Comparison of different models for the estimation of genetic parameters in tropical goats.

This study aimed to estimate the variance components and genetic parameters for body weight in tropical goats testing different models using Bayesian approach and investigate the effectiveness of fitting the effects of maternal genetic, permanent environmental, and covariance between direct and maternal effects. Records from 1980 to 2010 of 1453 Anglo-Nubian goats' herd were used. Six performance growth traits: birth weight (BW, kg), at 28 (W28, kg), 56 (W56, kg), 112 (W112, kg), 140 (W140, kg), and 196 (W196; kg) days of age, were evaluated. There was a negative covariance between direct genetic effects and maternal additive for all weights. The effect of maternal permanent environment is an important source of variation for performance characteristics in goats until the 196 days, and must be considered in genetic evaluation models in order to obtain accurate predictions of breeding values of individuals. The importance of inclusion of the additive maternal effect appears to be more dependent on the structure of the data set under evaluation. Given the structure of the data, the described management and criteria for choosing the best model (deviance information criterion and the Bayes factor) should make the estimation of parameters for weights at birth and at 28 and 56 days using model IV, since that will provide more consistent results than the type I (less complex), without the need of accurate representations of knowledge prior to data collection. Over time, the breeding program will have more data and thereby increase the possibility of building a prior distribution confident that would enable the inference of parameters for more complex models. However, these are preferable components for the estimation of the characteristics and weights to 112 at 140 and at 196 days, using model I (less complex).

Goatkids fed diets containing castor cake detoxified: II. Nitrogen balance, hepatic and renalfunction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of completely replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor cake detoxified (DCC) with two alkaline products on the nitrogen balance and hepatic and renal function in goat kids. Goatkids of two breeds, Saanen and Anglo Nubian, with an initial body weight of 16.2 ± 0.67 kg, and confined during the growth phase, were used. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on SM and the other two based on castor cake detoxified with Ca(OH)2or NaOH. Twenty-four goats kids were distributed in a completelyrandomized design using a 3 x 2 factorial scheme (diet x breed) with four replicates per combination. The experimental period lasted for 270 days. Consumed nitrogen, fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, retained nitrogen, and nitrogen balance were influenced(p < 0.05) by diets. There was significant effect of diets (p < 0.05) on creatinine, direct bilirubin, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase blood levels, however without any negative changes involving renal or hepatic dysfunction. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats kids in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats kids use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced. NaOH DCC stands in the substitution of soybean meal, because in spite of decreasing the consumption of nitrogen provides the same retention of soybean meal.(AU)

Molecular characterization and association of lactoferrin gene to subclinical mastitis in goats (Capra hircus)

The study characterized the lactoferrin (Lf) mRNA gene in different goat breeds in the Philippines and determined its association with subclinical mastitis (SCM). The study involved collection of milk at second week of lactation (n=75) and blood samples (n=5) to obtain extracted RNA and using cDNA to amplify Lf gene through polymerase chain reaction. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences were determined and used as reference in the evaluation of phylogenetic relationship. Amplified products were utilized for RFLP analysis before determining the association of the gene with SCM. Results of the study demonstrated that Lf gene in goats registered a molecular weight of 2135. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of Lf gene revealed high similarity (99%) in Saanen, Anglo-Nubian and Philippine native goats with that of Capra hircus (U53857) Lf gene submitted to GenBank. Phylogenetic studies showed that Lf gene of Anglo-Nubian, Saanen and Native goats clade together with Lf gene of C. hircus (U53857). Three genotypes in goats were documented using the restriction enzymes AluI and HaeIII. Based on the Statistical analysis, association (comp 5.65, p = 0.0308) has been established between the Lf genes of goats with genotype BB to SCM using HaeIII restriction enzyme.(AU)

Dairy goat production in the semi-arid region: productive and reproductive analysis, and the influence of the adoption of hygienic practices on milk quality / Produção de cabras leiteiras no semiárido: análise produtiva e reprodutiva, bem como influência da adoção de práticas higiênicas na qualidade do leite

