Pathways from childhood sexual abuse to sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in adolescence and young adulthood: a three-wave longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been identified as a risk factor for later sexual aggression perpetration and vulnerability factor for sexual victimization. However, the use of cross-sectional designs, the focus on female victimization and male perpetration, and the lack of evidence from outside North America limit the existing knowledge base. OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to examine pathways from CSA to sexual revictimization and sexual aggression perpetration after the age of consent. METHOD: A total of 588 university students in Germany (308 female) took part in a three-wave longitudinal study covering 23 months. At each wave (T1-T3), all participants completed measures of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration. Experiences of CSA were measured at T1. RESULTS: The rate of CSA was significantly higher for women (20.8%) than for men (12.4%). Rates of sexual victimization for women were 60.9% at Time 1 (since age 14), 22.3% at Time 2 (since T1), and 17.4% at Time 3 (since T2). For men, the rates were 39.2% at Time 1, 15.9% at Time 2, and 14.1% at Time 3. Rates of sexual aggression perpetration for women were 10.6% at Time 1 (since age 14), 3.5% at Time 2 (since T1), and 3.6% at Time 3 (since T2). For men, the rates were 18.0% at Time 1, 6.2% at Time 2, and 3.8% at Time 3. The gender differences in victimization and perpetration were significant only at T1. CSA predicted higher odds of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration cross-sectionally at T1 and indirectly at T2 and T3 via T1. Gender did not moderate the associations. CONCLUSION: The results confirm previous findings of elevated rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in adolescence and young adulthood in victims of CSA. The implications for understanding and preventing adverse sexuality-related outcomes of CSA are discussed.

Childhood sexual abuse has been linked to an increased vulnerability to sexual revictimization and risk of later sexual aggression perpetration.This longitudinal study based on a large sample of university students in Germany with three data waves covering 23 months shows that sexual abuse in childhood increases the odds of experiencing and engaging in sexual aggression in adolescence and young adulthood.The associations with later sexual aggression victimization and perpetration held for both female and male victims of childhood sexual abuse.

Welcome, how are you doing? - towards a systematic mental health screening and crisis management for newly arriving refugees.

Background: Compared to the general German population, refugees in Germany are a high-risk group for trauma spectrum disorders. Currently, many barriers exist for the implementation of a screen-and-treat approach for mental disorders as part of the routine health care provision during the early stage of the immigration process.Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop and test a systematic screening approach to identify individual refugees in need of mental health care during the initial immigration phase.Method: 167 newly arrived refugees underwent a screening interview with the Refugee Health Screener (RHS) carried out by Intercultural Therapy Assistants (ITAs). The ITAs were super-vised by psychologists at a reception centre in Bielefeld, Germany. A subsample of 48 persons partici-pated in clinical validation interviews.Results: Findings demonstrated the need for and feasibility of a systematic screening during the initial immigration phase. However, established cut-off values of the RHS had to be adapted and the screening procedure had to be adjusted due to the needs of a significant number of refugees in severe psychological crises.Conclusion: A systematic screening that is applied shortly after arrival facilitates the early identification of refugees at risk of developing mental disorders and may be helpful to prevent chronic symptom development and an aggravation of psychological crises.

A systematic complementary screening procedure during the initial immigration phase was found to be useful for the identification of refugees in need of mental health care.The procedure could be implemented both safely and efficiently in conjunction with the initial medical check-up for recently arrived refugees.Responding to the needs of the refugees immediately following their arrival in Germany, we adjusted the cut-off of the screening instrument and suggest to explicitly include a detection procedure for severe psychological crises.

Convenios alemanes en la educación física latinoamericana: las experiencias de brasil, argentina y colombia (1960-1980) / Convênios alemães na educação física latinoamericana: as experiências de brasil, argentina e colômbia (1960-1980) / German agreements in latin american physical education: the experiences of brazil, argentina and colombia (1960-1980)

Resumen Este artículo aborda la presencia de la República Federal de Alemania, entre los años 1960 y 1980, en el campo de la Educación Física y del deporte en tres países suramericanos: Brasil, Argentina y Colombia. Muestra algunos de los desdoblamientos que los acuerdos firmados con el país europeo proporcionaron a las prácticas educacionales y científicas en cada realidad investigada. Además de esto, presenta los principales sujetos involucrados en el proceso y como actuaron en estos diferentes lugares.

