MALDI Imaging Analysis of Neuropeptides in Africanized Honeybee ( Apis mellifera) Brain: Effect of Aggressiveness.

Aggressiveness in honeybees seems to be regulated by multiple genes, under the influence of different factors, such as polyethism of workers, environmental factors, and response to alarm pheromones, creating a series of behavioral responses. It is suspected that neuropeptides seem to be involved with the regulation of the aggressive behavior. The role of allatostatin and tachykinin-related neuropeptides in honeybee brain during the aggressive behavior is unknown, and thus worker honeybees were stimulated to attack and to sting leather targets hung in front of the colonies. The aggressive individuals were collected and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen; the heads were removed and sliced at sagittal plan. The brain slices were submitted to MALDI spectral imaging analysis, and the results of the present study reported the processing of the precursors proteins into mature forms of the neuropeptides AmAST A (59-76) (AYTYVSEYKRLPVYNFGL-NH2), AmAST A (69-76) (LPVYNFGL-NH2), AmTRP (88-96) (APMGFQGMR-NH2), and AmTRP (254-262) (ARMGFHGMR-NH2), which apparently acted in different neuropils of the honeybee brain during the aggressive behavior, possibly taking part in the neuromodulation of different aspects of this complex behavior. These results were biologically validated by performing aggressiveness-related behavioral assays using young honeybee workers that received 1 ng of AmAST A (69-76) or AmTRP (88-96) via hemocele. The young workers that were not expected to be aggressive individuals presented a complete series of aggressive behaviors in the presence of the neuropeptides, corroborating the hypothesis that correlates the presence of mature AmASTs A and AmTRPs in the honeybee brain with the aggressiveness of this insect.

Comportamento de isolados de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides inoculados em mudas micropropagadas de café / Behavior of isolated of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides inoculated micropropagated in seedlings of coffee

Muitos são os danos ocasionados por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em plantas de cafeeiro, porém pouco são os conhecimentos sobre o estabelecimento do processo infectivo e sobre a evolução dos sintomas apresentados pelas plantas hospedeiras. Deste modo, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de isolados de C. gloeosporioides obtidos de Cafeeiro em mudas produzidas a partir de sementes de plantas com sintomas de mancha manteigosa e sem sintomas de mancha manteigosa, estimar a agressividade do patógeno através da incidência e severidade da doença, comparando-os com um isolado oriundo de outra espécie vegetal. A partir da estimativa da incidência e severidade, observou-se que mudas oriundas de plantas com sintomas de mancha manteigosa são mais suscetíveis ao ataque de C. gloeosporioides. O isolado IS-II mostrou-se totalmente agressivo, apresentando um potencial crescente de doença em relação ao tempo.

Many are the damages caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in coffee plants, but little is knowledge about the establishment of the infective process and the evolution of the symptoms presented by host plants. This study evaluated the behavior of isolates of C. gloeosporioides obtained from Coffee on seedlings grown from seeds with buttery spot symptoms and without symptoms of blister spot, estimate the aggressiveness of the pathogen through the incidence and severity of disease, comparing them with one isolate from other plant species. The estimation of the incidence and severity was observed that seedlings from plants with symptoms of blister spot are more susceptible to attack by C. gloeosporioides. The isolated IS-II shown to be fully aggressive, presenting a high potential for disease.

Avatares da instância crítica: supereu entre o isso e o princípio de morte / Avatars of the critical instance: the supereu between the id and the principle of death / Avatars de l'instance critique: le surmoi entre le ça et le principe de la mort / Avatares de la instancia crítica: superyó entre el ello y el principio de muerte

Se a clássica definição do supereu como resultado do complexo de Édipo, apresentado em "O ego e o id" (Freud, 1923/1989), tem uma longa história, o que poderia ser dito sobre a definição segundo a qual o supereu é o herdeiro do isso e sub-rogado das pulsões de morte? Como harmonizar as duas teorias que definem o supereu como o herdeiro do complexo de Édipo e herdeiro do isso? Por meio de uma análise cuidadosa de três passagens de "O eu e o isso" (Freud, 1923/1989), argumenta-se que o conceito de agressão é capital para caracterizar o vínculo entre o supereu e as pulsões de morte. As pulsões de morte não apenas determinam o caráter imperativo do supereu, a sua tendência para atacar o eu, mas são igualmente responsáveis pelas variantes deste ataque - pressão, crítica, punição e destruição. Além disso, a ampliação da teoria da identificação, sua associação com o processo de desfusão pulsional e a hipótese do caráter originário dos investimentos de objeto no isso permitem a Freud unir, no supereu, um aspecto legislativo, decorrente de sua herança edipiana ao aspecto pulsional mortífero.

