Formulation Optimization and Evaluation of Patented Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Ambrisentan for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Ambrisentan is a new endothelin receptor antagonist extensively used to manage pulmonary or pulmonary arterial hypertension. OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic efficacy of Ambrisentan is limited due to its reduced solubility, higher log P (3.4), and thus less bioavailability. The recent investigation was concentrated on the improvement of solubility, and bioavailability of Ambrisentan for the therapy of hypertension via solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) administered orally. METHODS: XRD evaluated the compatibility of Ambrisentan with lipids with FTIR, DSC, and crystalline nature. The SLN was developed by High-pressure homogenization method. The Glyceryl monostearate and Tween 80 indicated the highest solubility, hence selected. The optimization was performed with Box-Behnken Design considering the concentration of GMS (X1), Tween 80 (X2), stirring speed (X3) as independent factors and particle size (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2) as dependent factors. The Patents on the SLN are Indian 202321053691, U.S. Patent, 10,973,798B2, U.S. Patent 10,251,960B2, U.S. Patent 2021/0069121A1 and U.S. Patent 2022/0151945A1. RESULTS: The optimized batch F1 showed particle size (130 nm), ZP (-18.9 mV), and entrapment efficiency (85.73 %). The dual release pattern (prompt and sustained) was achieved with the SLNloaded Ambrisentan for about 24 hours. The lyophilized sample was subjected to SEM, which also revealed a spherical shape of a colloidal dispersion with a particle size of 126 nm. Hence, the F1 batch is highly recommended for solid oral delivery and also for the pilot-plant scale-up. CONCLUSION: A marked improvement in the solubility and dissolution of Ambrisentan was attained with the SLN. Moreover, the sustained delivery via the oral route enabled the patient's comfort, compliance, and therapeutic efficacy.

Effect of ambrisentan in patients with systemic sclerosis and mild pulmonary arterial hypertension: long-term follow-up data from EDITA study.

BACKGROUND: In the EDITA trial, patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and mild pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) treated with ambrisentan had a significant decline of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) but not of mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) vs. placebo after six months. The EDITA-ON study aimed to assess long-term effects of open label therapy with ambrisentan vs. no pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) therapy. METHODS: Patients who participated in the EDITA study and received regular follow-up were included in EDITA-ON. Clinical, echocardiographic, laboratory, exercise and hemodynamic parameters during follow-up were analysed. The primary endpoint was to assess whether continued treatment with ambrisentan vs. no treatment prevented the development of PAH according to the new definition. RESULTS: Of 38 SSc patients included in the EDITA study four were lost to follow-up. Of the 34 remaining patients (age 55 ± 11 years, 82.1% female subjects), 19 received ambrisentan after termination of the blinded phase, 15 received no PAH medication. The mean follow-up time was 2.59 ± 1.47 years, during which 29 patients underwent right heart catheterization. There was a significant improvement of mPAP in catheterised patients receiving ambrisentan vs. no PAH treatment (-1.53 ± 2.53 vs. 1.91 ± 2.98 mmHg, p = 0.003). In patients without PAH treatment 6/12 patients had PAH vs. 1/17 of patients receiving ambrisentan (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In SSc patients with early PVD, the development of PAH and/or deterioration was less frequent among patients receiving ambrisentan, indicating that early treatment and close follow-up could be beneficial in this high-risk group. Future trials in this field are needed to confirm these results.

A Novel Chitosan-coated Leciplex Loaded with Ambrisentan as a Possible Pulmonary Nanosystem: Optimization, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetics Assessments.

The purpose of this research was to formulate, optimize, and characterize ambrisentan chitosan-coated LeciPlex (AMS-CTS-LPX) to increase the therapeutic effectiveness and bioavailability of ambrisentan. A central composite design (CCD) was implemented to assess the impact of various factors on the production of AMS-CTS-LPX and to identify the optimum formulation via the use of Design Expert® software. The assembly of AMS-CTS-LPX was conducted using a single-step process. Subsequently, the optimal formulation was chosen and subjected to further assessments. Further, a comparative pharmacokinetic study was carried out using a rat model. The optimized formulation exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 82.39%, with a diameter of 137.53 nm and a surface charge of +43.65 mV. Additionally, it had a sustained cumulative release of 90.41% after 8 h and showed good stability. The safety of AMS-CTS-LPX administered intratracheally was confirmed by in vivo histopathological studies. The pharmacokinetic investigations revealed a 5.6-fold increase in the bioavailability of AMS from the optimal AMS-CTS-LPX formulation compared to the oral AMS solution. Collectively, the results of the current study suggest that CTS-LPX may be beneficial as a pulmonary nanosystem for the administration of AMS.

