[Aggressiveness and violence in daily ophthalmology practice: Descriptive analysis of a survey sent to residents and assistants in Grand Est and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]. / Agressivité et violence au cours de l'exercice professionnel en ophtalmologie : analyse descriptive d'un questionnaire adressé aux internes et assistants des régions Grand Est, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of workplace violence in a population of young ophthalmologists in France and to characterize these situations. METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological descriptive, cross-sectional, multi-center study based on an anonymous questionnaire. We submitted a questionnaire to all ophthalmology residents and fellows (n=157) in the Grand Est and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regions between December 2020 and March 2021. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 76.4% (n=120, 55% female and 45% male) of whom 81.6% reported having faced aggression at least once. For 50.9% of participants, aggression had occurred several times per year. These situations occurred during the first year of residency in 64.3% of cases. They mainly consisted of verbal aggression (98.8%) by a patient or their relatives (43.7% and 29.8%). The main complaints voiced by these individuals concerned the wait time (40%) and the feeling of lack of competence or improper medical care (26.8%). Fifty-seven percent of people who faced these situations thought about it for at least a week, and 20.4% of those exposed felt anxiety at work after the incident. CONCLUSION: We found high prevalence of verbal aggression in professional ophthalmology practice. Although these situations were mainly verbal aggression without significant consequences, they sometimes lead to anxiety in the aftermath. We should prepare medical students to manage them, through appropriate theoretical and practical training, such as medical simulation described in this article.

[Ketamine and suicidal behavior: Contribution of animal models of aggression-impulsivity to understanding its mechanism of action]. / Kétamine et suicidalité : modèles animaux pour comprendre son mécanisme d'action.

More than two-thirds of suicides occur during a major depressive episode. Acting out prevention measures and therapeutic options to manage the suicidal crisis are limited. The impulsive-aggressive dimensions are vulnerability factors associated with suicide in patients suffering from a characterized depressive episode: this can be a dimension involved in animals. Impulsive and aggressive rodent models can help analyze, at least in part, the neurobiology of suicide and the beneficial effects of treatments. Ketamine, a glutamatergic antagonist, by rapidly improving the symptoms of depressive episodes, would help reduce suicidal thoughts in the short term. Animal models share with humans impulsive and aggressive endophenotypes modulated by the serotonergic system (5-HTB receptor, MAO-A enzyme), neuroinflammation or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and stress. Significant effects of ketamine on these endophenotypes remain to be demonstrated.

[Isolation and restraint in units for difficult patients and in psychiatric intensive care units]. / Isolement et contention en unités pour malades difficiles et en unités de soins intensifs psychiatriques.

The units for difficult patients (UMD) and the intensive psychiatric care units (Usip) are psychiatric services that are not successively sectorized, created to meet the needs of intensive care in a closed environment and sometimes of a forensic nature. These two systems are used to care for patients whose clinical condition often makes it too complex to maintain them in sector psychiatric units, and many of their operating rules differ. This is not the case for seclusion and restraint measures and the application of the law governing these measures.

[Soothing in units for difficult patients and in psychiatric intensive care units]. / Apaisement en unités pour malades difficiles et en unités de soins intensifs psychiatriques.

In the units for difficult patients (UMD) and the intensive psychiatric care units (Usip), patients whose mental pathologies have or could generate violent acts which can go as far as committing homicide are taken care of. If, during the psychiatric care of these patients, isolation and restraint measures can be put in place as a last resort, in general it is the symptomatological and behavioral appeasement of these persons that is sought in an alternative way.

A agressividade infantil no DSM: os diagnósticos e os seus efeitos subjetivos / Child aggressiveness in the DSM: the diagnoses and their subjective effect / L'agressivité infantile dans le DSM: les diagnostics et leurs effets subjectifs / Agresividad infantil en el DSM: diagnósticos y sus efectos subjetivos

Neste artigo analisamos a forma pela qual a "agressividade infantil" foi incluída nos sistemas de classificação do DSM ao longo de suas sucessivas edições. Primeiramente, identificamos as transformações significativas no uso desse signo clínico. Em seguida discutimos as consequências clínicas e políticas dessas transformações, tanto na formulação de uma psicopatologia própria à infância quanto na definição social dos quadros de normalidade e de desvio em relação à conduta. Observamos, por fim, que a pretensa regulação da infância pela produção de discursos normativos a respeito da agressividade foi acompanhada pelo incremento das vias agressivas como forma privilegiada de expressão do mal-estar e de subjetivação do sofrimento. Nossa hipótese é que tal produção é reforçada pelas exigências neoliberais de performance, ignorando assim as demandas sociais e subjetivas de reconhecimento.

In this article, we analyze how "child aggressiveness" was included in the classification systems of the DSM throughout its successive editions. First, we identified the significant transformations in the use of this clinical sign. Then, we discuss the clinical and political consequences of its transformations, both in the formulation of a psychopathology specific to childhood and regarding the social definition of normality and conduct deviations. Finally, we observed that the alleged regulation of childhood by the production of normative discourses about aggressiveness was followed by the increase of aggressive expressions of discontent and subjectivation of suffering. Our hypothesis is that such production is reinforced by neoliberal demands of performance, thus ignoring social and subjective demands for recognition.

