-how in light of historical, social and loco-regional health conditions. To understand medical knowledge in that complex panorama, the production of knowledge must privilege equity in health in the development of pedagogical projects and undergraduate curricula. Do these projects and curricula deal with care for social minorities properly? In Brazil, black people constitute the main social group affected by that social reality. In the Northeast region of the country, that population usually faces several difficulties to access proper medical care. Objective: This paper aims to analyze the pedagogical projects of undergraduate medical programs in the Northeast of Brazil and their interfaces with contents that contribute to medical training to address the health inequities of the black population. Methodology: This is an exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study. It analyzes 23 pedagogical projects from 13 federal public undergraduate medical programs at universities in the Brazilian Northeast. Data were correlated with scientific findings and theoretical references that address the health of black people and medical education. Results: The studied programs contain compulsory and optional courses which contextualize social race in health. They present a historical and sociocultural understanding of blackness to medical students. However, in a practical sense there are several gaps, including a lack of cross-sectional approaches, of proposals for internships and limited promotion of community outreach programs and institutional policies to encourage racial issues. This reveals the little value ascribed to the field of experience for understanding racialized health, and shows a lack of specific practices for the health of the black population, reducing medical capacity to interpret situations, practices and behaviors in racialized contexts. Conclusion: This paper shows that the promotion of an antiracist medical education requires a training based on dialogical, humanistic, critical-reflexive praxis regarding the health of the black population. It is necessary to correlate theories and skills, competencies and care practices, based on racialized knowledge for the construction of pedagogical projects for undergraduate medical programs in the Brazilian Northeast.

Saúde da população negra: ações afirmativas e branquitude docente nos cursos de graduação da saúde / Black population's health: affirmative action and teaching whiteness in undergraduate health courses / Salud de la población negra: acciones afirmativas y blanqueamiento docente en cursos de graduación en salud

Resumo Este artigo objetiva analisar a inserção do tema Saúde da População Negra na formação dos profissionais de saúde nos cursos de Saúde Coletiva, Enfermagem e Medicina de uma universidade pública brasileira. A pesquisa é resultado de uma dissertação de mestrado de natureza qualitativa do tipo pesquisa-intervenção, adotando como fundamentação teórica a epistemologia feminista negra e a perspectiva negra da decolonialidade. Foram realizadas oficinas, entre os anos de 2019 e 2020, com membros dos Núcleos Docentes Estruturantes de Saúde Coletiva, Enfermagem e Medicina. A despeito das diretrizes do marco legal sobre o ensino das relações étnico-raciais, constatou-se a incipiência sobre o tema Saúde da População Negra na formação dos cursos analisados, a ausência de docentes negros nesses espaços e a presença de uma branquitude docente guardiã de privilégios. Os resultados e a discussão apresentados possibilitaram depreender que é por meio dos movimentos e pensamentos emancipatórios nos campos político, cultural, pedagógico e epistemológico que se faz possível tensionar rupturas nas relações de poder e nas estruturas do Estado.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the implementation of black people health in the undergraduate courses of Public Health, Nursing, and Medicine at a public Brazilian university. The theoretical foundation consists of a qualitative intervention-research study, based on Black Feminist Epistemology and Black Perspective of Decoloniality. Two workshops were held with the members of the Structural Teaching Nuclei of those courses in 2019 and 2020. Despite the guidelines of the legal framework on the teaching of ethnic-racial relations, it was possible to observe the incipience of training, the absence of black professors in these spaces and the presence of a faculty's whiteness that perpetuates privileges. From the results and discussion presented, it appears that it is through emancipatory movements and thoughts in the political, cultural, pedagogical and epistemological fields that it is possible to intend ruptures in power relations and in the structures of the State.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la inserción del tema Salud de la Población Negra en la formación de los profesionales de salud en los cursos de Salud Colectiva, Enfermería y Medicina de una universidad pública brasileña. La investigación es el resultado de una disertación de maestría de naturaleza cualitativa del tipo investigación-intervención, adoptando como fundamentación teórica la epistemología feminista negra y la perspectiva negra de la decolonialidad. Los talleres se realizaron entre 2019 y 2020, con integrantes de los Núcleos Docentes Estructurantes de Salud Colectiva, Enfermería y Medicina. A pesar de los lineamientos del marco legal sobre la enseñanza de las relaciones étnico-raciales, se dió cuenta de la falta de conocimiento sobre el tema de la Salud de la Población Negra en la formación de los cursos analizados, la ausencia de profesores negros en estos espacios y la presencia de un blanqueamiento docente guardián de privilegios. Los resultados y la discusión presentados permitieron inferir que es a través de movimientos y pensamientos emancipatorios en los campos político, cultural, pedagógico y epistemológico que es posible tensionar rupturas en las relaciones de poder y en las estructuras del Estado.