Resumo Este artigo aborda a presença da República Federal da Alemanha, entre os anos 1960 e 1980, no campo da Educação Física e do esporte em três países sul-americanos: Brasil, Argentina e Colômbia. Apresenta alguns dos desdobramentos que os acordos assinados com o país europeu proporcionaram às práticas educacionais e científicas em cada realidade investigada. Além disso, faz conhecer os principais sujeitos envolvidos no processo e como atuaram nesses diferentes lugares.

Abstract This article highlights the presence of Federal Republic of Germany, between 1960 and 1980, in the field of Physical Education and Sport in three South America countries: Brazil, Argentina and Colombia. It shows, in each reality, the effects produced by agreements with that european country and their consequences in educational and scientific practices. Besides, the paper reveals important names of this process and how they acted in those different places.

Medicine during the Nazi period and the Holocaust: what are the implications? An interview with Volker Roelcke / Medicina durante el período nazi y el Holocausto: ¿cuáles son las implicaciones? Una entrevista con Volker Roelcke

Abstract In this interview, Volker Roelcke explains and analyzes historical evidence refuting erroneous assumptions about medical atrocities committed by physicians during the Nazi era, provides insight into the implications of medicine during the Nazi period and the Holocaust for medicine and bioethics today, analyzes the history of the term "genocide," and suggests formats for future teaching, among other topics.

Resumen En esta entrevista, Volker Roelcke explica y analiza evidencia histórica que refuta las suposiciones erróneas acerca de las atrocidades cometidas por los médicos durante la era nazi, brinda información sobre las implicaciones de la medicina durante el período nazi y el Holocausto para la medicina y la bioética en la actualidad, analiza la historia del término "genocidio", y sugiere formatos para la enseñanza futura, entre otros temas.

Challenges of and opportunities for protecting European soil biodiversity.

Soil biodiversity and related ecosystem functions are neglected in most biodiversity assessments and nature conservation actions. We examined how society, and particularly policy makers, have addressed these factors worldwide with a focus on Europe and explored the role of soils in nature conservation in Germany as an example. We reviewed past and current global and European policies, compared soil ecosystem functioning in- and outside protected areas, and examined the role of soils in nature conservation management via text analyses. Protection and conservation of soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem functioning have been insufficient. Soil-related policies are unenforceable and lack soil biodiversity conservation goals, focusing instead on other environmental objectives. We found no evidence of positive effects of current nature conservation measures in multiple soil ecosystem functions in Europe. In German conservation management, soils are considered only from a limited perspective (e.g., as physicochemical part of the environment and as habitat for aboveground organisms). By exploring policy, evidence, and management as it relates to soil ecosystems, we suggest an integrative perspective to move nature conservation toward targeting soil ecosystems directly (e.g., by setting baselines, monitoring soil threats, and establishing a soil indicator system).

La biodiversidad del suelo y las funciones ambientales relacionadas se dejan de lado en la mayoría de las evaluaciones de la biodiversidad y de las acciones de conservación de la naturaleza. Analizamos cómo la sociedad, y particularmente los formuladores de políticas, han abordado estos factores a nivel mundial con un enfoque en Europa y exploramos como ejemplo el papel de los suelos en la conservación de la naturaleza en Alemania. Revisamos las políticas mundiales y europeas en el pasado y en la actualidad, comparamos el funcionamiento ambiental del suelo dentro y fuera de las áreas protegidas y examinamos el papel de los suelos en la gestión de la conservación por medio del análisis de textos. La protección y la conservación de la biodiversidad y el funcionamiento ambiental del suelo han sido insuficientes. Las políticas relacionadas con el suelo son inaplicables y carecen de objetivos de conservación para su biodiversidad, pues se enfocan más bien en otros objetivos ambientales. No descubrimos evidencias de los efectos positivos de las medidas actuales de conservación en múltiples funciones ambientales del suelo en Europa. En la gestión alemana de la conservación, los suelos sólo se consideran desde una perspectiva limitada (p. ej.: como una parte físico química del ambiente y como hábitat para los organismos que habitan por encima de él). Mediante la exploración de la política, evidencias y gestión conforme se relaciona con los ecosistemas del suelo, sugerimos una perspectiva integrada para dirigir a la conservación hacia el enfoque directo sobre los ecosistemas del suelo (p. ej.: al establecer líneas base, monitorear las amenazas para el suelo y establecer un sistema indicador del suelo).