Dans cet article, nous analysons la manière dont "l'agressivité infantile" a été intégrée dans les systèmes de classification du DSM tout au long de ses éditions successives. Tout d'abord, les transformations significatives dans l'usage de ce signe clinique. Ensuite, nous discutons les conséquences cliniques et politiques de ces transformations, à la fois dans la formulation d'une psychopathologie propre à l'enfance et dans la définition sociale des cadres de normalité et déviation de la conduite. Nous observons enfin que la prétendue régulation de l'enfance par la production de discours normatifs sur l'agressivité s'est accompagnée de l'accroissement des voies d'agressivité comme formes d'expression du malaise et de subjectivation de la souffrance. Notre hypothèse est qu'une telle production est renforcée par des exigences de performance néolibérales, ignorant ainsi les exigences sociales et subjectives de reconnaissance.

En este artículo analizamos la forma en que la "agresividad infantil" fue incluida en los sistemas de clasificación del DSM a lo largo de sus sucesivas ediciones. Primeramente, identificamos los cambios significativos en el uso de ese signo clínico. Luego discutimos las consecuencias clínicas y políticas de estos cambios, tanto en la formulación de una psicopatología propia a la infancia como en la definición social de los cuadros de normalidad y de desviación de la conducta. Observamos, por fin, que la pretendida regulación de la infancia por la producción de discursos normativos respecto a la agresividad estuvo acompañada del aumento de formas agresivas como forma privilegiada de expresión del malestar y de subjetivación del sufrimiento. Nuestra hipótesis es que dicha producción se ve reforzada por las demandas neoliberales de performance, ignoran así las demandas sociales y subjetivas de reconocimiento.

[End-of-life care pathways of patients followed in palliative care in Strasbourg: A retrospective study]. / Parcours de soins en fin de vie des patients suivis en soins palliatifs à Strasbourg : étude rétrospective.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of palliative care is to relieve suffering and provide the best possible quality of life for patients and their families. We looked for individual factors related to a poor-quality end-of-life pathway in patients followed in palliative care. METHODS: We included all the patients followed in palliative care in Strasbourg deceased from October to December of 2020. We retrospectively collected data about these patients, their first contact with palliative care, their care pathway, and their death. Multivariate analysis was undertaken. RESULTS: In total, 116 patients were included. Seventy-nine of them had cancer. At the end of life, people living in an institution were less likely to be admitted to the emergency department (OR=0.06), as were non-communicative patients (OR=0.08). Patients expressing a wish to die at home were less likely to be admitted to and die in an intensive care unit (OR=0.1). Isolated patients and non-communicative patients appeared protected from aggressive treatment (chemotherapy/immunotherapy, dialysis, orotracheal intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation) during the last month of life (OR=0.1, OR=0.05). DISCUSSION: Our study suggests a profile of patients less exposed to invasive or unreasonable care at the end of life. It leads us to pay particular attention to young subjects, with family, living at home. In our population followed in palliative care, exposure to aggressive care at the end of life appeared to be very low compared to that observed in similar studies with other populations.

Compreendendo a violência a partir da teoria winnicottiana / Comprender la violencia a partir de la teoría de Winnicott / Understanding violence from Winnicott's theory / En comprenant la violence par rapport la théorie de Winnicott

Este trabalho busca compreender, sob a perspectiva de Winnicott, a natureza da violência a partir do desenvolvimento emocional do sujeito. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (2002), a violência é um grave problema de saúde pública que pode ser prevenido. É fundamental um ambiente facilitador que promova cuidado, confiabilidade, segurança e suporte os impulsos agressivos da criança, assim como a implementação de políticas públicas a partir da criação de projetos que ofereçam um ambiente suficientemente bom para que os jovens possam ressignificar seus comportamentos violentos, tornando-os construtivos. Dessa forma, tanto os pais, quanto a sociedade e o Estado têm responsabilidade no que diz respeito ao tratamento e à prevenção da tendência antissocial para resgatar condições rumo a uma vida saudável

Este trabajo busca comprender la naturaleza de la violencia partiendo del desarrollo emocional del sujeto desde la perspectiva de Winnicott. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (2002), la violencia es un grave problema de salud pública que se puede prevenir. Es fundamental la existencia de un ambiente facilitador que propicie cuidado, confianza, seguridad y que dé soporte a los impulsos agresivos de los niños, así como la implementación de políticas públicas con proyectos que ofrezcan un ambiente suficientemente bueno para que los jóvenes puedan resignificar sus comportamientos violentos volviéndolos constructivos. De esa forma, tanto los padres como la sociedad y el Estado tienen responsabilidades en lo que se refiere al tratamiento y a la prevención de la tendencia antisocial, para rescatar condiciones para una vida saludable

This study aims to understand the nature of violence from the subject's emotional development according to the perspective of Winnicot. According to the World Health Organization(2002), the violence is a serious problem of health care that can do prevented. It is extremely important, an environment that facilitates, that promotes care, reliability, security and support the children's aggressive impulsive, thus, through the implementation of public policies, based on the creation of projects that offer a good enough environment so that young people can resignifytheir behavior violent, making them constructive. As soon, not only parents, but society and the State have responsibility in the treatment and antisocial prevention, with the purpose of rescuing conditions towards a healthy life