Prescription patterns of ambrisentan in some cities of Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Ambrisentan is a selective type A endothelin receptor antagonist that has shown significant effectiveness and safety in the management of patients with pulmonary hypertension. Its use pattern with real-world evidence in Colombia is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the prescription patterns of ambrisentan in some cities of Colombia. METHODS: A longitudinal descriptive study on the prescription patterns of ambrisentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension (all the groups) was conducted between January 2021 and December 2022 based on a population database of members of the Colombian Health System. Adherence at 1 year was determined using the Medication Possession Ratio (days the drug was dispensed/days from first dispensing to the end of the follow-up period × 100). Descriptive analysis was carried out. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients taking ambrisentan were identified in 10 cities of the country. The individuals had a median age of 51.5 years (interquartile range-IQR: 39.8-64.0 years), and 82.1% were women. The drug possession rate was 82.2% (IQR: 65.0-96.8%), and persistence at 1 year was present in 49.3% (n = 33) of the cases. The average dose was 8.8 ± 5.0 mg/day, and 76.1% (n = 51) received it in combination therapy, mainly with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (61.2%, n = 41). CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to ambrisentan was good, but its persistence at 1 year was low. The dosages of the drug used were in accordance with the recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines, and it was used in combination therapy, especially with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors.

Long-term safety and tolerability of ambrisentan treatment for pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: An open-label extension study.

This open-label, extension study assessed long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ambrisentan in a pediatric population (age 8- < 18 years) with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Following completion of a 6-month, randomized study, participants entered the long-term extension at individualized ambrisentan dosages (2.5/5/7.5 or 10 mg/day). Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), AEs of special interest, and serious AEs (SAEs); efficacy outcomes included 6-min walking distance (6MWD) and World Health Organization functional class (WHO FC). Thirty-eight of 41 (93%) randomized study participants entered the extension; 21 (55%) completed (reaching age 18 years). Most participants received concomitant phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (n = 25/38, 66%). Median ambrisentan exposure was 3.5 years. Most participants experienced ≥ 1 AE (n = 34/38, 89%), and 21 (55%) experienced SAEs, most commonly worsening PAH (n = 3/38, 8%), acute cardiac failure, pneumonia, or anemia (n = 2/38; 5% each); none considered ambrisentan-related. Seven participants (18%) died, with recorded reasons (MedDRA preferred term): cardiac failure (n = 2), PAH (n = 2), COVID-19 (n = 1), acute right ventricular failure (n = 1), and failure to thrive (n = 1); median time to death: 5.2 years. Anemia and hepatotoxicity AEs were generally mild to moderate and did not require ambrisentan dose adjustment. Assessed at study end in 29 participants (76%), mean 6MWD improved by 17% (standard deviation: 34.3%), and all (29/29, 100%) had improved or unchanged WHO FC.    Conclusion: Long-term weight-based ambrisentan dosing, alone or combined with other PAH therapies in children with PAH aged 8- < 18 years, exhibited tolerability and clinical improvements consistent with prior randomized study results.    Trial registration: NCT01342952, April 27, 2011. What is Known: • The endothelin receptor antagonist, ambrisentan, is indicated for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Previous studies have shown similar efficacy and tolerability in pediatric patients as in adults. What is New: • This open-label extension study assessed the long-term use of ambrisentan in pediatric patients (8-<18 years) with PAH, most of whom were also receiving recommended background PAH treatment. • Weight-based dosing of ambrisentan, given alone or in combination with other PAH therapies, was well tolerated with clinical improvements consistent with prior randomized study results.