Transiciones migratorias de profesionales de enfermería mexicanos en alemania

RESUMEN Objetivo: Examinar las transiciones migratorias de profesionales de enfermería mexicanos que residen en Alemania. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo de tipo etnográfico focalizado, guiado por la Teoría de Transiciones; se realizó entre los meses de noviembre de 2020 y mayo de 2021; se utilizó un muestreo por bola de nieve, donde los participantes de la red social Facebook, que aceptaron participar, hicieron referencia a otras personas. Se reclutaron a 11 profesionales de enfermería mexicanos; se realizaron entrevistas por Zoom, audiograbadas con previo consentimiento. La información obtenida fue transcrita en su totalidad y examinada mediante el análisis temático con el apoyo del software QUIRKOS. Resultados: El 63,6% fueron mujeres con una edad promedio de 30,8 años y un tiempo promedio de 1,26 años en Alemania. Las transiciones migratorias se clasificaron en 10 categorías: 1) Condiciones económicas y laborales, 2) Idioma, 3) Proceso de homologación de estudios, 4) Costos, 5) Discriminación, 6) Costumbres y tradiciones, 7) Gastronomía, 8) Clima, 9) Recreación y 10) Seguridad. Conclusiones. Conocer las transiciones migratorias de profesionales de enfermería mexicanos en Alemania permite realizar una serie de recomendaciones a la práctica, las políticas públicas y futuros proyectos de investigación e intervención.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the migration transitions of Mexican nursing professionals residing in Germany. Materials and Methods: A focused ethnography guided by the Theory of Transitions was conducted between the months of November 2020 and May 2021; snowball sampling was used, where the participants of the social network Facebook, who agreed to participate, referred to other people. Eleven Mexican nurses living in Germany were recruited; interviews were conducted using the Zoom platform and audio-recorded with prior consent. The information obtained was transcribed verbatim and examined through thematic analysis using the QUIRKOS software. Results: 63.6% of the nurses were women, with an average age of 30.8 years; and an average time of 1.26 years living in Germany. Migration transitions were classified into 10 categories: 1) Economic and labor conditions, 2) Language, 3) Study accreditation process, 4) Costs, 5) Discrimination, 6) Customs and traditions, 7) Gastronomy, 8) Climate, 9) Recreation, and 10) Safety. Conclusions: Understanding the migration transitions of Mexican nurses in Germany allows us to make a series of recommendations for practice, public policies, and future research and intervention projects.

RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar as transições migratórias de profissionais de enfermagem mexicanos que residem na Alemanha. Material e Método: Estudo qualitativo de tipo etnográfico focado, guiado pela Teoria das Transições e realizado entre os meses de novembro de 2020 e maio de 2021. Utilizou-se uma amostragem de bola de neve, na qual os participantes da rede social Facebook, que concordaram em participar, contactaram outras pessoas. Onze profissionais mexicanos residentes na Alemanha foram recrutados; foram realizadas entrevistas usando a plataforma Zoom e gravadas em áudio com consentimento prévio. As informações obtidas foram transcritas textualmente e examinadas por meio de análise temática utilizando o software QUIRKOS. Resultados: 63,6% dos profissionais de enfermagem eram mulheres, com idade média de 30,8 anos; e tempo médio de 1,26 anos vivendo na Alemanha. As transições migratórias foram classificadas em 10 categorias: 1) Condições econômicas e trabalhistas, 2) Idioma, 3) Processo de acreditação de estudos, 4) Custos, 5) Discriminação, 6) Costumes e tradições, 7) Gastronomia, 8) Clima, 9) Lazer, e 10) Segurança. Conclusões: Conhecer as transições migratórias dos profissionais de enfermagem mexicanos na Alemanha permite fazer uma série de recomendações para a prática, as políticas públicas e os futuros projetos de pesquisa e intervenção.