Le travail cherche à comprendre la nature de la violence à partir du développement émotionnel théoriquement proprosé par Winnicott. Selon l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (2002), la violence est un grave problème de santé publique qui peut être évité. Un environnement facilitant, qui favorise la prise en charge, la fiabilité, la sécurité et soutient aux pulsions agressives de l'enfant, ainsi que l'implémentation des politiques publiques, basées sur la création de projets qui offrent un environnement suffisamment bon pour que les jeunes puissent resignifier leurs comportements violents, les rendant constructives, peuvent être des moyens efficaces et fondamentaux pour faire face à la violence. De cette manière, les parents, la société et l'État sont tous responsables du traitement et de la prévention de la tendance antisociale, pour prevenir e favorizer des conditions vers une vie saine

Pulsão de morte: um elemento propulsor da intolerância ideológico-religiosa / Death drive: a propelling element of ideological-religious intolerance / Pulsion de mort: un élément propulseur de l'intolerance idéologique et religieuse / Pulsión de muerte: un elemento propulsor de la intolerancia ideológica y religiosa

Elaborado através de pesquisa bibliográfica, este artigo parte da pergunta sobre a possibilidade de ler o fundamentalismo religioso por meio da teoria psicanalítica. Objetiva-se demarcar a noção de agressividade no âmbito das formalizações de Freud sobre a pulsão de morte e, a partir desse aporte teórico, abordar o modo de funcionamento e atuação de ideologias com viés fundamentalista-religioso. Essa abordagem se justifica porque, atualmente, tendências fundamentalistas estão difundidas em diversas esferas políticas e sociais, onde se buscam meios e estratégias para que tais correntes ideológicas ganhem força e espaço. O estudo possibilita a conscientização de que o ímpeto agressivo, destrutivo e dominador, inerente ao humano, está presente e atuante mesmo onde se preconizam valores e ideais religiosos; pois, onde há o humano, há pulsão de morte, com seus possíveis efeitos devastadores.

Based on a literature review, this article discusses the possibility of analyzing religious fundamentalism using psychoanalytic theory. It aims to define the notion of aggressiveness using Freud's formalizations about the death drive, and based on that theoretical framework, to approach the way ideologies with a fundamentalist-religious bias function and perform. This approach is justified by the fact that today, fundamentalist trends are widespread in various political and social spheres, which are constantly looking for means and strategies to strengthen and expand those ideological currents. This study emphasizes that the aggressive, destructive and dominant urge, inherent to man, is present and active even where religious values and ideals are cultivated, since the death drive and its possible devastating effects are an inherent part of human nature.

S'appuyant sur des recherches bibliographiques, cet article discute la possibilité de lire le fondamentalisme religieux à travers la théorie psychanalytique. Son but est de délimiter la notion d'agressivité dans le cadre des formalisations de Freud sur la pulsion de mort et, à partir de cette approche théorique, d'aborder le mode de fonctionnement et de performance des idéologies à biais fondamentaliste-religieux. Cette approche se justifie puisqu'actuellement les tendances fondamentalistes sont répandues dans plusieurs sphères politiques et sociales, où des moyens et des stratégies sont recherchés pour que ces courants idéologiques gagnent en force et en espace. Cette étude montre que l'impulsion agressive, destructrice et dominante, inhérente à l'humain, est aussi présente et active là où les valeurs et les idéaux religieux sont soutenus, car l'humain et la pulsion de mort avec ses possibles effets dévastateurs vont de pair.

Elaborado a través de una investigación bibliográfica, este artículo parte de la pregunta sobre la posibilidad de interpretar el fundamentalismo religioso a través de la teoría psicoanalítica. El objetivo es demarcar la noción de agresividad en el ámbito de las formalizaciones de Freud sobre la pulsión de muerte y, desde este enfoque teórico, abordar el funcionamiento y actuación de las ideologías con un sesgo fundamentalista y religioso. Este enfoque se justifica porque, en la actualidad, las tendencias fundamentalistas están muy extendidas en diferentes ámbitos políticos y sociales, en los que se buscan medios y estrategias para que tales corrientes ideológicas ganen fuerza y espacio. El estudio hace posible entender que, el impulso agresivo, destructivo y dominante, inherente al ser humano, está presente y activo, incluso en donde se defienden los valores e ideales religiosos; porque, en donde está lo humano, hay una pulsión de muerte, junto a sus posibles efectos devastadores.

Transferência, desejo e ato em um caso de inclusão escolar / Transferencia, deseo y acto en un caso de inclusión escolar / Transference, desire and act in a case of educational inclusion / Transfert, désir et acte en cas d'inclusion scolaire

Trata-se de um caso acompanhado em uma escola, no qual uma professora e o assistente de práticas inclusivas manejaram as violências e autoagressões de uma criança pela via da transferência, do desejo e do ato. Por violências, entendemos os atos do sujeito articulados à satisfação da pulsão de morte. Os operadores conceituais da psicanálise de orientação lacaniana foram tomados como norteadores para a condução do caso e para a leitura crítica da instituição, que mostrou dificuldade em incluir o inesperado e disruptivo das violências e autoagressões como objetos potentes para o trabalho. Verificou-se que o desejo e o ato provocaram, por contingências distintas, uma mudança de posição subjetiva da educadora, do assistente e, em seguida, a tomada da palavra pela criança. Evidenciou-se a maior preocupação da instituição, encarnada na figura da assessora de práticas inclusivas, em avaliar o que era produzido por cada educadora em sala de aula, do ponto de vista da confecção e adaptação de atividades para os alunos em situação de inclusão, em detrimento da escuta dos impasses da equipe. Nesse caso, o conceito lacaniano de extimidade pode orientar o trabalho do profissional junto às instituições que se pretendem inclusivas. Seja contratado pela família como acompanhante terapêutico ou, especialmente, pela escola como assistente de práticas inclusivas, o desafio é estabelecer um vínculo com a instituição sem necessariamente responder a todas as suas demandas, que porventura podem impedir a escuta da criança que urge. Para tanto, o profissional deve estar aberto às contingências dos encontros, permitindo que algo novo possa se inscrever na experiência escolar do aluno.