The potential effect of ambrisentan as monotherapy and combined with tadalafil on diabetic erectile dysfunction in rats.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the role of ambrisentan; the selective endothelin type-A receptor (ETAR) blocker on experimental diabetic erectile dysfunction in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four adult male Sprague Albino rats were divided randomly into 7 groups. Three control groups received 1 mL saline, 0.2 mg/kg/d ambrisentan and 1.5 mg/kg/d tadalafil, respectively orally for 4 weeks. The remaining four groups were fed high fat diet for 14 days. Diabetes was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 72 h, diabetes was confirmed by plasma glucose level ⩾250 mg/dL. Diabetic rats were divided randomly into four groups, numbered from 4 to 7. The fourth group was the diabetic-control group, while the fifth and sixth groups received ambrisentan and tadalafil respectively. The seventh group received a combination of both drugs. Treatment continued for 4 weeks then, copulatory, intracavernous pressure measurement, and laboratory tests were conducted. RESULTS: In diabetic rats, ambrisentan and tadalafil improved fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, testosterone, nitric oxide, and rho kinase (ROCK) values compared to diabetic group with the maximum improvement achieved in ambrisentan/tadalafil group (p < 0.05). Ambrisentan also enhanced ICP and improved latency to erection and number of mounts with a tolerable SBP. Yet, ambrisentan/tadalafil combined therapy resulted in deterioration in SBP with consecutive worsening in ICP and mating indices. CONCLUSION: Ambrisentan showed significant therapeutic potential to prevent and improve diabetic ED in rats comparable to tadalafil.

Provision of ambrisentan from a health-system specialty pharmacy affiliated with a pulmonary hypertension Center of Comprehensive Care.

PURPOSE: This descriptive report describes the process used to obtain access to providing ambrisentan from a health-system specialty pharmacy (HSSP) affiliated with a pulmonary hypertension Center of Comprehensive Care, develop a pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) care team at the HSSP, and characterize medication adherence and access metrics. SUMMARY: PAH is a rare disease treated with several specialty medications requiring intensive monitoring. Historically, specialty medications used to treat PAH have been provided by only select specialty pharmacies due to restricted drug distribution channels. It is recommended that patients with PAH receive their care at centers with expertise in the diagnosis and management of this disorder, but the HSSPs at these expert centers are unable to provide specialty PAH medications. The current care model for PAH leads to patients receiving their medical and pharmaceutical care from separate entities. This descriptive report describes a multidisciplinary team's approach to gaining access to providing ambrisentan and developing a disease state care team within an established HSSP. After implementing this service, specialty pharmacy metrics were assessed, including proportion of days covered (PDC), time to first fill, patient contact rate, Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program compliance, time to prior authorization (PA) approval, rate of optimal adherence (PDC of >80%), and PA renewal rate, to demonstrate a proof-of-concept HSSP model for PAH. In this model, the HSSP was able to demonstrate high-quality specialty pharmacy metrics with regard to medication adherence, medication access, and REMS program compliance. CONCLUSION: The development of a PAH care team to provide ambrisentan at an existing HSSP was associated with high adherence rates, efficient and reliable medication access, and REMS program compliance.

Efficacy of adjunctive ambrisentan treatment for digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis: a case series studyAmbrisentan for digital ulcers.

Purpose: The efficacy of adjunctive ambrisentan treatment in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) suffering from digital ulcers (DUs) was investigated.Material and methods: Patients (4 males, 7 females) diagnosed with SSc at our hospital between 2017 and 2022 were enrolled. Ten of them had diffuse SSc, while one had limited SSc. These patients received daily 5 mg doses of ambrisentan in addition to their regular SSc treatment for 16 weeks. Parameters including the total number and size of existing and new DUs, Visual Analog Score (VAS), frequency of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) attacks, and any adverse effects were assessed.Results: At baseline, the median number and size of DUs was 3.0 (interquartile range (IQR): 2.0-4.0 cm) and 0.4 cm (IQR: 0.3-0.5 cm), respectively. Following the intervention, seven patients with a median of 2.0 DUs and a size of 0.35 cm (IQR: 0.15-0.45 cm) at baseline achieved complete healing. Significant improvements were also observed in other patients. VAS scores decreased from a baseline median of 5.0-0.0 (IQR: 0.0-1.0), and both the frequency and duration of RP attacks notably reduced.Conclusion: Adjunctive ambrisentan therapy proved effective in promoting DU healing and preventing new DUs in SSc patients.

