The inability to mourn: Past and current challenges for psychoanalysis.

Although the capacity to mourn is ubiquitously acknowledged as critical for individual psychic functioning, the impact of this capacity on a collective social level has been examined to a very limited extent in the psychoanalytic literature to date. The two papers that take up this this topic thus bring various critical and complex issues to our attention. After reviewing and commenting on these papers, I discuss how these issues are particularly relevant today to society in general and psychoanalysis in particular. I believe that the ability to mourn is under siege in the Western world at present, with respect to both "macro" mourning that is, mourning for significant losses such as a beloved person, ideal, or country, and "micro" mourning or mourning for losses inherently and unavoidably implicated in choices we make in everyday life. These mourning processes are undermined by the impact of complex socioeconomic parameters on psychic functioning, as evidenced by various internal problems and symptomatology characteristic of our times. In turn, difficulties in mourning contribute to social problems including social injustice, wars and the climate crisis. As psychoanalysts we are called upon to address these issues in our clinical work as well as in our global community.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans: A Concept Analysis.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs when an individual experiences a traumatic event that exceeds the limits of psychological endurance. Many veterans experience PTSD. PTSD can negatively impact veterans' quality of life, functioning, life satisfaction, and overall well-being. It is important to analyze the concept of PTSD in the veteran population. This concept analysis aimed to investigate the defining attributes, a model case, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents related to the concept of PTSD among veterans. Walker and Avant's method was used to guide this concept analysis of PTSD. The results showed that three attributes were determined from the analysis: intrusive memories of traumatic events, feelings of isolation and estrangement, and negative cognitions. PTSD is conceptualized as a collection of symptoms that arise from highly traumatic experiences. The military environment predisposes veterans to traumatic events that should be identified or acknowledged. A better understanding of the concept of PTSD can facilitate the development of effective interventions for the veteran population and enhance their mental health.

A nursing perspective on the antecedents and consequences of incivility in higher education: A scoping review.

Background: Understanding antecedents and consequences of incivility across higher education is necessary to create and implement strategies that prevent and slow uncivil behaviors. Purpose: To identify the nature, extent, and range of research related to antecedents and consequences of incivility in higher education. Objectives: 1) To identify disciplines and programs sampled in higher education incivility research, and 2) to compare antecedents and consequences examined in nursing education research with other disciplines and programs in higher education. Design: A scoping review of the literature. Data sources: Eight electronic databases searched in January 2023 including MEDLINE Ovid, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, Scopus, ProQuest Education Database, Education Research Complete, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Review methods: We included primary research articles examining antecedents or consequences of incivility in higher education. Two reviewers independently screened and determined inclusion of each study. Data extraction was completed. We employed a numerical descriptive summary to analyze the range of data and content analysis to categorize the antecedents and consequences of incivility in higher education. Results: Database searches yielded 6678 unique articles. One hundred and nineteen studies published between 2003 and 2023 met the inclusion criteria, of which, 65 reported research in nursing education, and 54 in other programs and disciplines. A total of 91 antecedents and 50 consequences of incivility in higher education were reported. Stress (n = 12 nursing, n = 4 other programs), faculty incivility (n = 9 nursing, n = 5 other programs), and student incivility (n = 4 nursing, n = 5 other programs) were reported as antecedents of incivility in higher education. Physiological and psychological negative outcomes (n = 25 nursing, n = 12 other programs), stress (n = 6 nursing, n = 6 other programs), and faculty job satisfaction (n = 3 nursing, n = 2 other programs) were reported as consequences of incivility in higher education. Conclusions: Supporting development of teaching practices and role modeling of civility by faculty is a crucial element to slowing the frequency of uncivil interactions between faculty and students. Specific strategies that target stress, such as, cognitive behavioral therapy, coping skills, and social support could mitigate incivility in higher education. Future research needs to examine the strength of the negative effects of incivility on physiological and psychological outcomes through advanced statistical methods, as well as the cumulative effects of uncivil behavior on these outcomes over time for both students and faculty. Application of advanced statistical methods can also support our understanding of sources of incivility as well as the accuracy of causal connections between its antecedents and consequences.

The Intergenerational Transfer of Mental Disorders: A Population-Based Multigenerational Linkage Study: Le transfert intergénérationnel des troubles mentaux : une étude sur les liens multigénérationnels basée sur la population.