Se trata de un caso acompañado en una escuela, en la cual una profesora y el asistente de prácticas inclusivas condujeron las violencias y autolesiones de un niño por la vía de la transferencia, del deseo y del acto. Por violencias entendemos los actos del sujeto articulados a la satisfacción de la pulsión de muerte. Los operadores conceptuales del psicoanálisis de orientación lacaniana han ayudado a dirigir el caso y la lectura de la institución que ha mostrado dificultad en incluir lo inesperado y lo disruptivo de las violencias y autolesiones como objetos potentes para el trabajo. Se verificó que el deseo y el acto provocaron, por contingencias distintas, un cambio de posición subjetiva de la educadora, del asistente y, después, la toma de la palabra por el alumno. Se ha evidenciado la mayor preocupación de la institución, encarnada en la figura de la asesora de prácticas inclusivas, en evaluar lo que era producido por los educadores, en detrimento de la escucha de los impases del equipo. El concepto de extimidad del analista puede orientar el trabajo del profesional en las instituciones que se pretenden inclusivas. Sea contratado por la familia como acompañante terapéutico o, especialmente, por la escuela como asistente de prácticas inclusivas, el desafío es establecer un vínculo con la institución y, al mismo tiempo, no contestar todas sus demandas, que pueden impedir que se escuche el niño que urge, esperando la contingencia de un encuentro, para que algo nuevo se pueda inscribir en su experiencia escolar.

This is a case monitored at a school, in which a teacher and the assistant of inclusive practices have handled a child's violence and self-harm by means of transference, desire and act. By violence, we mean the subject's actions linked to the satisfaction of the death drive. The conceptual operators of a Lacanian-oriented psychoanalysis were taken as guiding principles for conducting the case and criticizing the institution's difficulty in including the unexpected and disruptive of violence and self-harm as powerful objects for work. It was verified, by different contingencies, that the desire and the act caused a change in the position of the educator, of the assistant and, subsequently, the arise of the child's will to speak. However, it was evident through the inclusive practice advisors, that the institution's greatest concern was to evaluate what was produced by each educator in the classroom, from the point of view of making and adapting activities for students in situations of inclusion, rather than listening to the team's deadlocks. In such cases, the Lacanian concept of extimacy can guide the professional's work with institutions that are intended to be inclusive. Whether hired by a family as a therapeutic companion or, especially, when working for a school as an assistant of inclusive practices, the challenge is to establish a bond with the institution without necessarily responding to all its demands, which may prevent the listening of the urgent child. Therefore, the professional must rely on the contingencies of the meetings, so as to enable that something new may be inserted in the student's school experience.

Il s'agit d'un cas accompagné dans un école, dans lequel une professeure et l'assistant en pratiques inclusives ont manié les violences et les auto-agressions d'un enfant par la voie du transfert, du désir et de l'acte. Par violence, nous comprenons les actes du sujet articulés à la satisfaction de la pulsion de mort. Les opérateurs conceptuels de la psychanalyse d'orientation lacanienne ont été pris comme principes directeurs pour la conduite du cas et pour la lecture critique de l'institution, qui a montré de la difficulté d'inclure l'inattendu et le disruptif des violences et auto-agressions comme objets puissants pour le travail. Il a été vérifié que le désir et l'acte ont provoqué, par contingences distinctes, un changement de position subjective de l'éducatrice, de l'assistant, et ensuite la prise de la parole par l'enfant. Il a été mis en évidence la préoccupation majeure de l'institution, incarnée dans la figure de la conseillère en pratiques inclusives, d'évaluer ce qui était produit par chaque éducatrice en salle de classe, du point de vue de la confection et de l'adaptation des activités pour les élèves en situation d'inclusion, en détriment de l'écoute des impasses de l'équipe. Dans ce cas, le concept lacanien de l'extimité peut orienter le travail du professionnel auprès des institutions qui se prétendent inclusives. Qu'il soit engagé par la famille en tant qu'accompagnateur thérapeutique ou, spécialement, par l'école en tant qu'assistant en pratiques inclusives, le défi est d'établir un lien avec l'institution sans nécessairement répondre à toutes ses demandes, qui peuvent éventuellement empêcher l'écoute de l'enfant qui urge. Pour ce faire, le professionnel doit être ouvert aux contingences des rencontres, en permettant que quelque chose de nouveau puisse s'inscrire dans l'expérience scolaire de l'élève.

[Violence, a scourge to be eliminated from hospitals]. / La violence, un fléau à sortir de l'hôpital.