The utility of physical education according to students from germany and chile / Lutilité de léducation physique, selon des étudiants allemands et chiliens / A utilidade da educação física segundo estudantes da alemanha e do chile / La utilidad de educación física según escolares de alemania y chile

Resumo O presente estudo tem o objetivo de determinar a forma como estudantes de diferentes culturas percebem a utilidade das aulas de Educação Física. Foram entrevistados 2.748 estudantes (1.373 da região da Araucanía, Chile; e 1.375 do Estado de Sarre, Alemanha). Tanto os alunos chilenos como os alemães reconhecem mais uma utilidade "esportivo-recreativa" que uma "socioeducativa", e os chilenos apresentam valores mais altos que seus pares alemães; por outro lado, ambos os grupos manifestam seu desacordo com a opinião de que a Educação Física não lhes serve para nada. Os estudantes consideram que suas aulas de Educação Física foram úteis, o que surge como uma oportunidade para reforçar a geração de experiências positivas nas aulas e consolidar as aprendizagens.

Abstract The aim of this study is to show how the students of different cultures perceive their physical education classes. 2748 students (1373 from the Araucania Region in Chile and 1375 from Saarland in Germany) have been surveyed. The students of both countries agree that the "sportive-recreational" aspect is more important than the "social-educational" one, while the Chilean students present higher values than the German students do. In addition, the students of both countries disagree to the statement that physical education is useless for them. The Chilean and German students think that their physical education class is useful. This knowledge can be used as an opportunity to reinforce the generation of positive experiences in class and to consolidate the learning processes.

Résumé L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la façon dont des étudiants issus de cultures différentes perçoivent l'utilité des classes d'Éducation Physique. 2748 élèves (1373 de la région d'Araucania, au Chili; et 1375 de l'État de Sarre, en Allemagne) ont été interrogés. Les étudiants chiliens et allemands reconnaissent une utilité plus "sportive-récréative" que "socio-éducative", les valeurs présentées par les Chiliens sont cependant plus élevées que chez les allemands. En outre, les deux groupes expriment leur désaccord quant à l'opinion que l'éducation physique ne leur apporte rien. Dans l'ensemble, les élèves considèrent que les cours d'Éducation Physique ont été utiles, ce qui représente une opportunité pour renforcer les expériences positives en classe et pour consolider les apprentissages.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como propósito determinar cómo escolares de diferentes culturas perciben la utilidad de las clases de Educación Física. Fueron encuestados 2748 escolares (1373 de la Región de La Araucanía, Chile; y 1375 del Estado de Sarre, Alemania). Tanto los escolares chilenos como los alemanes reconocen una utilidad "deportivo-recreativa" por sobre una utilidad "socioeducativa", siendo los chilenos quienes presentan valores más altos que sus pares alemanes; además, ambos grupos manifiestan su desacuerdo en que la Educación Física no les ha servido para nada. Los escolares consideran que sus clases de Educación Física les han sido útiles, lo que se presenta como una oportunidad para reforzar la generación de experiencias positivas en las clases y consolidar los aprendizajes.

"Esportivização" da educação física colombiana: a "herança" do convênio Colombo-Alemão nas páginas da revista Educación Física y Deporte

Resumo Este artigo oferece uma (re)descrição do Convênio Colombo-Alemão (1973-1984) na educação física colombiana. Metodologicamente, elege a revista Educación Física y Deporte como fonte, ocasião para analisar seu conteúdo. A investigação questiona a tese de que esse acordo foi responsável pela esportivização da disciplina; sugere, por sua vez, que a influência alemã no país andino, além de plural, foi acompanhada de um debate sobre o significado da(s) ciência(s) do esporte e sua relação com a educação física.

Abstract This paper presents a (re)description of the Colombian-German agreement (1973-1984) and its impacts on the Colombian Physical Education. As for the methodology, the research source is the journalEducación Física y Deporte(Physical Education and Sports) for the analysis of the articles content. The study questions the thesis that this agreement was responsible for the sportivization of this school subject and suggests, in turn, that the German influence on the Andean country, besides being plural, was accompanied by a debate about the meaning of the Sports Science(s) and its/their relationship with Physical Education.

Resumen Este artículo ofrece una (re)descripción del convenio colombo-alemán (1973-1984) y sus repercusiones en la educación física colombiana. Metodológicamente, elige la revista Educación Física y Deportecomo fuente y analiza su contenido. La investigación cuestiona la tesis de que ese acuerdo fue el responsable de la deportivización de la disciplina y sugiere, al mismo tiempo, que la influencia alemana en el país andino, además de plural, estuvo acompañada por un debate sobre el significado de la(s) ciencia(s) del deporte y su relación con la educación física.

'Just black sometimes': analytic tools applied at the frontlines of social upheaval, part 1.