The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of dairy goat genotypes, as well as the influence of hygienic practices by farmers on the quality of goat milk. Productive and reproductive data of 81 Anglo Nubian and Alpine crossbred goats, as well as data on total milk production of goats over 100 days of lactation and partial production up to 56 days of lactation. Also, in natura milk samples from 160 properties in the region were evaluated. At the time of collection, a questionnaire was applied to diagnose goat milk production systems. Data from productive and reproductive performance were evaluated by Tukey test and descriptive analysis using the SPSS program. The herd presented a variation of the total milk production in lactation (TMP) from 267.40kg to 468.55kg, with lactation length ranging from 157 to 247 days, and average daily production between 1.43 and 1.89kg/day. Fertility rates were satisfactory, with the lowest rate being 76% and the highest 92%, with an average of 85.24% considering the six seasons of birth. The means of the gestation periods varied between 144 and 152 days. Regarding the sanitary characterization, 73% of farmers performed a cleaning of the room before and after milking. However, 94.8% of farmers did not eliminate the first jets of milk and only 29.2% used the screened mug test to identify clinical mastitis. Only 41% of farmers performed pre and post-dipping and 30.2% applied the iodine solution. Only 8.3% of farmers used disposable paper towels. However, 92% of producers still used fabric towel. It was also observed that 99% of the properties stored milk in buckets or cans without refrigeration. In the microbiological analysis, a small amount of milk samples (5.6%) was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, however the total coliform count was high. Regarding the somatic cell count, it was found that 86% of the properties presented values above one million cells per mL of sample. The study demonstrated the prevalence of several factors that contribute to the vulnerability of milk contamination in various stages of production such as milking and processing. Thus, the guidance and awareness of those responsible is extremely important to improve goat milk quality in the semi-arid region of Paraíba.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de genótipos caprinos leiteiros, assim como a influência da adoção das práticas higiênicas pelos produtores sobre a qualidade do leite caprino. A primeira parte da pesquisa foi realizada na Estação Experimental Pendência-PB. Foram analisados dados produtivos e reprodutivos de 81 cabras Anglo-Nubiana e alpinas mestiças, bem como dados de produção total de leite das cabras acima de 100 dias de lactação e produção parcial até 56 dias de lactação. Também foram avaliadas amostras de leite in natura de 160 propriedades da região. No momento da coleta, foi aplicado um questionário de diagnóstico dos sistemas de produção de leite caprino. Os dados de desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo foram avaliados pelo teste de Tukey e pela análise descritiva utilizando o programa SPSS. O rebanho apresentou uma variação da produção de leite total na lactação desde 267,40kg a 468,55kg, com durações de lactação variando de 157 e 247 dias, e produção média diária entre 1,43 e 1,89kg/dia. As taxas de fertilidade foram satisfatórias, sendo a menor taxa de 76% e a maior de 92%, com uma média de 85,24% considerando as seis estações de parição. As médias dos períodos de gestação variaram entre 144 e 152 dias. Quanto à caracterização da sanidade, 73% dos produtores realizam limpeza da sala antes e após a ordenha. No entanto, 94,8% dos produtores não eliminam os primeiros jatos de leite e somente 29,2% utilizam o teste da caneca telada para identificação de mastite clínica. Apenas 41% dos produtores realizam pré-dipping e pós-dipping e 30,2% aplicam a solução de iodo. Somente 8,3% dos produtores usam toalhas descartáveis e 92% ainda utilizam toalha de tecido. Observou-se, ainda, que 99% das propriedades armazenam o leite ordenhado em baldes ou latões, sem refrigeração. Pequenas quantidades de amostras (5,6%) estavam contaminadas por Staphylococcus aureus, porém a contagem de coliformes totais teve valor elevado. Em relação à contagem de células somáticas, verificou-se que 86% das propriedades apresentaram CCS acima de um milhão de células por mL, devendo-se ajustar corretamente os manejos alimentar, produtivo e reprodutivo. As épocas de parição, lactação e o genótipo influenciaram de forma direta os índices produtivos e reprodutivos dos animais. Obsevou-se a prevalência de vários fatores que contribuem para a vulnerabilidade de contaminação do leite em diversas etapas de produção, tais como ordenha e processamento. Portanto, a orientação adequada e a conscientização dos responsáveis são de extrema importância para melhorar a qualidade do leite de cabra na região semiárida da Paraíba.(AU)

Economic-financial analysis of the use of the detoxified castor by alkaline solutions I: production of arrays of dairy goats / Análise econômico-financeira do uso da torta de mamona destoxificada por soluções alcalinas I: produção de matrizes de cabras leiteiras

We evaluated the influence of totally substituting soybean meal (SM) with detoxified castor cake (DCC) and two alkaline products on the economic and financial viability of producing Saanen and AngloNubian goat dairy breeds with initial body weights of 16.22 ± 0.67 kg that had been confined until they were capable of reproduction (70% of total body weight). The goats were subjected to six simulated production systems (PS). These were PS1 , rearing Saanen goats that were fed with a standard diet based on SM; PS2 , rearing Anglo-Nubian goats that were fed with a standard diet based on SM; PS3 , rearing Saanen goats that where fed with a standard diet based on DCC Ca(OH)2 ; PS4 , rearing Anglo-Nubian goats that were fed with a standard diet based on DCC Ca(OH)2 ; PS5 , rearing Saanen goats fed with a standard diet based on DCC NaOH; and PS6 , rearing Anglo-Nubian goats that were fed with a standard diet based on DCC NaOH. A descriptive economic and financial evaluation of the data was carried out using AVETEC® software. The SM based diets cost approximately 58.70% and 66.22% more for the Saanen and the Anglo-Nubian goats than the other diets, respectively. The results showed that all the scenarios had a point of leveling (PL) values of less than 144 goats, which is the number of animals that can be produced annually by each system simulated in this research. The net revenue for all the systems was greater than zero, which indicated that their activities were stable and that the internal rates of return were high. The profitability indices were also very good, especially the systems that used Saanen goats, because the NPV were higher than 1 million reais. Sensitivity analyzes showed that the indicators of performance were only economically unviable under the least favorable situations, such as 30% reductions in both production and market price. The use of the DCC does not compromise the economic viability of the systems and produces higher returns than the systems that used the standard (SM) diet.(AU)

Avaliou-se a influência da total substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre a viabilidade econômico-financeira na produção de matrizes leiteiras das raças Saanen e Anglo Nubiana, com peso corporal inicial de 16,22 ± 0,67 kg confinadas até a formação de matrizes aptas a reprodução (70% do peso vivo corporal). Foram simulados seis sistemas de produção (SP), sendo: SP1 , criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta padrão à base de FS; SP2 , criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta padrão à base de FS; SP3 , criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD Ca(OH)2 ; SP4 , criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD Ca(OH)2 ; SP5 , criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD NaOH; SP6 , criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD NaOH. A avaliação econômico-financeira dos dados foi realizada de forma descritiva, utilizando-se o software AVETEC®. Os maiores custos com alimentação foram observados nos sistemas que utilizaram as dietas a base de FS, cerca de 58,70% para as cabras Saanen e 66,22% para as Anglo Nubianas. A simulação para produção de 144 matrizes leiteiras proporcionou receita superior aos custos de produção, resultando em indicadores econômicos positivos para todos os cenários avaliados. Observou-se que todos os cenários tiveram ponto de nivelamento (PN) inferior a 144 cabras que é a quantidade de animais que podem ser produzidas anualmente para cada sistema simulado nesta pesquisa. A receita líquida de todos os sistemas foi maior que zero, o que indica que a atividade é estável, apresentando altas taxas internas de retorno. Da mesma forma, os índices de lucratividade são bem atrativos, principalmente os sistemas que optarem pela cria de cabras da raça Saanen, onde os VPLs são superiores há um milhão de reais. As análises de sensibilidade mostraram que apenas nas situações mais desfavoráveis, tais como a redução de 30% tanto na produção quanto no preço de mercado, os indicadores são economicamente inviáveis. O uso das TMD não compromete a viabilidade econômica dos sistemas, porém quando comparados aos sistemas que utiliza a dieta padrão, apresentam menor rentabilidade.(AU)