Learning to manage annoyed, angry and intimidating patients is easier than it may appear if this type of behaviour is understood. However, caregivers' stress often prevents them from adopting the right attitude or using the right words to pacify this aggression. If professionals want a calmer hospital setting where they can derive more satisfaction and greater pleasure from their daily work, it is important that they understand themselves and learn how to manage themselves and others.

[The management of violence in a general hospital]. / La gestion des situations de violence dans un centre hospitalier.

In the face of situations of aggression and violence, Versailles general hospital (78) reinforced its measures. These included training which was put in place to start a wide-ranging debate on aggression, tensions, conflicts, situations of violence and organisational factors. The process resulted in an evolution of health care professionals' practices.

[Early palliative care in oncology]. / Les soins palliatifs précoces et intégrés en oncologie.

Early palliative care is now recommended in international guidelines. A meta-analyze combining seven randomized studies has been published in 2007. It confirms that early palliative care improves patient's quality of life and reduces symptom burden. There is also a trend for the reduction of depressive disorder and the increase of overall survival. Other studies show that early palliative care improves quality of life of patient's relatives and reduces end of life care aggressiveness. Most of the time, early palliative care is introduced as soon as the diagnosis of advanced cancer is made, and the precise referral criteria need to be addressed. Other studies have assessed the palliative care consultation; patient-centered care, focusing on symptom management, filling information and education needs about illness and prognosis, helping psychologic adaptation and coping.

Do mito ao show de realidade: procusto e o Big Brother / From myth to reality show: Procusto and the Big Brother / Del mito al show de realidade: Procusto y el Big Brother / Du mythe à la téléréalité: Procusto et le Big Brother

Este trabalho propõe um diálogo entre o mito de Procusto e o programa Big Brother Brasil por meio do discurso psicanalítico. Observa-se que, assim como no mito, no programa estão presentes a agressividade e a lógica de exclusão das diferenças por meio do uso de rituais de sofrimento e de práticas de eliminação para a obtenção de prazer sádico e afirmação de si. As longas provas de resistência, as humilhações e os sofrimentos aos quais os participantes do programa são submetidos, bem como os "paredões", são práticas párias às realizadas por Procusto em seu leito torturante e aniquilador. O reality show mostrou-se como um meio para dar vazão às pulsões agressivas que devem ser renunciadas para a cultura, como a crueldade e a vontade de matar. Contudo, não de uma forma sublimada, mas como imperativo de gozo do ódio sobre corpos reais que aparentam ser ficcionais - meros jogadores de um espetáculo televisivo.

This paper compares Procusto myth with Big Brother Brazil TV show using psychoanalytic discourse. It was observed that, like Procusto, the reality show is about practices and rituals of suffering for elimination of differences, self fortification, and sadism porpouses. The contestants are usually submitted to exhaustive prolonged tasks, humiliation, and suffering actions similars to the practices performed by Procusto on his torturing and annihilating bed. This TV program has shown itself as a mean to discharge aggressive drives that must be renounced for culture, such as cruelty and the desire to kill. However, not as a sublimated form, but as an imperative of satisfaction over real bodies that seems to be fictional - mere contestants of a television show.

Este artículo compara el mito de Procusto con el programa de televisión Big Brother Brasil utilizando el discurso psicoanalítico. Se observó que así como en el mito, es un programa sobre agresividad y eliminación de las diferencias por medio del uso de rituales de sufrimiento y prácticas para obtención de placer sádico y afirmación de sí. Las pruebas de prolongada duración y desgaste físico, las humillaciones y los sufrimientos son prácticas similares a las realizadas por Procusto en su lecho torturante. El reality show se ha mostrado como un medio para dar flujo a las pulsiones agresivas, restringidas por la cultura, como la crueldad y la voluntad de matar. Sin embargo, no de una forma sublimada, sino como imperativo de satisfacción del odio sobre cuerpos reales que aparentan ser ficcionales - meros jugadores de un espectáculo televisivo.

Cette étude propose un dialogue entre le mythe de Procusto et l'émission télévisée Big Brother Brasil, à travers le discours psychanalytique, particulièrement le discours freudien. On peut observer qu'à la manière du mythe, sont présentes dans l'émission l'agressivité et la logique d'exclusion des différences par l'utilisation de rituels de souffrance et de pratiques d'élimination pour l'obtention de plaisir sadique et d'affirmation de soi. Les longues épreuves de résistance, les humiliations et les souffrances auxquelles les participants de l'émission sont soumis, ainsi que les "paredões" (les éliminations) sont des pratiques similaires à celles effectuées par Procusto dans son lit torturant et annihilateur. La télé-réalité s'est révélée un moyen de donner libre cours aux pulsions agressives auxquelles on doit renoncer pour la culture, comme la cruauté et la volonté de tuer. Cependant, non pas de manière sublimée, mais comme impératif de jouissance de la haine sur des corps réels qui semblent être fictionnels - de simples joueurs d'un spectacle télévisé.

Reciprocal protection from natural enemies in an ant-wasp association.

We show that in French Guiana the large carton nests of Azteca chartifex, a territorially-dominant arboreal dolichoderine ant, are protected from bird attacks when this ant lives in association with Polybia rejecta, an epiponine social wasp. Because A. chartifex colonies are well known for their ability to divert army ant raids from the base of their host tree so that they protect their associated wasps from these raids, there is a reciprocal benefit for these two partners, permitting us to call this association a mutualism. We also show that P. rejecta nests are significantly less often attacked by birds than are those of two compared epiponine social wasp species. Furthermore, experimentation using a standardized protocol demonstrated the significantly higher aggressiveness of P. rejecta compared to seven other wasp species. We conclude that the efficacious protection of its associated ant nests is likely due to the extreme aggressiveness of P. rejecta.