Analysts are increasingly grappling with making space for the discussion of turbulent and disturbing current events in their practices. This social disorder raises questions about the role of social activism and advocacy for groups suffering discrimination, persecution, violence, and displacement. Jung too commented on the immediacy of political happenings that show up in our practices with 'violence'. The author discusses an organizational consultation he did in Berlin in 2017 to consult for an NGO that handles placements for unaccompanied minors who are refugees. Such consultation can employ analytic ideas and concepts to the benefit of the organization and its staff. This process, though, requires some translation of these ideas so as not to burden consultees with theoretical terminology with which they may have little or no familiarity. The role of vicarious trauma is discussed, including how it is passed along, and its implications for frontline helpers are considered. Developmental aspects of adolescence figured prominently in the consultation. This is the first of two papers addressing this topic; the second will focus on interactions that the author had with young refugees.

Esporte e gênero na Alemanha durante a década de 1920: Body by Weimar, de Erik N. Jensen / Sport and Gender in Germany during the twenties: Body By Weimar, by Erik N. Jensen / Deporte y género en Alemania durante la década de 1920: Body by Weimar, por Erik N. Jensen

Analisamos o livro Body by Weimar, de Erik N. Jensen. Ao estudar questões de gênero na história do esporte na Alemanha após a primeira guerra mundial, endossamos os procedimentos metodológicos adotados pelo autor no desenvolvimento da obra. Eles podem estimular novos caminhos à pesquisa histórica no campo da Educação Física.

We have analyzed the book Body by Weimar, Erik N. Jensen. By studying gender issues in sports history in Germany after the first world war, we endorse the adopted methodological procedures. They can stimulate new ways of historical research in the field of Physical Education. Therefore, we affirm the importance of the work.

Hemos analizado el libro Body by Weimar, de Erik N. Jensen. Mediante el estudio de las cuestiones de género en la historia del deporte en Alemania después de la primera guerra mundial, estamos de acuerdo con los procedimientos metodológicos adoptados. Pueden estimular nuevas formas de investigación histórica en el campo de la educación física. Por lo tanto, afirmamos la importancia de la obra.

Type material of Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of the Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany / Material tipo de Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) en el Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Alemania

In this paper, 65 type species of Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are reported from the collections of the Museum für Naturkunde, Universität Humboldt, Berlin, Germany, described by Signoret, Breddin, Schmidt, Jacobi, Schröder, Burmeister and Emmrich. The species of Melichar have not been included because Wilson & Takiya (2007) reported them as present in the Hungarian Natural History Museum.

En este artículo, se reportan 65 especies tipo de Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) de las colecciones del Museum für Naturkunde, Universidad Humboldt, Alemania, descritas por Signoret, Breddin, Schmidt, Jacobi, Schröder, Burmeister y Emmrich. Las especies de Melichar no se han incluido pues Wilson & Takiya (2007) las reportaron como presentes en el Museo Húngaro de Historia Natural.

Jung's views of Nazi Germany: the first year and Jung's transition.

This article first considers Jung's response to the coming to power of the Nazis in Germany. It brings forth evidence that, besides wanting to preserve psychotherapy in Germany and maintain the international connection between the German and other communities of psychotherapists, he wanted to advance Jungian psychology - his psychology - in Germany. It also presents evidence that, although he occasionally made some anti-Semitic statements during this early period, he was not anti-Semitic in the way the Nazis were. The paper then argues that after Gustav Bally's criticisms in the Neue Zuercher Zeitung in February 1934, Jung entered into a transitional period that spring during which he became warier both of the Nazis and of making any statements that could be construed as being anti-Semitic. Schoenl and Peck (2012) have shown how Jung's views of Nazi Germany changed from 1933 to March 1936. This present article demonstrates very significant changes in Jung's views during the important early part of this period, that is from January 1933 - when Hitler became Chancellor of Germany - through to the spring of 1934. It draws on evidence from archival and other primary sources.