If the classical definition of the supereu as deriving from the Oedipus complex, presented in "The ego and the id" (Freud,1923/1989), has a long history, what could be said about the other definition of the supereu according to which it is heir of the id and sub-rogate to the death drives? How to harmonize the union of the two thesis that define the supereu - as heir to Oedipus and heir to the id? Through careful analysis of three exerts extracted from "The ego and the id" (Freud, 1923/1989) we argue that the concept of aggressiveness seems capable of dealing with the relation between the supereu and the death drives. The death drive not only cooperates to conform the imperative character of the supereu, its tendency to attack the ego, but is responsible for the variants of this attack - pressure, criticism, punishment, destruction. Furthermore, the extension of the theory of identification, its association with the process of drive disfusion, and the assumption of originating investments of object in the id allows Freud to unite, in the supereu, a legislative aspect, arising from its oedipal heritage, to the drive aspect.

Si la définition classique du surmoi comme découlant du complexe d'Œdipe, présenté dans "Le moi et le ça" (Freud, 1923/1989), a une longue histoire, ce qui pourrait être dit au sujet de la définition selon la quel le surmoi est l'héritier du ça et sous-rogate des pulsions de mort? Comment harmoniser l'union des deux thèses qui définissent le surmoi - comme l'héritier d'Œdipe et héritier du ça? Grâce à une analyse minutieuse de trois passages extraits du "Le moi et le ça" (Freud, 1923/1989), nous soutenons que le concept de l'agressivité semble capable de traiter la relation entre le surmoi et des pulsions de mort. La pulsion de mort non seulement coopère au caractère impératif du surmoi, sa tendance à attaquer l'ego, mais il est responsable pour les variantes de cette attaque - la pression, la critique, la punition, la destruction. En outre, l'extension de la théorie de l'identification, son association avec le processus de disfusion pulsionnell, et l'hypothèse du caractère originaire des investissements d'objet dans le ça permet Freud d'unir, dans le surmoi, un aspect législatif, découlant de son patrimoine œdipien, à l'aspect meurtrier.

Si la definición clásica del superyó como derivado del complexo de Edipo, como se informó en "El yo y el ello" (Freud, 1923/1989), tiene una larga historia, ¿lo qué podría decirse acerca de la definición según la cual el superyó es el heredero de las pulsiones de muerte? ¿Cómo armonizar la unión de dos teorías que definen el superyó como el heredero del complejo de Edipo y el heredero del ello? A través de un cuidadoso análisis de tres pasajes de "El yo y el ello" (Freud, 1923/1989), se argumenta que el concepto de agresión parece capaz de manejar la relación entre el superyó y pulsión de muerte. La pulsión de muerte no sólo coopera con la naturaleza severa del superyó, su tendencia a atacar el yo, pero es la responsable por las variantes de este ataque - la presión, la crítica, el castigo, la destrucción. Además, la extensión de la teoría de la identificación, su asociación con el proceso de disfusión pulsional y la hipótesis del carácter originario de investimentos del objeto en el ello permite a Freud unir en el superyó un aspecto legislador, que surge de su herencia de Edipo al aspecto pulsional mortífero.

Un aporte psicoanalítico a la comprensión de la violencia en Colombia / A psychoanalytic contribution to the understanding of violence in Colombia

Se revisan algunos aportes de las ciencias sociales y de la psiquiatría al estudio del problema de la violencia, además se hace una breve revisión del número de homicidios en Colombia y su crecimiento en los últimos treinta años. Se plantea que en un alto porcentaje la violencia corresponde a individuos con rasgos de tipo antisocial en su personalidad. Basado en esto se revisan los principales factores etiológicos en la formación de la personalidad antisocial y se hace una aproximación desde la teoría psicoanalítica a la etiología de las personalidades en las que priman las conductas violentas centrado en nuestro país. Se proponen fórmulas que ayuden a disminuirlos niveles de violencia en la sociedad colombiana a través del cuidado de la salud mental en la infancia...

The study includes some contríbutions from psychiatry and social sciences to the studyofviolence, abríefanalysis of figures in homicide in Colombia and its increase in the last thirtyyears. We think that a high percentage of violence is related to individuáis with antisocial traits regarding theirpersonality. Based on this papermakes a survey of the main etiologic factors in the constitution of the antisocial personal ity and offers an aproach from the psychoanalitical theory to he etiology of such personalices, wich have foremost violent conducís. This aspect is analizad especially in reference to our country, proposingpreventionmeasures that, troughttheprotection on mental health, help to decrease levéis of violence in Colombia...