[The elaboration of aggressiveness in adolescence: Comparative structural study based on the Rorschach test]. / L'élaboration de l'agressivité à l'adolescence: étude structurale comparée basée sur le test de Rorschach.

BACKGROUND: In adolescence, a component of a successful identity quest consists in elaborating the aggressiveness, be it endured or acted out, in an imaginary and symbolic manner. We will present a comparative study between anxious and violent adolescents, based on the Rorschach test. As the handling of aggressiveness by means of various defense mechanisms and coping strategies contributes to the construction of a sense of reality and of coherent representations of oneself and the others, the Rorschach test is a pertinent tool to study the vicissitudes of the identity quest of medium adolescence. On the other hand, many studies demonstrate that it is also a precious tool allowing diagnosis of the risks of evolution towards character pathology and personality disorders belonging to cluster B of the DSM, or towards emotional disorders and suicidal tendencies. Thus, it can help initiating appropriate therapeutic measures in a spirit of tertiary prevention. METHODS: We present a comparative study between a sample of 20 adolescents suffering from anxiety and inhibition of aggressiveness (subgroup anxiety) and a second sample of 20 adolescents suffering from exteriorized aggressiveness and violent behavior (subgroup violence). The inclusion into the subgroups was based on clinical interviews and a thorough psychological assessment, using the criteria of categorical psychopathology. The comparative study between the two subgroups is based on an original rating scale constructed in the phenomenological and structural tradition, reflecting the global judgment of the experienced clinical psychologist. It permits using the Rorschach test as a research tool by making the step from qualitative analysis towards quantification and the use of inferential and multidimensional statistics. It also allows computing correlations between the Rorschach test and psychometric scales or other projective tests, using specific rating scales of the same type. RESULTS: After showing the descriptive demographic data, we present the results of the comparative between groups study (computed by means of Mann-Whitney's U test) and those of the multidimensional study (computed by means of the optimal scaling procedure HOMALS). The comparative study indicates that, with adolescents suffering from anxiety and inhibition, the emotional and relational needs are much greater, as is the tendency to direct one's aggressiveness against one self. Mentalization, documented by the richness, the originality, the level of integration and the maturity of associations is better developed in this subgroup. In the subgroup of adolescents characterized by exteriorized aggressiveness and violent behavior, the ambiguity of the stimulus causes perplexity, slowing down executive functions. The latent dimensions, extracted with the help of optimal scaling procedures, are meaningful at the light of current clinical psychology and create a typology of the adjustment to aggressive drives. They tend to illustrate the pertinence of the rating scale as a research tool and contribute in demonstrating its construct validity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The data of the comparative and multidimensional study are discussed in relationship with open questions in developmental and clinical psychology of adolescence. They highlight the role of the Rorschach test as a means to differentiate between temporary and long-term difficulties related to aggressiveness, as well as to show similarities and differences at the structural level of personality functioning between subgroups with interiorized and exteriorized aggressiveness. The psychological meaning of the latent dimensions, extracted with the help of optimal scaling techniques, are discussed in light of the recent research literature. Rorschach profiles can help indicate risks of evolution towards personality pathology at adult age. Let us stress that our latent dimensions are not focused on aggressiveness itself but rather on control functions liable to modulate its expression. Using the Rorschach test in pretest and posttest situation and exploring the change occurring during the psychotherapeutic interventions with the help of the rating scale (application of optimal scaling on Delta values) could open interesting tracks for future research in the realm of outcome and process evaluation of psychotherapies.

Avatares da instância crítica: supereu entre o isso e o princípio de morte / Avatars of the critical instance: the supereu between the id and the principle of death / Avatars de l'instance critique: le surmoi entre le ça et le principe de la mort / Avatares de la instancia crítica: superyó entre el ello y el principio de muerte

Se a clássica definição do supereu como resultado do complexo de Édipo, apresentado em "O ego e o id" (Freud, 1923/1989), tem uma longa história, o que poderia ser dito sobre a definição segundo a qual o supereu é o herdeiro do isso e sub-rogado das pulsões de morte? Como harmonizar as duas teorias que definem o supereu como o herdeiro do complexo de Édipo e herdeiro do isso? Por meio de uma análise cuidadosa de três passagens de "O eu e o isso" (Freud, 1923/1989), argumenta-se que o conceito de agressão é capital para caracterizar o vínculo entre o supereu e as pulsões de morte. As pulsões de morte não apenas determinam o caráter imperativo do supereu, a sua tendência para atacar o eu, mas são igualmente responsáveis pelas variantes deste ataque - pressão, crítica, punição e destruição. Além disso, a ampliação da teoria da identificação, sua associação com o processo de desfusão pulsional e a hipótese do caráter originário dos investimentos de objeto no isso permitem a Freud unir, no supereu, um aspecto legislativo, decorrente de sua herança edipiana ao aspecto pulsional mortífero.

