ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Growth standards and references currently used to assess population and individual health are derived primarily from urban populations, including few individuals from indigenous or subsistence groups. Given environmental and genetic differences, growth may vary in these populations. Thus, there is a need to assess whether international standards are appropriate for all populations, and to produce population specific references if growth differs. Here we present and assess growth references for the Tsimane, an indigenous population of Bolivian forager-horticulturalists. METHODS: Mixed cross-sectional/longitudinal anthropometrics (9,614 individuals; 30,118 observations; ages 0-29 years) were used to generate centile curves and Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) tables for height-for-age, weight-for-age, body mass index (BMI)-for-age, and weight-for-height (WFH) using Generalized Additive Models for Location Shape and Scale (GAMLSS). Velocity curves were generated using SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR). Tsimane ≤5 years were compared to World Health Organization (WHO) standards while those >5 years were compared to WHO school age references. All ages were compared to published references for Shuar forager-horticulturalists of the Ecuadorian Amazon. RESULTS: Tsimane growth differs from WHO values in height and weight, but is similar for BMI and WFH. Tsimane growth is characterized by slow height velocity in childhood and early adolescent peak height velocity at 11.3 and 13.2 years for girls and boys. Tsimane growth patterns are similar to Shuar, suggesting shared features of growth among indigenous South Americans. CONCLUSIONS: International references for BMI-for-age and WFH are likely appropriate for Tsimane, but differences in height-for-age and weight-for-age suggest Tsimane specific references may be useful for these measures.
Subject(s)
Body Height/ethnology , Body Weight/ethnology , Feeding Behavior/ethnology , Indians, South American/ethnology , Adolescent , Adult , Anthropology, Physical , Anthropometry , Body Mass Index , Bolivia , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Indians, South American/statistics & numerical data , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Reference Values , Young AdultABSTRACT
Dada a relevância cultural e econômica do miriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) em Abaetetuba-PA, principalmente na confecção de produtos artesanais, este trabalho teve como objetivo registrar informações a respeito do uso dado à folha desta palmeira pelas comunidades ribeirinhas de Sirituba, Tauerá, Acaraqui e Arapapuzinho, do referido município. Estas foram selecionadas durante oficina de mapeamento participativo, realizado pelo "Projeto Miriti", executado pelo Centro Internacional de Pesquisa Florestal (CIFOR). Os informantes (n=45) foram amostrados de forma probabilística, através da amostra por conglomerados. Para a coleta de dados aplicaram-se as técnicas de entrevista semi-estruturada, listagem livre, indução não-específica e observação participante. Foi calculado o valor de diversidade do informante (IDs) e o índice de Sørensen para análise de similaridade dos usos entre as comunidades. Vinte e seis produtos confeccionados foram identificados, 15 dos quais referenciados como "artesanato popular local". "Paneiro", "rasa", "tipiti", "abano", "matapi" e "peneira" foram considerados os utensílios culturalmente mais importantes. O valor de diversidade do informante (IDs) entre os entrevistados das quatro comunidades com relação à quantidade de produtos utilizados apresentou-se significativamente homogêneo. Os maiores índices de similaridade constatados foram entre as comunidades de Sirituba e Acaraqui e os menores entre Arapapuzinho e Acaraqui. O miriti possui expressiva importância para os ribeirinhos de Abaetetuba em muitos aspectos. O número de produtos identificados foi alto, e embora nem todos os objetos sejam utilizados no dia-a-dia eles possuem relevância econômica, uma vez que sua comercialização contribui para a renda dos moradores.
The miriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) is of great cultural and economic importance in the county of Abaetetuba, Pará state, principally to make artisanal crafts and products. Given the significance of this species in Abaetetuba the purpose of this study was to gather information on the use of these fronds. A representative sample from four Abaetetuba communities, Sirituba, Tauerá, Acaraqui and Arapapuzinho (n=45), was selected to participate in a local mapping workshop conducted by the Miriti Project, executed by CIFOR (Centro Internacional de Pesquisa Florestal). Research was conducted through semi-structured interviews, free listing, non-specific frame elicitation and participant observation. An index value for informant diversity (IDs) was calculated and the Sørensen index was used to analyze similarity between communities. A total of 26 items were crafted from palm fronds of which 15 were cited as being popular artisanal products. "Paneiro", "rasa", "tipiti", "abano", "matapi" e "peneira" were considered the most culturally important. The IDs between informants in the four communities for the quantity of important products showed a high uniformity. The highest index of similarity was encountered between the communities of Sirituba and Acaraqui and the lowest was encountered between Arapapuzinho and Acaraqui. All told, miriti is of high value to the riverine dwellers of Abaetetuba. The number of craftwork items was high and although many of these products are not used on a daily basis, they are of distinct economic importance, as the marketing of these products contributes to the earnings of local residents.
Subject(s)
EthnobotanyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine from a sample of Amazonian youngsters, with normal occlusion, the mean values for soft profile characteristics using cephalometric radiographs obtained in lateral norm. METHODS: The cephalometric radiographs of the 30 youngsters, being 15 males and 15 females, with mean age of 21.6 years old, were assessed. For statistical analysis, central tendencies and dispersion measurements (mean and standard deviation) were used and, for both the comparison of the mean values of males and females and the correlations between the measurements of the soft profile and bony profile, the unpaired Student's t-test was applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After obtaining statistical data, parameters were set based on the cephalometric norms regarding the specialized literature, revealing that all variables presented a normal distribution pattern. There was sexual dimorphism for the following measurements: ANB, NAP, ANS-Me, N-ANS, Sn'-Me', and N'-SN'. Norms were determined for all the assessed measurements. Statistical differences were observed between the norm found in the present study and those found in the specialized literature.