OBJECTIVES: The aetiology of mental disorders involves genetic and environmental factors, both reflected in family health history. We examined the intergenerational transmission of multiple mental disorders from parents and grandparents using population-based, objectively measured family histories. METHODS: This population-based retrospective cohort study used administrative healthcare databases in Manitoba, Canada and included adults living in Manitoba from 1977 to 2020 with linkages to at least one parent and one grandparent. Index date was when individuals turned 18 or 1 April 1977, whichever occurred later. Mental disorder diagnoses (mood and anxiety, substance use and psychotic disorders) were identified in individuals, parents and grandparents from hospitalization and outpatient records. Cox proportional hazards regression models included sociodemographic characteristics, individual's comorbidity and mental disorder history in a grandparent, mother and father. RESULTS: Of 109,359 individuals with no mental disorder prior to index date, 47.1% were female, 36.3% had a mental disorder during follow-up, and 90.9% had a parent or grandparent with a history of a mental disorder prior to the index date. Both paternal and maternal history of a mental disorder increased the risk of the disorder in individuals. Psychotic disorders had the strongest association with parental history and were mostly influenced by paternal (hazards ratio [HR] 3.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.99 to 4.64) compared to maternal history (HR 2.23, 95% CI, 1.89 to 2.64). Grandparent history was independently associated with the risk of all mental disorders but had the strongest influence on substance use disorders (HR 1.42, 95% CI, 1.34 to 1.50). CONCLUSIONS: Parental history of mental disorders was associated with an increased risk of all mental disorders. Grandparent history of mental disorders was associated with a small risk increase of the disorders above and beyond parental history influence. This three-generation study further highlights the need for family-based interventional programs in families affected by mental disorders. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY TITLE: The Intergenerational Transfer of Mental Illnesses.

ObjectivesBoth genetics and environmental factors, such as poverty, maltreatment and parental education, have a role in the development of mental illnesses. Some genetic and environmental risk factors for mental illnesses are shared within families. We conducted a large study to test the extent to which mental illnesses are passed down through generations.MethodsThis study used healthcare data from Manitoba, Canada captured during the delivery of healthcare services for administrative purposes. These data included all adults from 1977 to 2020 who had at least one parent and one grandparent with linked data. Mental illnesses were diagnosed in individuals, parents and grandparents by doctors during hospitalizations or physician visits. The illnesses included mood and anxiety, substance use, and psychotic illnesses. We estimated the likelihood of developing a mental illness when parents and/or grandparents had a mental illness as well.ResultsThe study included 109,359 individuals; a third developed a mental illness during the study period. The majority had a history of a mental illness in a parent or grandparent. We found that a history of mental illness in a mother and father increased the chance of developing the illness. Psychotic illnesses had the strongest relation with parental history. In particular, having a father with a psychotic illness increased the chance of developing the illness by four times. The likelihood of developing a mental illness was higher if a grandparent had a mental illness, above and beyond parental history influence, particularly for substance use disorders.ConclusionsHaving a parent or grandparent with a mental illness increases an individual's chance of developing a mental illness. Family-based intervention programs are needed to support families affected by mental illnesses in coping with their heavy burden.

A multifaceted approach to identifying and managing juvenile delinquency by integrating psycho-physiological indicators.

To understand and treat juvenile delinquency, the study explores the relevance of psycho-physiological indicators. It also emphasizes the necessity for thorough research to minimize the gap existing between psycho-physiological measurements and conventional psychosocial components. The study focuses on the relevance of personality features, habituation, and autonomic arousal required to monitor the proper management of delinquent conduct. Through the integration of biological, psychological, and social elements into a multidimensional approach, researchers can uncover novel insights and create cutting-edge therapies for youths who are at risk of delinquent behavior. The study proposes to develop a comprehensive framework that considers biological antecedents in addition to conventional metrics to reach the root cause of delinquency; thereby drawing special attention to current literature and research that emphasizes the psycho-physiological correlates of delinquency. By examining the complex interactions between stress, physiology, emotions, behavior, and social structures, the study highlights the intricacy of delinquent conduct and the necessity for adopting a multifaceted strategy to fully address the problematic areas. Future research paths are emphasized, with a focus on the significance of longitudinal studies, moderating and mediating variables, and creative treatment techniques. By utilizing psycho-physiological markers and psychosocial traits, researchers can tailor intervention strategies to meet individual needs effectively. Early identification of psycho-physiological deficits in children is crucial for implementing successful behavior modification techniques and promoting the well-being of future generations. This is expected to help the government agencies to save time and public money.