If the classical definition of the supereu as deriving from the Oedipus complex, presented in "The ego and the id" (Freud,1923/1989), has a long history, what could be said about the other definition of the supereu according to which it is heir of the id and sub-rogate to the death drives? How to harmonize the union of the two thesis that define the supereu - as heir to Oedipus and heir to the id? Through careful analysis of three exerts extracted from "The ego and the id" (Freud, 1923/1989) we argue that the concept of aggressiveness seems capable of dealing with the relation between the supereu and the death drives. The death drive not only cooperates to conform the imperative character of the supereu, its tendency to attack the ego, but is responsible for the variants of this attack - pressure, criticism, punishment, destruction. Furthermore, the extension of the theory of identification, its association with the process of drive disfusion, and the assumption of originating investments of object in the id allows Freud to unite, in the supereu, a legislative aspect, arising from its oedipal heritage, to the drive aspect.

Si la définition classique du surmoi comme découlant du complexe d'Œdipe, présenté dans "Le moi et le ça" (Freud, 1923/1989), a une longue histoire, ce qui pourrait être dit au sujet de la définition selon la quel le surmoi est l'héritier du ça et sous-rogate des pulsions de mort? Comment harmoniser l'union des deux thèses qui définissent le surmoi - comme l'héritier d'Œdipe et héritier du ça? Grâce à une analyse minutieuse de trois passages extraits du "Le moi et le ça" (Freud, 1923/1989), nous soutenons que le concept de l'agressivité semble capable de traiter la relation entre le surmoi et des pulsions de mort. La pulsion de mort non seulement coopère au caractère impératif du surmoi, sa tendance à attaquer l'ego, mais il est responsable pour les variantes de cette attaque - la pression, la critique, la punition, la destruction. En outre, l'extension de la théorie de l'identification, son association avec le processus de disfusion pulsionnell, et l'hypothèse du caractère originaire des investissements d'objet dans le ça permet Freud d'unir, dans le surmoi, un aspect législatif, découlant de son patrimoine œdipien, à l'aspect meurtrier.

Si la definición clásica del superyó como derivado del complexo de Edipo, como se informó en "El yo y el ello" (Freud, 1923/1989), tiene una larga historia, ¿lo qué podría decirse acerca de la definición según la cual el superyó es el heredero de las pulsiones de muerte? ¿Cómo armonizar la unión de dos teorías que definen el superyó como el heredero del complejo de Edipo y el heredero del ello? A través de un cuidadoso análisis de tres pasajes de "El yo y el ello" (Freud, 1923/1989), se argumenta que el concepto de agresión parece capaz de manejar la relación entre el superyó y pulsión de muerte. La pulsión de muerte no sólo coopera con la naturaleza severa del superyó, su tendencia a atacar el yo, pero es la responsable por las variantes de este ataque - la presión, la crítica, el castigo, la destrucción. Además, la extensión de la teoría de la identificación, su asociación con el proceso de disfusión pulsional y la hipótesis del carácter originario de investimentos del objeto en el ello permite a Freud unir en el superyó un aspecto legislador, que surge de su herencia de Edipo al aspecto pulsional mortífero.

Agressividade, estilo de vida criminal e adaptação à prisão / Aggressiveness, criminal lifestyle and prison adjustment / Agressivité, style de vie criminel et adaptation à la prison / Agresividad, estilo de vida criminal y adaptación a la prisión

O estudo da adaptação à prisão e a classificação dos reclusos pode ajudar a prevenir situações de risco e promover um tratamento penitenciário mais efetivo. Este estudo correlacional explora a relação entre a agressividade, o estilo de vida criminal e a adaptação à prisão, incluindo variáveis sociodemográficas e jurídico-penais. A agressividade é medida pelo Aggression Questionnaire e o estilo de vida criminal pelo Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form. A adaptação à prisão inclui dois indicadores: processos disciplinares e acessos aos serviços clínicos. A amostra é constituída por trinta e um participantes do sexo masculino e nacionalidade portuguesa, detidos num Estabelecimento Prisional Regional. O período de observação teve a duração de cinco meses. Os resultados indicam que a agressividade, a história de consumo de drogas e as penas de menor duração predizem pior adaptação à prisão. Conclui-se que o Aggression Questionnaire se associa aos processos disciplinares e aos acessos aos serviços clínicos.

The study of inmates´ adjustment to prison and prison classification may help to prevent risky situations and promote a more effective institutional treatment. This correlational study explores the relation between aggressiveness, criminal lifestyle, and adjustment to prison, attending also to socio-demographic and penal variables. Aggressiveness was measured through the Aggression Questionnaire and the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form-Revised assessed the criminal lifestyle. Prison adjustment includes two indicators: infraction reports and accesses to the clinical services. A sample of thirty-one Portuguese male prisoners from a local prison was assessed during an observation period of five months. Results show that aggressiveness, drug history, and shorter sentences predict a poor adjustment. The scores on Aggression Questionnaire are associated with both infractions reports and accesses to the clinical services.

Les études sur l´adaptation à la prison et la classification des détenus peuvent aider à prévenir des situations de risque et promouvoir un traitement pénitentiaire plus efficient. Cette recherche corrélationnelle explore la relation entre l'agressivité, le style de vie criminel et l'adaptation à la prison, incluant des variables socio-démographiques et juridico-pénales. L'agressivité est mesurée par l´Agression Questionnaire et le style de vie criminelle par le Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form. L'adaptation à la prison comprend deux indicateurs: les procédures disciplinaires et les accès aux services cliniques. L'échantillon se compose de trente et un participants du sexe masculin et de nationalité portugaise, incarcéré dans une prison régionale et observé durant une période de cinq mois. Les résultats indiquent que l'agressivité, l'histoire d´usage de drogues et les peines plus courtes prédisent une mauvaise adaptation à la prison et que l´Agression Questionnaire est associé aux procédures disciplinaires et aux accès aux services cliniques.