Current Status of Endothelin Receptor Antagonists in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Combined Study Results and Pharmacology-Based Review.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) affects a wide range of people globally and has a poor prognosis despite many advancements in available treatment options. Among the available treatments, endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) are among the most widely used drugs. These drugs have been evaluated in scientific trials. We included free full texts in the English language from the last ten years and reviewed them. We are writing this review to amalgamate the pharmacological aspects and the previous studies on ERAs to demonstrate a comprehensive overview of the current status of ERAs for PAH treatment. We focused on the structure, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy and safety of the three most widely used ERAs: Bosentan, Ambrisentan, and Macitentan. These drugs have different receptor affinities, bioavailability, excretion routes, and different levels of safety profiles. There are three available studies, the RCT, the ARIES series, and the SERAPHIN studies, for assessing the safety and efficacy of Bosentan, Ambrisentan, and Macitentan, respectively. All the studies and some additional studies for combination therapy have proven all three drugs effective in treating PAH. The side effects (SE) varied from headache and hepatic enzyme elevation to worsening the PAH status of varied severities. Although these studies provided valuable insight into the role of ERAs, there is still enough scope for more studies on ERAs, both as monotherapy and combination therapy for PAH.

Safety and effectiveness of ambrisentan in real clinical practice in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Results from the Korean post-marketing surveillance.

PURPOSE: This regulatory post-marketing surveillance (PMS) was organized to identify the safety and effectiveness of ambrisentan in the Korean population. METHOD: This was an open-label, multi-center PMS conducted from 31 institutions in Korea for 6 years from August 2015 to 2021, to evaluate the use of ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Inclusion criteria are Korean subjects with the World Health Organization functional classification (WHO Fc) II or III PAH who are new users or repeated users with ambrisentan (Volibris®) Tablet 5 or 10 mg per day (age >18 years old). RESULTS: A total of 293 cases were analyzed. The overall incidence of adverse events (AE) was 52.22% and adverse drug reactions (ADR) was 10.92%. Severe AEs occurred in 20.82% of patients. However, only 2 subjects (0.68%) reported serious ADR. The difference in AE incidence was statistically significant for concomitant medications other than PAH medications in the safety analysis and the new users (p = 0.0041 and p = 0.0299, respectively) and elderly population in the repeated users (p = 0.0319). Among the long-term 223 subjects, the WHO Fc II and III were 41.26% and 58.74% before ambrisentan, and changed after treatment to 3.09%, 66.05%, and 30.86% for Fc I/II/III, respectively. 217 of 249 subjects (87.15%) considered their symptoms to have 'improved' after the last administration. CONCLUSION: In real-world practice, ambrisentan demonstrated tolerable safety and favorable effectiveness in PAH patients in Korea. Age and concomitant drug use can affect the occurrence of AE.

Cost-utility of ambrisentan and bosentan for pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the increasing evidence supporting the efficacy of ambrisentan and bosentan in improving functional classes among pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), there is a lack of information regarding their cost implications. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the cost-utility of bosentan compared to ambrisentan for the treatment of pediatric patients with PAH in Colombia. METHODS: We employed a Markov model to estimate the costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) associated with the use of ambrisentan or bosentan in pediatric patients diagnosed with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). To ensure the reliability of our findings, we conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the model. In our cost-effectiveness analysis, we evaluated the outcomes at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of US$5,180. RESULTS: The expected annual cost per patient receiving ambrisentan was estimated to be $16,055 (95% CI 15,937 -16,172), while for bosentan it was $14,503 (95% CI 14,489 -14,615). The QALYs per person estimated for ambrisentan were 0.39 (95% CI 0.381-0.382), whereas for bosentan it was 0.40 (95% CI 0.401-0.403). CONCLUSION: Our economic evaluation shows that ambrisentan is not cost-effective regarding bosentan to in treating pulmonary arterial hypertension in C.