The Cost of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis in 5 European Countries: A Systematic Review. / Coste de la psoriasis y artritis psoriásica en cinco países de Europa: una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: While the introduction of biologics has improved the quality of life of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, it may have increased the economic burden of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of studies on the costs associated with managing and treating psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in 5 European countries: Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review of the literature (up to May 2015) using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. The methodological quality of the studies identified was evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist. We considered both direct costs (medical and nonmedical) and indirect costs, adjusted for country-specific inflation and converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity exchange rates for 2015 ($US PPP). RESULTS: The search retrieved 775 studies; 68.3% analyzed psoriasis and 31.7% analyzed psoriatic arthritis. The total annual cost per patient ranged from US $2,077 to US $13,132 PPP for psoriasis and from US $10,924 to US $17,050 PPP for psoriatic arthritis. Direct costs were the largest component of total expenditure in both diseases. The severity of these diseases was associated with higher costs. The introduction of biologics led to a 3-fold to 5-fold increase in direct costs, and consequently to an increase in total costs. CONCLUSIONS: We have analyzed the economic burden of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and shown that costs increase with the treatment and management of more severe disease and the use of biologics.

Surveillance of maternal antibodies against West Nile virus in chicken eggs in South-West Germany.

OBJECTIVE: The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) in several European countries increases the risk of its introduction to Germany. This study evaluated a new method for WNV surveillance by testing for maternal antibodies in chicken eggs. METHODS: A total of 1,990 eggs were collected in 35 sampling sites in the south-west of Germany and tested for WNV-specific antibodies. RESULTS: The results did not indicate evidence for WNV circulation in the study area. CONCLUSION: This work serves as a proof-of-concept that such a method is useful and a potential alternative to use of sentinel chicken for regular WNV surveillance.

Por una psiquiatría experimental y de laboratorio: la formación de una comunidad alemano-brasileña de la medicina mental (1900-1914) / Towards the Experimental and Laboratorial Psychiatry: The Constitution of a German-Brazilian Community in Mental Medicine (1900-1914)

El artículo analiza la formación de una comunidad psiquiátrica transnacional, donde médicos brasileños y alemanes realizaron un intenso intercambio científico, especialmente después de la Primera Guerra Mundial. En Alemania, Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) dio nuevas directrices para la investigación psiquiátrica y estableció un modelo de producción del conocimiento psicológico y neuropsiquiátrico, a través de diversas especialidades científicas. En Brasil, los médicos Juliano Moreira (1873-1933) y Ulysses Vianna (1880-1935) fueron responsables de la apropiación del programa kraepeliano y de la circulación de médicos, conocimientos y modelos institucionales, entre los dos países. En el campo de la medicina mental, se constata el desarrollo de una nueva forma de producción de conocimiento científico, con énfasis en laboratorio, y de acercamiento con el paradigma biológico y experimental.

This article analyzes the formation of a transnational community in which Brazilian and German psychiatrists provided intense scientific exchanges, especially after World War I. In Germany, Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) gave new directions for the psychiatric research and established a model of production of the psychological and neuropsychiatric knowledge with various scientific specialties. In Brazil, as physicians Juliano Moreira (18731933) and Ulysses Vianna (1880-1935) were responsible of the reception of kraepelian's program, as well as the circulation of physicians, knowledge and institutional models across the two countries. This research highlighted that mental medicine establishes a new form of production of scientific knowledge, with emphasis on laboratory and closer to the biological and experimental bias.

Effect of rotational shepherding on demographic and genetic connectivity of calcareous grassland plants.

Response to habitat fragmentation may not be generalized among species, in particular for plant communities with a variety of dispersal traits. Calcareous grasslands are one of the most species-rich habitats in Central Europe, but abandonment of traditional management has caused a dramatic decline of calcareous grassland species. In the Southern Franconian Alb in Germany, reintroduction of rotational shepherding in previously abandoned grasslands has restored species diversity, and it has been suggested that sheep support seed dispersal among grasslands. We tested the effect of rotational shepherding on demographic and genetic connectivity of calcareous grassland specialist plants and whether the response of plant populations to shepherding was limited to species dispersed by animals (zoochory). Specifically, we tested competing dispersal models and source and focal patch properties to explain landscape connectivity with patch-occupancy data of 31 species. We fitted the same connectivity models to patch occupancy and nuclear microsatellite data for the herb Dianthus carthusianorum (Carthusian pink). For 27 species, patch connectivity was explained by dispersal by rotational shepherding regardless of adaptations to zoochory, whereas population size (16% species) and patch area (0% species) of source patches were not important predictors of patch occupancy in most species. [Correction made after online publication, February 25, 2014: Population size and patch area percentages were mistakenly inverted, and have now been fixed.] Microsite diversity of focal patches significantly increased the model variance explained by patch occupancy in 90% of the species. For D. carthusianorum, patch connectivity through rotational shepherding explained both patch occupancy and population genetic diversity. Our results suggest shepherding provides dispersal for multiple plant species regardless of their dispersal adaptations and thus offers a useful approach to restore plant diversity in fragmented calcareous grasslands.