Growth and performance curve of dairy goats fed with detoxified castor bean cake by different alkaline solutions / Curva de crescimento e desempenho de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com torta de mamona destoxificada por diferentes soluções alcalinas

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the substitution of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC) by two alkaline products on intake, performance and on the growth curve of goat's kids. 24 were used, Saanen goats (n=12) and Anglo Nubian (n=12), with initial body weight of 16.2±0.67 kg, initial age of 3 months and confined during the growth phase. The treatments consisted of three diets: a standard diet formulated with a traditional protein source, the soybean meal (SM); and test diets, which consisted of a protein source alternative, differing detoxification processes, on the basis of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, in factorial 3 x 2 (diet SM, Ca(OH)2 DCC and NaOH DCC x Saanen and Anglo Nubian) totaling six sessions with four replicates each. The experimental period lasted 270 days. The non-linear models used were the Gompertz and Logistic. There was no effect (P 0.05) of breeds and interaction between both factors. The intake of DM during the phase of growth was greater for the goats fed with SM. There was no effect (P>0.05) of diets nor of the breeds in the ADG. Feed conversion was influenced (P < 0.05) by the diets, in which the goats fed diets with DCC presented better feed conversion. It has been observed that both models had good adjustments, with values numerically superior to 90%, however, the logistic model showed higher R2 and, at the same time, asymptotic index (AI). Despite the ADG be equal, the breeds presented absolute growth rate (AGR) vary over time, where the Saanen goats reached the peak first (181 days), with AGR of 0.14 kg day-¹. However, even the goats Anglo Nubian reaching the highest peak late, the AGR was higher, around 0.16 kg day-¹ higher than the Saanen. Both castor cake has the potential to replace the SM on a diet of goat's kids [...].

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre o consumo, desempenho e na curva de crescimento de cabritas de aptidão leiteira. Foram utilizadas 24 cabras, Saanen (n=12) e Anglo Nubiana (n=12), com peso corporal inicial de 16,2±0,67 kg, idade inicial de 3 meses e confinadas durante a fase de crescimento. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas: dieta padrão formulada com uma fonte proteica tradicional, o farelo de soja (FS); e dietas testes, que consistiram de uma fonte proteica alternativa, diferindo os processos de destoxificação, à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Ca (OH)2) ou hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (dieta FS, TMD Ca(OH)2 e TMD NaOH x raça Saanen e Anglo Nubiana) perfazendo seis sessões com quatro repetições cada. O período experimental durou 270 dias. Os modelos não-lineares utilizados foram os de Gompertz e Logístico. Houve efeito (P 0,05) das raças e interação entre ambos os fatores. O consumo de MS durante a fase de crescimento foi maior para as cabras alimentadas com FS. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) das dietas nem das raças no GMD. A conversão alimentar foi influenciada (P < 0,05) pelas dietas, em que as cabras que consumiram as dietas com TMD apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar. Observou-se que ambos os modelos tiveram bons ajustes, com valores numericamente superiores a 90%, contudo, o modelo Logístico apresentou maior R2 e, ao mesmo tempo, índice assintótico (IA). Apesar do GMD ser igual, as raças apresentaram taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) diferenciado ao longo do tempo, onde as cabras Saanen atingiram o pico primeiro (181 dias), com TCA de 0,14 kg dia-1. Porém, mesmo as cabras Anglo Nubianas atingindo o pico mais tardiamente, a TCA foi maior, [...].

Economic-financial analysis of the use of the detoxified castor by alkaline solutions I: production of arrays of dairy goats / Análise econômico-financeira do uso da torta de mamona destoxificada por soluções alcalinas I: produção de matrizes de cabras leiteiras

We evaluated the influence of totally substituting soybean meal (SM) with detoxified castor cake (DCC) and two alkaline products on the economic and financial viability of producing Saanen and AngloNubian goat dairy breeds with initial body weights of 16.22 ± 0.67 kg that had been confined until they were capable of reproduction (70% of total body weight). The goats were subjected to six simulated production systems (PS). These were PS1 , rearing Saanen goats that were fed with a standard diet based on SM; PS2 , rearing Anglo-Nubian goats that were fed with a standard diet based on SM; PS3 , rearing Saanen goats that where fed with a standard diet based on DCC Ca(OH)2 ; PS4 , rearing Anglo-Nubian goats that were fed with a standard diet based on DCC Ca(OH)2 ; PS5 , rearing Saanen goats fed with a standard diet based on DCC NaOH; and PS6 , rearing Anglo-Nubian goats that were fed with a standard diet based on DCC NaOH. A descriptive economic and financial evaluation of the data was carried out using AVETEC® software. The SM based diets cost approximately 58.70% and 66.22% more for the Saanen and the Anglo-Nubian goats than the other diets, respectively. The results showed that all the scenarios had a point of leveling (PL) values of less than 144 goats, which is the number of animals that can be produced annually by each system simulated in this research. The net revenue for all the systems was greater than zero, which indicated that their activities were stable and that the internal rates of return were high. The profitability indices were also very good, especially the systems that used Saanen goats, because the NPV were higher than 1 million reais. Sensitivity analyzes showed that the indicators of performance were only economically unviable under the least favorable situations, such as 30% reductions in both production and market price. The use of the DCC does not compromise the economic viability of the systems and produces higher returns than the systems that used the standard (SM) diet.