El estudio de la adaptación a la prisión y la clasificación de los reclusos pueden ayudar a prevenir situaciones de riesgo y promover un tratamiento penitenciario más adecuado. Este estudio correlacional explora la relación entre la agresividad, el estilo de vida criminal y la adaptación a la prisión, incluyendo datos socio-demográficos y jurídico-penales. La agresividad es medida por el Aggression Questionnaire y lo estilo de vida criminal por el Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form. La adaptación a la prisión incluye dos indicadores: los procedimientos disciplinarios y los accesos a los servicios clínicos. La muestra consta de treinta y uno participantes del sexo masculino y nacionalidad portuguesa, detenidos en una prisión regional. El periodo de observación fue de cinco meses. Los resultados indican que la agresividad, la historia del consumo de drogas y condenas más cortas predicen peor adaptación a la cárcel. Además se verifica que los scores Aggression Questionnaire se asocian con los procedimientos disciplinarios y el acceso a los servicios clínicos.

Etologia, antropologia e cinema: uma etnografia da violência em Sob o Domínio do Medo / Ethology, anthropology and cinema: an ethnography of violence in Straw Dogs / Agression, éthologie, anthropologie et cinéma: une ethnographie de la violence dans Les Chiens de Paille / Agresión, etnología, antropología y cine: una etnografía de la violencia en Perros de Paja

Este artigo aparece como uma tentativa de compreensão do fenômeno da agressão em seus múltiplos aspectos, tarefa para a qual contaremos com os referenciais teóricos advindos da Etologia e da Antropologia Social. Para melhor expressar as idéias aqui expostas utilizaremos o cinema como recurso etnográfico. Neste sentido, destacaremos alguns trechos do filme Sob o Domínio do Medo (1971), os quais serão trabalhados em maiores detalhes

This article is as an attempt to comprehend the phenomenon of aggression in its multiple aspects. In such a task we will take into account the theoretical references of Ethology and Social Anthropology. In order to better illustrate the ideas exposed here, cinema will be used as an ethnographical resource. Therefore, some parts of the movie Straw Dogs (1971) are going to be analyzed in more details

Cett'article est un essai pour comprendre les multiples aspects du phénomène de l'agression avec l'aide des référentiels téoriques de l'Éthologie et de l'Anthropologie Sociale. Nous utilisarons le cinéma pour meilleur expresser les idées qui seront ici exposées. Dans cette sens, nous détacherons quelques scènes du film Les Chiens de Paille (1971), lequelles seront analisés en détail

Lo presente artículo representa una tentativa de comprensión de lo fenómeno de la violencia en sus múltiplos aspectos. Para tanto, conta con los referenciales teóricos de la etnología y de la antropología social. De forma a mejor expresar las ideas aquí expuestas utilizaremos el cine como recurso etnográfico. Así, destacaremos algunos trechos de la película Perros de Paja, los cuáles serón discutidos en mayores detalles

Etologia, antropologia e cinema: uma etnografia da violência em Sob o Domínio do Medo / Ethology, anthropology and cinema: an ethnography of violence in Straw Dogs / Agression, éthologie, anthropologie et cinéma: une ethnographie de la violence dans Les Chiens de Paille / Agresión, etnología, antropología y cine: una etnografía de la violencia en Perros de Paja

Este artigo aparece como uma tentativa de compreensão do fenômeno da agressão em seus múltiplos aspectos, tarefa para a qual contaremos com os referenciais teóricos advindos da Etologia e da Antropologia Social. Para melhor expressar as idéias aqui expostas utilizaremos o cinema como recurso etnográfico. Neste sentido, destacaremos alguns trechos do filme Sob o Domínio do Medo (1971), os quais serão trabalhados em maiores detalhes(AU)

This article is as an attempt to comprehend the phenomenon of aggression in its multiple aspects. In such a task we will take into account the theoretical references of Ethology and Social Anthropology. In order to better illustrate the ideas exposed here, cinema will be used as an ethnographical resource. Therefore, some parts of the movie Straw Dogs (1971) are going to be analyzed in more details(AU)

Cett'article est un essai pour comprendre les multiples aspects du phénomène de l'agression avec l'aide des référentiels téoriques de l'Éthologie et de l'Anthropologie Sociale. Nous utilisarons le cinéma pour meilleur expresser les idées qui seront ici exposées. Dans cette sens, nous détacherons quelques scènes du film Les Chiens de Paille (1971), lequelles seront analisés en détail(AU)

Lo presente artículo representa una tentativa de comprensión de lo fenómeno de la violencia en sus múltiplos aspectos. Para tanto, conta con los referenciales teóricos de la etnología y de la antropología social. De forma a mejor expresar las ideas aquí expuestas utilizaremos el cine como recurso etnográfico. Así, destacaremos algunos trechos de la película Perros de Paja, los cuáles serón discutidos en mayores detalles(AU)