Environmental Antecedents of Foodborne Illness Outbreaks, United States, 2017-2019.

Foodborne outbreak investigations often provide data for public health officials to determine how the environment contributed to the outbreak and on how to prevent future outbreaks. State and local health departments are responsible for investigating foodborne illness outbreaks in their jurisdictions and reporting the data to national-level surveillance systems, including information from the environmental assessment. This assessment is designed to describe how the environment contributed to the outbreak and identifies factors that contributed to the outbreak and environmental antecedents to the outbreak. Environmental antecedents, also referred to as root causes, are specific reasons that allow biological or chemical agents to contaminate, survive, or grow in food. From 2017 to 2019, 24 jurisdictions reported 1,430 antecedents from 393 outbreaks to the National Environmental Assessment Reporting System. The most reported antecedents were lack of oversight of employees/enforcement of policies (89.1%), lack of training of employees on specific processes (74.0%), and lack of a food safety culture/attitude towards food safety (57.5%). These findings highlight the critical role that employees play in restaurant food safety and are heavily influenced by restaurant management, who can exercise active managerial control to manage these antecedents. Identifying antecedents during investigations is essential for understanding the outbreak's root cause and implementing sustainable corrective actions to stop the immediate outbreak and future outbreaks.

Strategic career behaviours among hybrid workers: testing a general European model.

Introduction: This study investigates the antecedents and consequences of strategic career management behaviours in a sample. Methods: A total of 739 employees (Male = 442, 59.8%) with a mean age of 27.64 years (SD = 8.48; Range = [18, 70]), working mostly full-time (n = 398, 53.9%) and with 46.35% of their work being done hybrid-like participated in this study. The study tested perceived self-efficacy, desire for career control and perceived organizational support as predictors of strategic career behaviours. And tested strategic career behaviours as predictors of perceived career control, objective and subjective career success, and career satisfaction. Results: Results indicate objective career success was not related to the antecedent variables of strategic career behaviours and hence was removed from the model. Regression and mediation analyses demonstrated that perceived self-efficacy and desire for career control are good predictors of the use of strategic career behaviours, but perceived organizational support is not; strategic career behaviours are reasonable predictors of perceived control, and very strong predictors of subjective career success and career satisfaction. Discussion: Strategic Career Behaviours were found to play only a partial mediating role in the present model suggesting that further analysis is required to determine whether they play a central role in the relationships between the antecedents and consequences in the present model, or whether they should be considered a contributing but merely parallel factor. These results will support career management programs, accounting for idiosyncrasies of hybrid work.

Are the 7C psychological antecedents associated with COVID-19 vaccine behaviours beyond intentions? A cross-sectional study on at-least-one-dose and up-to-date vaccination status, and uptake speed among adults in France.

BACKGROUND: Widely documented psychological antecedents of vaccination are confidence in vaccines, complacency, convenience, calculation, collective responsibility (5C model) with the recent addition of confidence in the wider system and social conformism. While the capacity of these seven antecedents (7C) to explain variance in COVID-19 vaccine intentions has been previously documented, we study whether these factors also are associated with vaccine behaviours, beyond intentions. METHODS: From February to June 2022, we recruited a sample of adults in France, including persons with notified recent SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with relatives and randomly selected non-infected persons. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires assessing COVID-19 vaccination history and the 7C antecedents. We defined vaccination behaviours as three outcomes: at-least-one-dose vaccine status by 2022 (N = 49,019), up-to-date vaccination status (N = 46,566), and uptake speed of first dose (N = 25,998). We conducted multivariable logistic regressions and Cox models. RESULTS: Among the 49,019 participants, 95.0% reported receipt of at least one dose and 89.8% were up to date with recommendations. All 7C antecedents were significantly associated with the outcomes, although effects were weaker for up-to-date vaccination status and uptake speed. The strongest effects (most vs. least vaccine-favourable attitude level, at-least-one-dose vaccination status) were observed for collective responsibility (OR: 14.44; 95%CI: 10.72-19.45), calculation (OR: 10.29; 95%CI: 7.53-14.05), and confidence in the wider system (OR: 8.94; 95%CI: 6.51-12.27). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the 7C not only explain vaccine intention, but also vaccine behaviours, and underpins the importance of developing vaccine promotion strategies considering the 7C antecedents.