Avaliou-se a influência da total substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre a viabilidade econômico-financeira na produção de matrizes leiteiras das raças Saanen e Anglo Nubiana, com peso corporal inicial de 16,22 ± 0,67 kg confinadas até a formação de matrizes aptas a reprodução (70% do peso vivo corporal). Foram simulados seis sistemas de produção (SP), sendo: SP1 , criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta padrão à base de FS; SP2 , criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta padrão à base de FS; SP3 , criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD Ca(OH)2 ; SP4 , criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD Ca(OH)2 ; SP5 , criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD NaOH; SP6 , criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD NaOH. A avaliação econômico-financeira dos dados foi realizada de forma descritiva, utilizando-se o software AVETEC®. Os maiores custos com alimentação foram observados nos sistemas que utilizaram as dietas a base de FS, cerca de 58,70% para as cabras Saanen e 66,22% para as Anglo Nubianas. A simulação para produção de 144 matrizes leiteiras proporcionou receita superior aos custos de produção, resultando em indicadores econômicos positivos para todos os cenários avaliados. Observou-se que todos os cenários tiveram ponto de nivelamento (PN) inferior a 144 cabras que é a quantidade de animais que podem ser produzidas anualmente para cada sistema simulado nesta pesquisa. A receita líquida de todos os sistemas foi maior que zero, o que indica que a atividade é estável, apresentando altas taxas internas de retorno. Da mesma forma, os índices de lucratividade são bem atrativos, principalmente os sistemas que optarem pela cria de cabras da raça Saanen, onde os VPLs são superiores há um milhão de reais. As análises de sensibilidade mostraram que apenas nas situações mais desfavoráveis, tais como a redução de 30% tanto na produção quanto no preço de mercado, os indicadores são economicamente inviáveis. O uso das TMD não compromete a viabilidade econômica dos sistemas, porém quando comparados aos sistemas que utiliza a dieta padrão, apresentam menor rentabilidade.

Growth and performance curve of dairy goats fed with detoxified castor bean cake by different alkaline solutions / Curva de crescimento e desempenho de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com torta de mamona destoxificada por diferentes soluções alcalinas

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the substitution of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC) by two alkaline products on intake, performance and on the growth curve of goat's kids. 24 were used, Saanen goats (n=12) and Anglo Nubian (n=12), with initial body weight of 16.2±0.67 kg, initial age of 3 months and confined during the growth phase. The treatments consisted of three diets: a standard diet formulated with a traditional protein source, the soybean meal (SM); and test diets, which consisted of a protein source alternative, differing detoxification processes, on the basis of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, in factorial 3 x 2 (diet SM, Ca(OH)2 DCC and NaOH DCC x Saanen and Anglo Nubian) totaling six sessions with four replicates each. The experimental period lasted 270 days. The non-linear models used were the Gompertz and Logistic. There was no effect (P < 0.05) of diets on the intake of nutrients, but there was no effect (P > 0.05) of breeds and interaction between both factors. The intake of DM during the phase of growth was greater for the goats fed with SM. There was no effect (P>0.05) of diets nor of the breeds in the ADG. Feed conversion was influenced (P < 0.05) by the diets, in which the goats fed diets with DCC presented better feed conversion. It has been observed that both models had good adjustments, with values numerically superior to 90%, however, the logistic model showed higher R2 and, at the same time, asymptotic index (AI). Despite the ADG be equal, the breeds presented absolute growth rate (AGR) vary over time, where the Saanen goats reached the peak first (181 days), with AGR of 0.14 kg day-¹. However, even the goats Anglo Nubian reaching the highest peak late, the AGR was higher, around 0.16 kg day-¹ higher than the Saanen. Both castor cake has the potential to replace the SM on a diet of goat's kids [...].(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre o consumo, desempenho e na curva de crescimento de cabritas de aptidão leiteira. Foram utilizadas 24 cabras, Saanen (n=12) e Anglo Nubiana (n=12), com peso corporal inicial de 16,2±0,67 kg, idade inicial de 3 meses e confinadas durante a fase de crescimento. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas: dieta padrão formulada com uma fonte proteica tradicional, o farelo de soja (FS); e dietas testes, que consistiram de uma fonte proteica alternativa, diferindo os processos de destoxificação, à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Ca (OH)2) ou hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (dieta FS, TMD Ca(OH)2 e TMD NaOH x raça Saanen e Anglo Nubiana) perfazendo seis sessões com quatro repetições cada. O período experimental durou 270 dias. Os modelos não-lineares utilizados foram os de Gompertz e Logístico. Houve efeito (P < 0,05) das dietas sobre o consumo dos nutrientes, porém não houve efeito (P > 0,05) das raças e interação entre ambos os fatores. O consumo de MS durante a fase de crescimento foi maior para as cabras alimentadas com FS. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) das dietas nem das raças no GMD. A conversão alimentar foi influenciada (P < 0,05) pelas dietas, em que as cabras que consumiram as dietas com TMD apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar. Observou-se que ambos os modelos tiveram bons ajustes, com valores numericamente superiores a 90%, contudo, o modelo Logístico apresentou maior R2 e, ao mesmo tempo, índice assintótico (IA). Apesar do GMD ser igual, as raças apresentaram taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) diferenciado ao longo do tempo, onde as cabras Saanen atingiram o pico primeiro (181 dias), com TCA de 0,14 kg dia-1. Porém, mesmo as cabras Anglo Nubianas atingindo o pico mais tardiamente, a TCA foi maior, [...].(AU)