"O trabalho na forma de alegria juvenil": a ginástica segundo Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths / "Labor in the garb of youthful mirth": gymnastics according to Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths / "El trabajo como alegría juvenil": la gimnasia según Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer uma aproximação com a obra de Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths, pedagogo alemão que, no final do século XVIII, publicou uma das obras fundamentadoras da ginástica alemã: Gymnastik für die Jugend (Ginástica para a Juventude). Seu trabalho baseia-se principalmente nas teorias da denominada polícia médica, e apresenta um forte discurso em defesa da instituição dos exercícios físicos como instrumento de regeneração e fortalecimento da população alemã.

This paper focuses on the work of Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths. At the end of the 18th Century, this German teacher published one of the fundamental works for German gymnastics: Gymnastik für die Jugend (Gymnastics for Youth). Based essentially on the theories of the medical police, it presents a strong defense of the introduction of physical exercises as important means of regenerating and strengthen the German population.

Este trabajo tiene como propósito analizar la obra de Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths, pedagogo alemán que en el fin del siglo 18 publicó una de las obras fundamentales de la gimnasia alemana: Gymnastik für die Jugend (Gimnasia para la Juventud). Su trabajo se basa especialmente en las teorías de la policía médica y defiende vigorosamente la introducción de los ejercicios físicos como instrumento de regeneración y fortalecimiento de la población alemana.

Resistencia a penicilina G y oxacilina, de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas de mastitis bovina subclínica / Penicillin G and oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis

Sixty-eigth out of 530 different S. aureus field strains isolated from subclinical cases of bovine mastitis from Germany (n = 26), Indonesia (n = 16), Mexico (n = 16) and Brazil (n = 10), respectively, were selected to be studied in the present work. The strains were tested phenotypically as well as genotypically for the presence of penicillin G- and oxacillin-resistance. For the primary phenotypical species identification of the 530 S. aureus strains, plasmacoagulase-test and Api 32 Staph system was applied. This was confirmed by molecular detection of the S. aureus specific genes encoding 23 S rRNA, thermostable nuclease (nuc), clumping factor (clfA), coagulase (coa) and protein A region Xr (spa). The selection of the 68 strains was carried out by the random selection of one strain per herd; additionally, only strains with different macrorestriction profiles were included here. Genotypic resistance to semisynthetic penicillins (methicillin/oxacillin) and penicillin G was studied through the identification of mecA- and blaZ-genes, respectively. The mecA gene was detected in only one S. aureus isolate from Brazil, which was not phenotypically resistant against methcillin, as shown by the use of standard disc diffusion method, BBL-Chromoagar and MIC-determination by Vitek II. In contrast penicillin-resistance of strains based on the presence of the blaZ-gene could be observed in 50 (73.5%) of the investigated strains. However, only 40 (58.8%) of these 50 blaZ-positive strains were phenotypically penicillin-resistant. According to the presented data, resistance to semisynthetic penicillins in S. aureus field strains seems to be not a major problem in dairy herds of the investigated countries despite the long-term use of these antibiotics in the field.

De 530 diferentes cepas de S. aureus aisladas de casos de mastitis subclínica bovina, se seleccionaron 68 cepas de S. aureus procedentes de Alemania (n = 26), Indonesia (n = 16), México (n = 16) y Brasil (n = 10), para estudiarlas en la presente investigación. Las cepas fueron analizadas fenotípica y genotípicamente para observar su resistencia a penicilina G y oxacilina. Para una identificación inicial se utilizó el sistema Api 32 Staph y la prueba de coagulasa. El resultado se confirmó por la detección molecular de los genes específicos de S. aureus 23S rRNA, nucleasa termoestable (nuc), factor aglutinante (clfA), coagulasa (coa) y la proteína A (spa) región Xr. La selección primaria de las cepas sospechosas se hizo al azar, seleccionando una cepa por hato; además sólo se incluyeron en el estudio cepas con diferentes perfiles de macrorrestricción. La resistencia genotípica a meticilina y penicilina se estudió mediante la identificación de los genes mecA y blaZ, respectivamente. El gen mecA fue detectado sólo en un aislamiento de S. aureus de Brasil y no fue resistente fenotípicamente a la meticilina, lo cual se demostró mediante los métodos de difusión estándar en discos, el uso del Chromoagar-BBL y la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria (MIC, por sus siglas en inglés) por Vitek II. La detección genotípica de la resistencia de las cepas a la penicilina se basó en la detección del gen blaZ; y se observó en 50 cepas investigadas (73.5%). Sin embargo, sólo 40 cepas (58.8%) fueron fenotípicamente resistentes a la penicilina. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la resistencia de las cepas aisladas de campo S. aureus a las penicilinas semisintéticas, actualmente no es un problema importante en las vacas lecheras, a pesar del uso extensivo de esas sustancias antibióticas en el campo en los países investigados.