Antecedents of major depressive, bipolar, and psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Major depressive, bipolar, or psychotic disorders are preceded by earlier manifestations in behaviours and experiences. We present a synthesis of evidence on associations between person-level antecedents (behaviour, performance, psychopathology) in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood and later onsets of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or psychotic disorder based on prospective studies published up to September 16, 2022. We screened 11,342 records, identified 460 eligible publications, and extracted 570 risk ratios quantifying the relationships between 52 antecedents and onsets in 198 unique samples with prospective follow-up of 122,766 individuals from a mean age of 12.4 to a mean age of 24.8 for 1522,426 person years of follow-up. We completed meta-analyses of 12 antecedents with adequate data. Psychotic symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety, disruptive behaviors, affective lability, and sleep problems were transdiagnostic antecedents associated with onsets of depressive, bipolar, and psychotic disorders. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity and hypomanic symptoms specifically predicted bipolar disorder. While transdiagnostic and diagnosis-specific antecedents inform targeted prevention and help understand pathogenic mechanisms, extensive gaps in evidence indicate potential for improving early risk identification.

Profiles of Loneliness and Ostracism During Adolescence: Consequences, Antecedents, and Protective Factors.

This longitudinal study (N = 1078, 46% boys; 54% girls) examined profiles of loneliness and ostracism during adolescence and their consequences and antecedents. Longitudinal latent profiles analyses identified four distinct profiles: (1) High emotional loneliness (25%), High and increasing social loneliness (15%), High peer exclusion and high social impact (9%) and No peer problems (51%). Subsequent internalizing problems were typical for the High and increasing social loneliness profile and externalizing problems for the High emotional loneliness and High peer exclusion and high social impact profiles. Furthermore, effortful control, prosocial skills, and relationship quality with parents and teachers were highest in the No peer problems profile, whereas the High and increasing social loneliness profile had the lowest self-esteem and was characterized by low surgency/extraversion, high affiliativeness, and high negative affectivity.

Unveiling Chinese senior high school EFL students' burnout and engagement: Profiles and antecedents.

Burnout impairs English as a foreign language (EFL) learning, while engagement enhances it. However, most relevant studies have focused on college students, neglecting senior high school students. To address this gap, this mixed-methods study used two scales to assess the levels of burnout and engagement among 1234 Chinese senior high school EFL students. We also applied a person-centered approach with a statistical software (Mplus 8.7) to identify their latent profiles. Then, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 students and analyzed the data using thematic analysis with a qualitative software (MAXQDA 2022) to investigate the antecedents of their burnout and engagement. The statistical analysis revealed three profiles: high burnout-low engagement (16.0 %), moderate burnout-moderate engagement (61.8 %), and low burnout-high engagement (22.2 %). The profiles were associated with demographic characteristics such as gender, age, and grade. The thematic analysis identified four major antecedents: high academic stress and low academic support for burnout, and high external support and high internal support for engagement. Each major antecedent consisted of several categories and subcategories. This study could inform the design of effective interventions to reduce Chinese EFL students' burnout and increase their engagement.

Debate: The prevention of psychosis in child and adolescent mental health services.

Psychopathological conditions in adolescence and young adulthood often result from an altered neurodevelopment already phenotypically expressed in childhood. Child and adolescent mental health services are ideally placed to intercept in the developmental trajectories of younger adolescents and contribute to the early detection of a risk for psychosis, as proposed by Salazar de Pablo and Arango (2023, Child and Adolescent Mental Health), opening a debate to which we contribute. The early detection of a specific risk for psychosis and of a broader risk for severe mental illness requires an understanding of the clinical staging of psychosis, neurodevelopmental antecedents of severe mental illness and of heterotypic trajectories between childhood phenotypes and adult disorders.