Detoxified castor in the diets of dairy goats: II. Lactation curves, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk

We aimed to evaluate the lactation curves, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and 43±2.97 kg body weight, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The lactation curves showed greater persistence of lactation in Saanen goats. There were significant effects of diets on the profile of some fatty acids present in the milk. We observed that the NaOH DCC diet led to an increase in desirable fatty acid content. Both Ca(OH)2 and NaOH DCC diets led to decreased milk production during the lactation period; however, the NaOH DCC diet led to high productive efficiency. Furthermore, NaOH DCC did not negatively affect the desirable fatty acid content, unlike Ca(OH)2 DCC. Diets formulated with detoxified castor decrease the production of milk from goats during lactation phase. It should be emphasized that milk produced by goats fed DCC diets does not contain unwanted waste.(AU)

Detoxified castor in the diets of dairy goats: I. Effects on intake, digestibility, and renal and hepatic parameters

The objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and metabolic profile of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and body weights of 43±2.97 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The diets significantly influenced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). We observed a higher dry matter intake (DMI) in goats fed SM, similar to that of goats fed Ca(OH)2 DCC. Intake of nutrients followed the same trend as DMI. There was no significant effect of diets on digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and NDF; however, we observed a significant effect of diets on the levels of nitrogen intake (NI) and urinary nitrogen (UN). The goats fed SM consumed a larger quantity of nitrogen, but all had the same nitrogen balance, indicating that goats fed DCC were more efficient. The diets did not influence renal and hepatic parameters. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats fed DCC present lower feed conversion, and its use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced.(AU)

Feeding behavior and physiological parameters of rearing goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake / Comportamento alimentar e parâmetros fisiológicos de cabritas recriadas consumindo dietas contendo torta de mamona destoxificada

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor bean cake (DCC), detoxified using two alkaline products, on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goat breeds with an initial body weight of 16.22 ± 0.67 kg. The treatments consisted of three diets that were isoproteic and isoenergetic: the first with a standard formulation based on corn and SM, the second with DCC detoxified using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂ DCC), and the third with DCC detoxified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH DCC). A completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 (diets and breeds) factorial arrangement and four replicates per combination was used. A dietary effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) and NDFap (P = 0.02 and 0.01) was observed, with lower values for goats fed NaOH DCC than the other diets. The diets influenced feeding and rumination times (P = 0.04 and 0.03). An interaction (P = 0.04 and 0.01) between the breeds and the SM-based diet was found for time variables (other activity and idle time). Increased feeding and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) rumination efficiencies were observed for goats fed SM and Ca(OH)₂ DCC (P = 0.03 and 0.01). Goats fed the NaOH DCC diet consumed large amounts of water, while Saanen goats urinated more times than did Anglo-Nubian goats. The diets had an effect on the heart rate and rectal temperature (P = 0.01 and 0.02), while the body surface temperature was influenced by the breed. Thus, Ca(OH)₂ or NaOH DCC has a great potential to replace SM in the feeding of dairy goats. When used as diet for goats in the growth phase, NaOH DCC causes a reduction of DM and NDF intakes. Neither DCC negatively affected the physiological parameters of goats.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre o comportamento alimentar e parâmetros fisiológicos de cabritas das raças Saanen e Anglo-nubiana, com peso corporal inicial de 16,22 ± 0,67 kg. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas, uma com formulação padrão à base de milho e FS e as demais foram formuladas com torta de mamona destoxificada por hidróxido de cálcio (TMD Ca(OH)₂) e outra por hidróxido de sódio (TMD NaOH), as quais foram isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (dieta e raça) com quatro repetições por combinação. Houve efeito das dietas sobre o consumo de MS e FDNcp (P = 0,02 e 0,01), com menores valores para as cabras alimentadas com TMD NaOH. As dietas influenciaram os tempos de alimentação e ruminação (P = 0,04 e 0,03). Houve interação (P = 0,04 e 0,01) entre as raças e dieta à base de FS para as variáveis tempo com outras atividade e ócio. Observou-se maiores eficiências de alimentação e ruminação da FDN para as cabras que consumiram FS e TMD Ca(OH)₂ (P = 0,03 e 0,01). As cabras da dieta TMD NaOH consumiram maiores quantidades de água e as Saanen urinaram mais vezes que as Anglo-nubiana. Houve efeito das dietas sobre a frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal (P = 0,01 e 0,02), já a temperatura corporal foi influenciada pelas raças. A torta de mamona destoxificada pelo hidróxido de cálcio e/ou hidróxido de sódio tem grande potencial para substituir o farelo de soja na alimentação de cabras leiteiras. Quando usado na composição de dietas para caprinos em fase de crescimento, a torta de mamona destoxificada pelo hidróxido de sódio leva à redução do CMS, bem como da FDN. Ambas as tortas não alteram negativamente os parâmetros fisiológicos das cabras.(AU)

Feeding behavior and physiological parameters of rearing goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake / Comportamento alimentar e parâmetros fisiológicos de cabritas recriadas consumindo dietas contendo torta de mamona destoxificada