Endothelin-1 Induces Cell Proliferation and Myofibroblast Differentiation through the ETAR/Gαq/ERK Signaling Pathway in Human Cardiac Fibroblasts.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Stimulation of endothelin receptors (ETR) with ET-1 leads to fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation, which is mainly characterized by an overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagens. Although ET-1 is a potent profibrotic mediator, the signal transductions and subtype specificity of ETR contributing to cell proliferation, as well as α-SMA and collagen I synthesis in human cardiac fibroblasts are not well clarified. This study aimed to evaluate the subtype specificity and signal transduction of ETR on fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation. Treatment with ET-1 induced fibroblast proliferation, and synthesis of myofibroblast markers, α-SMA, and collagen I through the ETAR subtype. Inhibition of Gαq protein, not Gαi or Gßγ, inhibited these effects of ET-1, indicating the essential role of Gαq protein-mediated ETAR signaling. In addition, ERK1/2 was required for ETAR/Gαq axis-induced proliferative capacity and overexpression of these myofibroblast markers. Antagonism of ETR with ETR antagonists (ERAs), ambrisentan and bosentan, inhibited ET-1-induced cell proliferation and synthesis of α-SMA and collagen I. Furthermore, ambrisentan and bosentan promoted the reversal of myofibroblasts after day 3 of treatment, with loss of proliferative ability and a reduction in α-SMA synthesis, confirming the restorative effects of ERAs. This novel work reports on the ETAR/Gαq/ERK signaling pathway for ET-1 actions and blockade of ETR signaling with ERAs, representing a promising therapeutic strategy for prevention and restoration of ET-1-induced cardiac fibrosis.

The First Pulmonary Hypertension Registry in the United Arab Emirates (UAEPH): Clinical Characteristics, Hemodynamic Parameters with Focus on Treatment and Outcomes for Patients with Group 1-PH.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to present the first United Arab Emirates pulmonary hypertension registry of patients' clinical characteristics, hemodynamic parameters and treatment outcomes. METHOD: This is a retrospective study describing all the adult patients who underwent a right heart catheterization for evaluation of pulmonary hypertension (PH) between January 2015 and December 2021 in a tertiary referral center in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. RESULTS: A total of 164 consecutive patients were diagnosed with PH during the five years of the study. Eighty-three patients (50.6%) were World Symposium PH Group 1-PH; nineteen patients (11.6%) were Group 2-PH due to left heart disease; twenty-three patients (14.0%) were Group 3-PH due to chronic lung disease; thirty-four patients (20.7%) were Group 4-PH due to chronic thromboembolic lung disease, and five patients (3.0%) were Group 5-PH. Among Group 1-PH, twenty-five (30%) had idiopathic, twenty-seven (33%) had connective tissue disease, twenty-six (31%) had congenital heart disease, and five patients (6%) had porto-pulmonary hypertension. The median follow-up was 55.6 months. Most of the patients were started on dual then sequentially escalated to triple combination therapy. The 1-, 3- and 5-year cumulative probabilities of survival for Group 1-PH were 86% (95% CI, 75-92%), 69% (95% CI, 54-80%) and 69% (95% CI, 54-80%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first registry of Group 1-PH from a single tertiary referral center in the UAE. Our cohort was younger with a higher percentage of patients with congenital heart disease compared to cohorts from Western countries but similar to registries from other Asian countries. Mortality is comparable to other major registries. Adopting the new guideline recommendations and improving the availability and adherence to medications are likely to play a significant role in improving outcomes in the future.

Egln1Tie2Cre Mice Exhibit Similar Therapeutic Responses to Sildenafil, Ambrisentan, and Treprostinil as Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Patients, Supporting Egln1Tie2Cre Mice as a Useful PAH Model.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and inevitably fatal disease characterized by the progressive increase of pulmonary vascular resistance and obliterative pulmonary vascular remodeling, which lead to right-sided heart failure and premature death. Many of the genetically modified mouse models do not develop severe PH and occlusive vascular remodeling. Egln1Tie2Cre mice with Tie2Cre-mediated deletion of Egln1, which encodes hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), is the only mouse model with severe PAH, progressive occlusive pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right-sided heart failure leading to 50-80% mortality from the age of 3-6 months, indicating that the Egln1Tie2Cre mice model is a long-sought-after murine PAH model. However, it is unknown if Egln1Tie2Cre mice respond to FDA-approved PAH drugs in a way similar to PAH patients. Here, we tested the therapeutic effects of the three vasodilators: sildenafil (targeting nitric oxide signaling), ambrisentan (endothelin receptor antagonist), and treprostinil (prostacyclin analog) on Egln1Tie2Cre mice. All of them attenuated right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) in Egln1Tie2Cre mice consistent with their role as vasodilators. However, these drugs have no beneficial effects on pulmonary arterial function. Cardiac output was also markedly improved in Egln1Tie2Cre mice by any of the drug treatments. They only partially improved RV function and reduced RV hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling as well as improving short-term survival in a drug-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that Egln1Tie2Cre mice exhibit similar responses to these drugs as PAH patients seen in clinical trials. Thus, our study provides further evidence that the Egln1Tie2Cre mouse model of severe PAH is an ideal model of PAH and is potentially useful for enabling identification of drug targets and preclinical testing of novel PAH drug candidates.