Factors associated with suicide attempts in the antecedent illness trajectory of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Factors associated with suicide attempts during the antecedent illness trajectory of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are poorly understood. METHODS: Utilizing the Rochester Epidemiology Project, individuals born after 1985 in Olmsted County, MN, presented with first episode mania (FEM) or psychosis (FEP), subsequently diagnosed with BD or SZ were identified. Patient demographics, suicidal ideation with plan, self-harm, suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations, substance use, and childhood adversities were quantified using the electronic health record. Analyses pooled BD and SZ groups with a transdiagnostic approach given the two diseases were not yet differentiated. Factors associated with suicide attempts were examined using bivariate methods and multivariable logistic regression modeling. RESULTS: A total of 205 individuals with FEM or FEP (BD = 74, SZ = 131) were included. Suicide attempts were identified in 39 (19%) patients. Those with suicide attempts during antecedent illness trajectory were more likely to be female, victims of domestic violence or bullying behavior, and have higher rates of psychiatric hospitalizations, suicidal ideation with plan and/or self-harm, as well as alcohol, drug, and nicotine use before FEM/FEP onset. Based on multivariable logistic regression, three factors remained independently associated with suicidal attempts: psychiatric hospitalization (OR = 5.84, 95% CI 2.09-16.33, p < 0.001), self-harm (OR = 3.46, 95% CI 1.29-9.30, p = 0.014), and nicotine use (OR = 3.02, 95% CI 1.17-7.76, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Suicidal attempts were prevalent during the antecedents of BD and SZ and were associated with several risk factors before FEM/FEP. Their clinical recognition could contribute to improve early prediction and prevention of suicide during the antecedent illness trajectory of BD and SZ.

Psychological Determinants of Vaccination Readiness against COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza of the Chronically Ill in Primary Care in Germany-A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Vaccines against COVID-19 and influenza are highly recommended for the chronically ill. They often suffer from co-morbid mental health issues. This cross-sectional observational study analyzes the associations between depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (OASIS) with vaccination readiness (5C) against COVID-19 and influenza in chronically ill adults in primary care in Germany. Sociodemographic data, social activity (LSNS), patient activation measure (PAM), and the doctor/patient relationship (PRA) are examined as well. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed-effects regression models are calculated. We compare data from n = 795 study participants. The symptoms of depression are negatively associated with confidence in COVID-19 vaccines (p = 0.010) and positively associated with constraints to get vaccinated against COVID-19 (p = 0.041). There are no significant associations between symptoms of depression and vaccination readiness against influenza. Self-reported symptoms of a generalized anxiety disorder seem not to be associated with vaccination readiness. To address confidence in COVID-19 vaccines among the chronically ill, targeted educational interventions should be elaborated to consider mental health issues like depression. As general practitioners play a key role in the development of a good doctor/patient relationship, they should be trained in patient-centered communication. Furthermore, a standardized implementation of digital vaccination management systems might improve immunization rates in primary care.

Antecedents predicting digital contact tracing acceptance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

An awareness of antecedents of acceptance of digital contact tracing (DCT) can enable healthcare authorities to design appropriate strategies for fighting COVID-19 or other infectious diseases that may emerge in the future. However, mixed results about these antecedents are frequently reported. Most prior DCT acceptance review studies lack statistical synthesis of their results. This study aims to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of antecedents of DCT acceptance and investigate potential moderators of these antecedents. By searching multiple databases and filtering studies by using both inclusion and exclusion criteria, 76 and 25 studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Random-effects models were chosen to estimate meta-analysis results since Q, I 2, and H index signified some degree of heterogeneity. Fail-safe N was used to assess publication bias. Most DCT acceptance studies have focused on DCT related factors. Included antecedents are all significant predictors of DCT acceptance except for privacy concerns and fear of COVID-19. Subgroup analysis showed that individualism/collectivism moderate the relationships between norms/privacy concerns and intention to use DCT. Based on the results, the mean effect size of antecedents of DCT acceptance and the potential moderators may be more clearly identified. Appropriate strategies for boosting the DCT acceptance rate can be proposed accordingly.

Academic boredom(s): a person-centered investigation.

Should we refer to boredom or boredoms? Research on the emotion of boredom sets itself apart from studies on other emotions by posing the question: is boredom a singular concept or does it have multiple facets? In this manuscript presenting empirical research on academic boredom, our aim is to demonstrate the justification for claiming a distinct position. Person-centered models examining university students' achievement emotions reveal the existence of multiple types of boredom, in contrast to other learning emotions that are typically represented as singular constructs. Using data generated by dispositional learning analytics applications, we further investigate the progression of learning boredom over time, exploring the impact of the pandemic and analyzing how various student learning aptitudes, such as mindsets, epistemological beliefs, epistemic emotions, learning motivation, engagement, as well as demographic factors like gender and culture, can be considered as potential antecedents or triggers of boredom. Consistent with the control-value theory of achievement emotions, we conclude that control and value constructs serve as proximal antecedents of boredom, alongside epistemic boredom as a distal antecedent. However, the relationships between boredom and its antecedents exhibit notable variations across different types of boredom.