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor bean cake (DCC), detoxified using two alkaline products, on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goat breeds with an initial body weight of 16.22 ± 0.67 kg. The treatments consisted of three diets that were isoproteic and isoenergetic: the first with a standard formulation based on corn and SM, the second with DCC detoxified using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂ DCC), and the third with DCC detoxified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH DCC). A completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 (diets and breeds) factorial arrangement and four replicates per combination was used. A dietary effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) and NDFap (P = 0.02 and 0.01) was observed, with lower values for goats fed NaOH DCC than the other diets. The diets influenced feeding and rumination times (P = 0.04 and 0.03). An interaction (P = 0.04 and 0.01) between the breeds and the SM-based diet was found for time variables (other activity and idle time). Increased feeding and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) rumination efficiencies were observed for goats fed SM and Ca(OH)₂ DCC (P = 0.03 and 0.01). Goats fed the NaOH DCC diet consumed large amounts of water, while Saanen goats urinated more times than did Anglo-Nubian goats. The diets had an effect on the heart rate and rectal temperature (P = 0.01 and 0.02), while the body surface temperature was influenced by the breed. Thus, Ca(OH)₂ or NaOH DCC has a great potential to replace SM in the feeding of dairy goats. When used as diet for goats in the growth phase, NaOH DCC causes a reduction of DM and NDF intakes. Neither DCC negatively affected the physiological parameters of goats.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre o comportamento alimentar e parâmetros fisiológicos de cabritas das raças Saanen e Anglo-nubiana, com peso corporal inicial de 16,22 ± 0,67 kg. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas, uma com formulação padrão à base de milho e FS e as demais foram formuladas com torta de mamona destoxificada por hidróxido de cálcio (TMD Ca(OH)₂) e outra por hidróxido de sódio (TMD NaOH), as quais foram isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (dieta e raça) com quatro repetições por combinação. Houve efeito das dietas sobre o consumo de MS e FDNcp (P = 0,02 e 0,01), com menores valores para as cabras alimentadas com TMD NaOH. As dietas influenciaram os tempos de alimentação e ruminação (P = 0,04 e 0,03). Houve interação (P = 0,04 e 0,01) entre as raças e dieta à base de FS para as variáveis tempo com outras atividade e ócio. Observou-se maiores eficiências de alimentação e ruminação da FDN para as cabras que consumiram FS e TMD Ca(OH)₂ (P = 0,03 e 0,01). As cabras da dieta TMD NaOH consumiram maiores quantidades de água e as Saanen urinaram mais vezes que as Anglo-nubiana. Houve efeito das dietas sobre a frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal (P = 0,01 e 0,02), já a temperatura corporal foi influenciada pelas raças. A torta de mamona destoxificada pelo hidróxido de cálcio e/ou hidróxido de sódio tem grande potencial para substituir o farelo de soja na alimentação de cabras leiteiras. Quando usado na composição de dietas para caprinos em fase de crescimento, a torta de mamona destoxificada pelo hidróxido de sódio leva à redução do CMS, bem como da FDN. Ambas as tortas não alteram negativamente os parâmetros fisiológicos das cabras.

Carcass traits of goat kids from different genotypes finished in feedlot / Características de carcaça de cabritos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits in goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty goat kids were used non-castrated, with 10 Anglo Nubian x Undefined Breed (UB), 10 Boer x UB and 10 Undefined Breed, with average 19.05 kg BW at the beginning of the experiment, divided into a completely randomized design. The diet used was unique and complete, containing 15.5% crude protein and 2.58Mcal kg-1 DM. The Anglo Nubian x UB goat kids showed higher carcass dressing, fat thickness and GR site in comparison to Boer x UB. However, the Boer x UB obtained higher muscularity index compared with Anglo Nubian x UB and UB. The UB goat kids showed lower percentage of fat and higher muscle:fat relation when compared with Boer x UB. No differences between genotypes for the weight and yields, except for the weight and yields of neck. The Boer x UB goat kids showed better conformation and carcass fatness compared to Anglo Nubian x UB and UB. There was significant correlation between conformation and carcass fatness. Correlation was observed between marbling, fat thickness and pelvic-renal fat. The fat thickness and GR site showed significant correlation, indicating that these evaluations represent the back fat in the carcass of kids goat. The genotype influenced the fat thickness, carcass dressing, conformation and carcass fatness.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça em caprinos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, sendo 10 Anglo Nubiana Sem Raça Definida (SRD), 10 Boer SRD e 10 SRD, com peso médio de 19,05kg no início do experimento, distribuídos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A dieta utilizada foi única e completa, contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58 Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os Anglo Nubiana × SRD apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça, espessura de gordura subcutânea e medida GR quando comparados com os Boer SRD. Entretanto, os cabritos Boer SRD obtiveram maior índice de musculosidade em comparação com os demais genótipos avaliados. Os cabritos SRD apresentaram menor percentual de gordura e maior relação músculo:gordura, quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos para os cortes comerciais, exceto o peso e rendimento do pescoço. Os cabritos Boer × SRD apresentaram melhor conformação e acabamento de carcaça. Houve correlação significativa entre a conformação e o acabamento de carcaça e entre o marmoreio, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a medida GR. A área de olho de lombo foi correlacionada com o rendimento de carcaça quente.(AU)