Pediatric Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Exposure-Response Analysis of Ambrisentan in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Comparison With Adult Data.

This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of ambrisentan in pediatric patients (8 to <18 years) with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and compare pediatric ambrisentan systemic exposure with previously reported adult data. Association of ambrisentan exposure with efficacy (6-minute walking distance) and safety (adverse events) were exploratory analyses. A population PK model was developed using pediatric PK data. Steady-state systemic exposure metrics were estimated for the pediatric population and compared with previously reported data in adult patients with PAH and healthy subjects. No covariates had a significant effect on PK parameters; therefore, the final covariate model was the same as the base model. The pediatric population PK model was a 2-compartment model including the effect of body weight (allometric scaling), first-order absorption and elimination, and absorption lag time. Steady-state ambrisentan exposure was similar between the pediatric and adult population when accounting for body weight differences. Geometric mean area under the concentration-time curve at steady state in pediatric patients receiving ambrisentan low dose was 3% lower than in the adult population (and similar in both populations receiving high dose). Geometric mean maximum plasma concentration at steady state in pediatric patients receiving low and high doses was 11% and 18% higher, respectively, than in the adult population. There was no apparent association in the pediatric or adult population between ambrisentan exposure and change in 6-minute walking distance or incidence of ambrisentan-related adverse events in pediatric patients. The similar ambrisentan exposure and exposure-response profiles observed in pediatric and adult populations with PAH suggests appropriateness of body-weight-based dosing in the pediatric population with PAH.

Efficacy and safety of switching from bosentan or ambrisentan to macitentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: There is little evidence of the effectiveness of switching from the endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) bosentan and ambrisentan to a novel ERA, macitentan, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of patients with PAH switching from other ERAs to macitentan. Methods: We retrieved the relevant literature published before January 2022 for the meta-analysis from the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Efficacy included changes in the 6-min walk distance (6MWD), World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, hemodynamics, echocardiography and survival. Results: Nine studies, consisting of 408 PAH patients, that met the inclusion criteria were included. The switch from bosentan or ambrisentan to macitentan effectively increased the 6MWD by 20.71 m (95% CI: 10.35-31.07, P < 0.00001, I 2 = 0%). Six months after conversion, the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was found to improve from 19.0 ± 4.0 to 21.0 ± 5.0 mm in adults and from 16.00 ± 5.0 to 18.25 ± 4.8 mm in children. Ordinal logistic regression showed that the WHO-FC significantly improved by 0.412 (95% CI: 0.187-0.908, P = 0.028). The switch did not show significant improvement in NT-proBNP levels. In addition, the switch was well tolerated. Conclusion: The switch from bosentan or ambrisentan to macitentan significantly increased the 6MWD in PAH patients, improved the WHO-FC, and exerted safety benefits. The effects of the switch on NT-proBNP levels, hemodynamics, and echocardiography still need to be further confirmed. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42021292554].

Corrigendum: The Transition From Ambrisentan to Macitentan in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Real-Word Prospective Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.811700.].

Upfront riociguat and ambrisentan combination therapy for newly diagnosed pulmonary arterial hypertension: A prospective open-label trial.

BACKGROUND: Initial combination therapy with an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and riociguat in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has limited supporting data. METHODS: We performed a prospective, single-arm, open-label trial of riociguat, and ambrisentan for incident PAH patients in functional class III. The primary endpoint was pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at 4-months. RESULTS: Twenty patients (59 ± 13 years old, 85% female) enrolled and 1 died before their 4-month follow-up. Fifteen patients completed a 4-month and 13 completed the 12-month follow-up. At 4-months PVR decreased 54% with an absolute change of -5.8 Wood units (95% CI -4.0; -7.5, p < 0.001). Other hemodynamic variables and risk scores also improved. Six patients discontinued riociguat and 8 discontinued ambrisentan, with 5 (25%) discontinuing both. CONCLUSIONS: These results do not support the routine use of riociguat plus ambrisentan in initial regimens. Future studies are needed to compare this strategy with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and an ERA with respect to tolerability and long-term outcomes.