Insights into abusive workplace behavior.

Objectives: This paper explores definitions, incidences, and outcomes of workplace abuse - a widespread, worldwide social phenomenon impinging on the well-being of workers in a developing labor market - and possible directions for delineating and standardizing classifications of the phenomenon that facilitate workers' protection. Furthermore, we employ Tepper's Abusive Supervision Survey Questionnaire [ASSQ] to identify managerial abuse in organizations regarding the type of organization (public/private), gender of the perpetrator, gender of the target, and the managerial role, of each of the abuse items. Finally, we suggest directions for further research and practical measures designed to facilitate the diminution of behavioral abuse in the workplace in the foreseeable future. Hypotheses: No hypotheses are submitted in this exploratory paper. Methods: Employees of two large organizations (the Katzrin Local Council and Tigbur Ltd.) and another small national organization in Israel were approached, requesting their assistance in this investigation. We introduced the questionnaire, noting its anonymity and the academic context, and that subject participation was voluntary. The questionnaire consisted of fifteen statements on a five-point response scale ranging from 1 = "I cannot remember him/her ever using this behavior with me" to 5 = "He/she uses this behavior very often with me" (alpha = 0.97, M = 1.81, SD = 1.03). One hundred five respondents comprised the final sample: men (39%) and women (61%) aged 23-66. 66.7% of the respondents were employed in a public organization, 28.5% in a private organization, and 4.8% in a national organization. Years of education: less than 12 (14.3%); 12 full years (17.1%); tertiary education (10.5%); bachelor's degree (40%); and master's degree and above (18.1%). While 28.6% held managerial positions, 71.4% did not. Job tenure ranged between 0.5 and 42 years. The participants in national and private organizations were combined to avoid the problem of unbalanced groups. Notably, the gender balance of the managers was men (50.5%) and women (49.5%). To ensure statistical validity, we conducted a factor analysis and performed Pearson correlations to examine the relationships between the general latent variable and the abuse items and their intercorrelations. Additionally, we conducted t-tests for independent samples (with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons: see, for example) to compare (1) the respondent's gender; (2) manager's gender; and (3) the managerial role with each of the abuse items, and (4) the type of organization (private/public); including the general abuse variable. Results: High, positive, and significant correlations were recorded between each questionnaire item and the total score of abusive behavior. The results ranged from r = 0.92 for the statement, "Puts me down in front of others" (r = 0.92) to r = 0.69 for the statement, "Does not allow me to interact with my co-workers" (r = 0.69). Reported abuse in the respondents' organizations was relatively low (1.81), while among women managers marginally less than their male equivalents (in absolute value, the mean difference in the mean scores fell between 0.28 and 1.25). Abusive behavior in private organizations was more prevalent than in public concerns. Not surprisingly, workers reported more incidents of abuse than managers: in absolute value, the mean difference between employees and managers fell between 0 and 0.67 in the mean scores. Women reported fewer abusive behavior incidents than men; however, the differences found were insignificant. Conclusion: The reports of abusive behaviors were meager. Explanations include: (1) Any instance of alleged workplace abuse can be interpreted variously by different individuals, a function of subjective perceptions and interpretations of objective data informed by several internal and external factors impinging on workers' wellness at work. (2) The extant "trust gap," which is part of the pervading culture, mitigates against honest reporting of workplace abuse for fear of reprisals. (3) A single report of behavioral abuse at work may be attributable to the same perpetrator repeating the aggression several times. The lower incidence of reported abuse among female managers could be understood in line with studies that indicate that men display aggression more frequently than women playing out their expected respective stereotypical roles in society. Furthermore, following women reflect more stable personality dispositions and are less likely than men to aggress against others without provocation. In line with these observations, women's management style projects "an ethics of care," focusing on interpersonal relations and a greater tendency than male managers toward cooperation, creativity, innovation, and shared decision-making. Because the differences found in all the variables in our investigation investigated were not significant, we cannot conclude that the results indicate a trend. Finally, we assume that appropriate sanctions against perpetrators at the workplace and regulation in public organizations would reduce the incidence of workplace abuse. In a more optimistic vein, we recommend that management and HR personnel initiate positive measures to raise awareness of behavioral abuse and eliminate it from their organizations. They should initiate training workshops, events, and support groups akin to those extant in organizations focused on eliminating racial prejudice and advocating sustainability and wellness in the workplace. Ultimately, the goal is to protect workers' dignity, the integrity of the organizations, and the welfare of society.