Carcass traits of goat kids from different genotypes finished in feedlot / Características de carcaça de cabritos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits in goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty goat kids were used non-castrated, with 10 Anglo Nubian x Undefined Breed (UB), 10 Boer x UB and 10 Undefined Breed, with average 19.05 kg BW at the beginning of the experiment, divided into a completely randomized design. The diet used was unique and complete, containing 15.5% crude protein and 2.58Mcal kg-1 DM. The Anglo Nubian x UB goat kids showed higher carcass dressing, fat thickness and GR site in comparison to Boer x UB. However, the Boer x UB obtained higher muscularity index compared with Anglo Nubian x UB and UB. The UB goat kids showed lower percentage of fat and higher muscle:fat relation when compared with Boer x UB. No differences between genotypes for the weight and yields, except for the weight and yields of neck. The Boer x UB goat kids showed better conformation and carcass fatness compared to Anglo Nubian x UB and UB. There was significant correlation between conformation and carcass fatness. Correlation was observed between marbling, fat thickness and pelvic-renal fat. The fat thickness and GR site showed significant correlation, indicating that these evaluations represent the back fat in the carcass of kids goat. The genotype influenced the fat thickness, carcass dressing, conformation and carcass fatness.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça em caprinos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, sendo 10 Anglo Nubiana Sem Raça Definida (SRD), 10 Boer SRD e 10 SRD, com peso médio de 19,05kg no início do experimento, distribuídos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A dieta utilizada foi única e completa, contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58 Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os Anglo Nubiana × SRD apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça, espessura de gordura subcutânea e medida GR quando comparados com os Boer SRD. Entretanto, os cabritos Boer SRD obtiveram maior índice de musculosidade em comparação com os demais genótipos avaliados. Os cabritos SRD apresentaram menor percentual de gordura e maior relação músculo:gordura, quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos para os cortes comerciais, exceto o peso e rendimento do pescoço. Os cabritos Boer × SRD apresentaram melhor conformação e acabamento de carcaça. Houve correlação significativa entre a conformação e o acabamento de carcaça e entre o marmoreio, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a medida GR. A área de olho de lombo foi correlacionada com o rendimento de carcaça quente.

Características de carcaça de cabritos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits in goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty goat kids were used non-castrated, with 10 Anglo Nubian Undefined Breed (UB), 10 Boer UB and 10 Undefined Breed, with average 19.05 kg BW at the beginning of the experiment, divided into a completely randomized design. The diet used was unique and complete, containing 15.5% crude protein and 2.58Mcal kg-1 DM. The Anglo Nubian UB goat kids showed higher carcass dressing, fat thickness and GR site in comparison to Boer UB. However, the Boer UB obtained higher muscularity index compared with Anglo Nubian UB and UB. The UB goat kids showed lower percentage of fat and higher muscle:fat relation when compared with Boer UB. No differences between genotypes for the weight and yields, except for the weight and yields of neck. The Boer UB goat kids showed better conformation and carcass fatness compared to Anglo Nubian UB and UB. There was significant correlation between conformation and carcass fatness. Correlation was observed between marbling, fat thickness and pelvic-renal fat. The fat thickness and GR site showed significant correlation, indicating that these evaluations represent the back fat in the carcass of kids goat. The genotype influenced the fat thickness, carcass dressing, conformation and carcass fatness.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça em caprinos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, sendo 10 Anglo Nubiana Sem Raça Definida (SRD), 10 Boer SRD e 10 SRD, com peso médio de 19,05kg no início do experimento, distribuídos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A dieta utilizada foi única e completa, contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58 Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os Anglo Nubiana × SRD apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça, espessura de gordura subcutânea e medida GR quando comparados com os Boer SRD. Entretanto, os cabritos Boer SRD obtiveram maior índice de musculosidade em comparação com os demais genótipos avaliados. Os cabritos SRD apresentaram menor percentual de gordura e maior relação músculo:gordura, quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos para os cortes comerciais, exceto o peso e rendimento do pescoço. Os cabritos Boer × SRD apresentaram melhor conformação e acabamento de carcaça. Houve correlação significativa entre a conformação e o acabamento de carcaça e entre o marmoreio, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a medida GR. A área de olho de lombo foi correlacionada com o rendimento de carcaça quente. A espessura de gordura subcutânea e a medida GR apresentaram correlação significativa, indicando que estas avaliações representam à cobertura de gordura na carcaça de cabritos. O genótipo influencia a espessura de gordura subcutânea, os rendimentos de carcaça, a conformação e acabamento de carcaça de cabritos.

Desempenho bioeconômico de cabritos de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento / Bioeconomic performance from goat kids differents genetics groups finished in feedlot

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and gross profit margin of goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty kids non-castrated were used, being 10 ½ Anglo Nubian ½ undefined breed, 10 ½ Boer ½ undefined breed and 10 undefined breed, fed with diet containing 15.5% of crude protein and 2.58Mcal/kg dry matter. The Boer × undefined breed kids showed greater dry matter intake, live weight percentual, in relation to undefined breed kids, obtained the Anglo Nubian × undefined breed kids similar results to the others genetics groups. The water intake, the feed conversion and the corporal score no influenced by genetics groups. However, there was significant effect of the genetics groups on the total weight gain and daily weight gain that were greater for the Boer × undefined breed kids when compared with undefined breed. The Anglo Nubian × undefined breed kids and undefined breed obtained greater corporal score at the beginning of the experiment when compared with Boer × undefined breed. The use of the Boer breed in the crossbred improves the performance of undefined breed kids. The Boer × undefined breed kids showed greater gross profit margin than the Anglo × undefined breed kids finished in feedlot.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e margem bruta de lucro de cabritos de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos não castrados, sendo 10 ½ Anglo Nubiana × ½ Sem Raça Definida, 10 ½ Boer × ½ Sem Raça Definida e 10 Sem Raça Definida, alimentados com dieta contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os cabritos Boer × Sem Raça Definida (SRD) apresentaram maiores consumos de matéria seca, em percentual do peso vivo, em relação aos SRD, tendo obtido os Anglo Nubiana × SRD resultados semelhantes aos demais grupos genéticos. Os consumos de água, a conversão alimentar e o escore corporal ao final do confinamento não foram influenciados pelo grupo genético. No entanto, houve efeito significativo do grupo genético sobre o ganho de peso total e ganho de peso médio diário, que foram maiores para os cabritos Boer × SRD em comparação aos SRD. Os cabritos Anglo Nubiana × SRD e SRD obtiveram maiores escores corporais no início do experimento quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. A utilização da raça Boer no cruzamento melhora o desempenho dos cabritos SRD. Os cabritos Boer × SRD, terminados em confinamento, apresentam maior margem bruta de lucro em comparação aos Anglo Nubiana × SRD.