Aproximación biográfica a la vida y obra de Samuel Hahnemann / Biographic approach to Samuel Hahnemann's life and work

El médico alemán Christian Frederick Samuel Hahnemann tiene el mérito de haber sido el fundador de la homeopatía como sistema médico. Su vida puede ser considerada un ejemplo para cualquier profesional de la salud, más allá de cualquier barrera geográfica o temporal. El presente artículo resumió algunos de los más relevantes pasajes de su fructífera vida, haciendo énfasis en sus aportes al campo del así llamado “Arte de curar”.

German physician Christian Frederick Samuel Hahnemann has the merit of have being the founder of Homeopathy as a medical system. His life may be considered an example for every health worker beyond any geographical or temporal barrier. The current article reviewed some of the most relevant passages of his fruitful life, making emphasis in his contributions to the field of the so called “Art of healing”.

Influência germânica nos primórdios da enfermagem profissional na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco (1924-1927) / Influencia germánica en los inicios de la enfermería profesional en la ciudad de Recife, Pernambuco (1924-1927) / Germanic influence in the early days of professional nursing in the city of Recife, Pernambuco (1924-1927)

Estudo histórico-social, que teve como objetivo a análise da influência germânica no campo da saúde nos primórdios da enfermagem profissional na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco. Foi feita análise do conteúdo dos documentos à luz do pensamentode Bourdieu. Na interpretação dos dados, a noção de campo e poder foi utilizada de modo a contemplar as forças que contribuem para a formação do campo organizacional da enfermagem. O recorte temporal foi de 1924, com a vinda dasenfermeiras alemãs para trabalhar no Hospital do Centenário (HC), até 1927, quando ocorre a saída da enfermeira administradora. Utilizaram-se fontes primárias e secundárias. Como resultado, observa-se que a cultura alemã exerceu forte influência no campoda saúde, comércio, indústria, economia e educação. A influência se dá nos primórdios da enfermagem profissional pelo reconhecimento da atuação das enfermeiras pela dedicação e abnegação aos enfermos no trabalho que desenvolviam.

The objective of this study the analyses of the Germanic influence in the health field and its reflections in the early days of professional nursing. It is a social and historical study which is based on the theories of Bourdieu deeply exploring his concept of field and power. The time period chosen for analysis was from 1924, with the arrival of German nurses to work in the Hospital do Centenário (HC) until 1927, when the nurse manager left his position. It was used primary and secondary sources. As a result, it seems that German culture was a strong influence in health, business, industry, economy and education. The influence in the early days of professional nursing is giving the recognition of the role of nurses by the dedication and self-denial by patients and their work.

Estudio histórico-social, que tuvo como objetivo el análisis de la influencia germánica en el campo de la salud en los inicios de la enfermería profesional en la ciudad de Recife, Pernambuco. Fue realizado el análisis del contenido de los documentos bajo la óptica del pensamiento de Bourdieu. En la interpretación de los datos las nociones de campo y poder fueron utilizadas como forma de contemplar las fuerzas que contribuyen a la formación del campo organizacional de la enfermería. El corte de tiempo se produjo en 1924, con la llegada de las enfermeras alemanas para trabajar en el Hospital del Centenario (HC) y se extendió hasta 1927, donde se presenta la salida de la enfermera administradora. Se utilizaron fuentes primarias y secundarias. Como resultado, se observa que la cultura alemana ejerció una fuerte influencia en el campo de la salud, en el comercio, industria, economía y educación. La influencia se presenta en los inicios de la enfermería profesional con el reconocimiento de la actuación de las enfermeras, debido a su abnegación y dedicación a los enfermos en el trabajo que desarrollaban.