Critical interventions for demand generation in Zambia, Nepal, and Senegal with regards to the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination.

Introduction: Childhood vaccination is an effective intervention for lowering the burden of infectious disease. Vaccine coverage has increased globally, but vaccine hesitancy and refusal threatens these gains. The 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination ("5C") provides a validated measure of "vaccine hesitancy or confidence" to assess individual thoughts and behaviors behind vaccination. We investigated population-level factors that contributed to high and sustained vaccination coverage in Zambia, Nepal, and Senegal, and alignment with the 5Cs. Methods: Data was collected in the larger Exemplars in Vaccine Delivery study, from focus group discussions (FDGs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) at the national, regional, district, health facility, and community levels of health systems in Zambia, Nepal, and Senegal. We assessed the demand environment, as relayed by participants, and identified interventions reported as successful for demand generation, then retroactively aligned the interventions with the 5C constructs. Results: Demand was positively correlated with high confidence and collective responsibility. Psychological constraints sometimes impacted demand. Physical constraints created barriers in some communities, particularly difficult to access (i.e., mountainous). Occasionally, physical constraints did not affect vaccination behavior - parents believed the benefits of vaccination worth pursuing. Factors negatively correlated with demand and intent, complacency and calculation, had limited impact. Critical interventions were: targeted and tailored health education activities (media partnerships, school outreach); community engagement; community ownership; and community involvement (community health workers, leaders, religious figures). Conclusion: We found similar interventions used to generate demand, with strategies aligned with the 5C constructs. Categorizing interventions by drivers of demand may help strategic planning and the division of resources; decision makers may choose to implement our suggested interventions. Assessing the 5Cs allows decision-makers to operationalize demand generation into concrete interventions and policies, and determine the individual impact of these constructs on the population and focus efforts on interventions tailored to a specific need.

Organizational health climate as a precondition for health-oriented leadership: expanding the link between leadership and employee well-being.

The link between leadership and employee well-being is long established. In particular, health-oriented leadership is discussed as a leadership style specifically promoting employee well-being. However, the preconditions of health-oriented leadership remain largely unexplored. From the perspective of conservation of resources theory, leaders can only provide resources when receiving some themselves. We propose that organizational health climate (OHC) is an important organization-based resource for a health-oriented leadership style. More specifically, we hypothesize that the relationship between OHC and employee job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion is mediated by health-oriented leadership. We thereby differentiate two levels of analysis: a within-team level and a between-team level. We examined 74 teams with 423 employees of childcare centers at three time points, each 6 months apart. By means of multilevel structural equation modeling, we found OHC to be a significant antecedent of health-oriented leadership at the between-team level. The relationship between OHC and employee job satisfaction was mediated by health-oriented leadership at the between-team level, but not at the within-team level. The relationship between OHC and employee exhaustion showed another pattern of relationships at the different levels of analysis, while it was not significantly mediated by health-oriented leadership. This indicates the value of differentiating between levels of analysis. We discuss the implications for theory and practice that can be drawn from our findings.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Family Firms: Status and Future Directions of a Research Field.

This systematic literature review contributes to the increasing interest regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) in family firms-a research field that has developed considerably in the last few years. It now provides the opportunity to take a holistic view on the relationship dynamics-i.e., drivers, activities, outcomes, and contextual influences-of family firms with CSR, thus enabling a more coherent organization of current research and a sounder understanding of the phenomenon. To conceptualize the research field, we analyzed 122 peer-reviewed articles published in highly ranked journals identifying the main issues examined. The results clearly show a lack of research regarding CSR outcomes in family firms. Although considered increasingly crucial in family firm research, a study investigating family outcomes (e.g., family community status, family emotional well-being), as opposed to firm outcomes, is missing. This literature review outlines the current state of research and contributes to the actual debate on CSR in family firms by discussing how family firms can use CSR activities as strategic management tools. Moreover, our analysis shows a black box indicating how CSR links different antecedents and outcomes. The black box is significant since firms generally need to know where to allocate their scarce resources to generate the best outcomes. We identify nine research questions based on these findings, which we hope will inspire future research.