Desempenho bioeconômico de cabritos de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento / Bioeconomic performance from goat kids differents genetics groups finished in feedlot

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and gross profit margin of goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty kids non-castrated were used, being 10 ½ Anglo Nubian ½ undefined breed, 10 ½ Boer ½ undefined breed and 10 undefined breed, fed with diet containing 15.5% of crude protein and 2.58Mcal/kg dry matter. The Boer × undefined breed kids showed greater dry matter intake, live weight percentual, in relation to undefined breed kids, obtained the Anglo Nubian × undefined breed kids similar results to the others genetics groups. The water intake, the feed conversion and the corporal score no influenced by genetics groups. However, there was significant effect of the genetics groups on the total weight gain and daily weight gain that were greater for the Boer × undefined breed kids when compared with undefined breed. The Anglo Nubian × undefined breed kids and undefined breed obtained greater corporal score at the beginning of the experiment when compared with Boer × undefined breed. The use of the Boer breed in the crossbred improves the performance of undefined breed kids. The Boer × undefined breed kids showed greater gross profit margin than the Anglo × undefined breed kids finished in feedlot.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e margem bruta de lucro de cabritos de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos não castrados, sendo 10 ½ Anglo Nubiana × ½ Sem Raça Definida, 10 ½ Boer × ½ Sem Raça Definida e 10 Sem Raça Definida, alimentados com dieta contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os cabritos Boer × Sem Raça Definida (SRD) apresentaram maiores consumos de matéria seca, em percentual do peso vivo, em relação aos SRD, tendo obtido os Anglo Nubiana × SRD resultados semelhantes aos demais grupos genéticos. Os consumos de água, a conversão alimentar e o escore corporal ao final do confinamento não foram influenciados pelo grupo genético. No entanto, houve efeito significativo do grupo genético sobre o ganho de peso total e ganho de peso médio diário, que foram maiores para os cabritos Boer × SRD em comparação aos SRD. Os cabritos Anglo Nubiana × SRD e SRD obtiveram maiores escores corporais no início do experimento quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. A utilização da raça Boer no cruzamento melhora o desempenho dos cabritos SRD. Os cabritos Boer × SRD, terminados em confinamento, apresentam maior margem bruta de lucro em comparação aos Anglo Nubiana × SRD.(AU)

Goat milk production and quality on Tanzania-grass pastures, with supplementation - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.14339

It was evaluated the production and quality of milk produced by goats grazing Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzania (Guineagrass) and receiving four levels of concentrate supplementation. Eight Anglo Nubian goats, aged between two and four years, 43.6 kg in average body weight and between the 2nd and 4th lactation were distributed into two 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design. The supplementation levels were: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of body weight. The concentrate was composed of corn and soybean meal. The intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the daily production of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose and total solids had increased (p 0.05) with supplementation, whereas fat and total solids percentage were reduced (p 0.05). The concentrate supplementation up to 1.5% of live weight in Tanzania-grass pasture raises the intake of dry matter and nutrients, resulting in a linear increase in milk production and of its components.

Goat milk production and quality on Tanzania-grass pastures, with supplementation - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.14339

It was evaluated the production and quality of milk produced by goats grazing Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzania (Guineagrass) and receiving four levels of concentrate supplementation. Eight Anglo Nubian goats, aged between two and four years, 43.6 kg in average body weight and between the 2nd and 4th lactation were distributed into two 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design. The supplementation levels were: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of body weight. The concentrate was composed of corn and soybean meal. The intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the daily production of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose and total solids had increased (p 0.05) with supplementation, whereas fat and total solids percentage were reduced (p 0.05). The concentrate supplementation up to 1.5% of live weight in Tanzania-grass pasture raises the intake of dry matter and nutrients, resulting in a linear increase in milk production and of its components.

Goat milk production and quality on Tanzania-grass pastures, with supplementation / Produção e qualidade do leite de cabras em pasto cultivado de capim-Tanzânia suplementadas com concentrado

It was evaluated the production and quality of milk produced by goats grazing Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzania (Guineagrass) and receiving four levels of concentrate supplementation. Eight Anglo Nubian goats, aged between two and four years, 43.6 kg in average body weight and between the 2nd and 4th lactation were distributed into two 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design. The supplementation levels were: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of body weight. The concentrate was composed of corn and soybean meal. The intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the daily production of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose and total solids had increased (p < 0.05) with supplementation, whereas fat and total solids percentage were reduced (p < 0.05). The concentrate supplementation up to 1.5% of live weight in Tanzania-grass pasture raises the intake of dry matter and nutrients, resulting in a linear increase in milk production and of its components.

Avaliou-se a produção e qualidade do leite de cabras em pasto cultivado de Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzânia sob níveis de suplementação com concentrado. Foram utilizadas oito cabras da raça Anglonubiana, com idade entre dois e quatro anos, peso médiode 43,6 kg, entre a 2ª e 4ª ordem de lactação, distribuídas em duplo quadrado latino balanceado 4 x 4. Os níveis de suplementação avaliados foram: 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% do peso vivo. O concentrado, foi composto por grão de milho e farelo de soja. O consumo de matéria seca e de nutrienteseas produçõesdiárias de leite, de leite corrigido a 4% de gordura, gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais aumentaramcom a suplementação, enquanto que os teores de gordura e sólidos totais reduziram. A suplementação com concentrado em até 1,5% do peso vivo em pasto cultivado de capim-tanzânia promove aumento no consumo de matéria seca e de nutrientes da dieta, do que resulta o aumento linear na produção de leite e de seus constituintes.