Toxicity and effects on anuran tadpole metamorphosis of the anthranilic diamide insecticides chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole.

The present study examined the acute and chronic toxicity attributed to commercial formulations of the anthranilic diamide insecticides chlorantraniliprole (CHLO) and cyantraniliprole (CYAN) on the neotropical amphibian species Rhinella arenarum, Rhinella fernandezae and Scinax granulatus. The median lethal concentrations obtained after 96 hr exposure (96 hr-LC50) were generally greater than 100 mg/L, except for stage 25 S. Granulatus, which were the most sensitive animals tested with a 96 hr-LC50 value of 46.78 mg/L. In subchronic exposures of R. arenarum, the 21day-LC50 were 151.4 mg/L for CHLO and >160 mg/L for CYAN, the weight gain of the tadpoles during this period not being markedly affected in both cases. Finally, when tadpoles of R. arenarum were exposed to CHLO throughout the metamorphic process, an inverted U-shaped non-monotonic dose-response relationship was observed between exposure concentrations and both % of individuals transiting between stage 39 and 42 and the time required to accomplish this. Data obtained raise the hypothesis of an effect of CHLO on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, either directly or through an interaction with the stress-hormone system, as metamorphic progression from stage 39 to S42 occurs under the strict control of thyroid hormones. These observations are important as the anthranilic diamide insecticides are not currently known as endocrine disruptors. Further investigations are needed to clarify the pathways leading to these effects and examine whether environmentally-relevant aquatic concentrations of anthranilic diamides might be impacting amphibian populations in the wild.

Inseticidas nas sementes e a entomotoxina cry 1 ac protegem a soja contra a lagarta-do-velho-mundo / Insecticides in seeds and entomotoxin cry 1 ac protect soybeans against the old-world caterpillar

A lagarta Helicoverpa armigera ocorre desde a emergência das plantas até a fase reprodutiva da cultura da soja, podendo causar perdas expressivas. Como praga inicial, podem ser encontradas tanto lagartas neonatas como lagartas mais desenvolvidas, estas últimas provenientes da cultura anterior. O uso de cultivares Bt e de inseticidas em tratamento de sementes são alternativas para manejo da praga no início do desenvolvimento da soja, porém existem dúvidas sobre a eficácia destes métodos de controle. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito protetivo de inseticidas aplicados às sementes e da proteína Cry 1Ac, em relação ao ataque da lagarta H. armigera, como praga inicial em plantas de soja. Os resultados comprovam que, em condições de laboratório, os inseticidas ciantraniliprole (60 g i.a./100 kg de sementes) e clorantraniliprole (62,5 g i.a./100 kg de sementes) protegem a soja em relação às injúrias das lagartas de H. armigera de 3º-4º instares, em cotilédones e folhas unifolioladas e trifolioladas, aos 5 dias após a emergência das plantas. A proteína Cry 1Ac protege as plantas de soja desse tipo de injúria causado tanto por lagartas de 3º-4º e como 5º-6º instares, aos 5 e 10 dias após a emergência.(AU)

The Helicoverpa armigera caterpillar occurs from the emergence of the plants to the reproductive stage of the soybean crop, which can cause significant losses. As an initial pest, both neonate and more developed caterpillars can be found, the latter from the previous crop.The use of Bt cultivars and insecticides in seed treatment are options to pest management at the beginning of soybean development, but there are doubts about the efficacy of these control methods. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the protective effect of insecticides applied to seeds and Cry 1Ac protein, in relation to the attack of the H. armigera caterpillar, as an initial pest in soybean plants. Our results confirm that under laboratory conditions the insecticides cyantraniliprole (60 g ai / 100 kg of seeds) and chlorantraniliprole (62.5 g ai / 100 kg of seeds) protect the soybean against the injuries of H. armigera 3º-4º instars, in cotyledons and unifoliolate and trifoliolate leaves, at 5 days after the emergence of the plants. The protein Cry 1Ac protects the soybean plants from this type of injury caused by both 3rd-4th and 5th-6th instars caterpillars, at 5 and 10 days after emergence.(AU)

Inseticidas nas sementes e a entomotoxina cry 1 ac protegem a soja contra a lagarta-do-velho-mundo / Insecticides in seeds and entomotoxin cry 1 ac protect soybeans against the old-world caterpillar

A lagarta Helicoverpa armigera ocorre desde a emergência das plantas até a fase reprodutiva da cultura da soja, podendo causar perdas expressivas. Como praga inicial, podem ser encontradas tanto lagartas neonatas como lagartas mais desenvolvidas, estas últimas provenientes da cultura anterior. O uso de cultivares Bt e de inseticidas em tratamento de sementes são alternativas para manejo da praga no início do desenvolvimento da soja, porém existem dúvidas sobre a eficácia destes métodos de controle. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito protetivo de inseticidas aplicados às sementes e da proteína Cry 1Ac, em relação ao ataque da lagarta H. armigera, como praga inicial em plantas de soja. Os resultados comprovam que, em condições de laboratório, os inseticidas ciantraniliprole (60 g i.a./100 kg de sementes) e clorantraniliprole (62,5 g i.a./100 kg de sementes) protegem a soja em relação às injúrias das lagartas de H. armigera de 3º-4º instares, em cotilédones e folhas unifolioladas e trifolioladas, aos 5 dias após a emergência das plantas. A proteína Cry 1Ac protege as plantas de soja desse tipo de injúria causado tanto por lagartas de 3º-4º e como 5º-6º instares, aos 5 e 10 dias após a emergência.

The Helicoverpa armigera caterpillar occurs from the emergence of the plants to the reproductive stage of the soybean crop, which can cause significant losses. As an initial pest, both neonate and more developed caterpillars can be found, the latter from the previous crop.The use of Bt cultivars and insecticides in seed treatment are options to pest management at the beginning of soybean development, but there are doubts about the efficacy of these control methods. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the protective effect of insecticides applied to seeds and Cry 1Ac protein, in relation to the attack of the H. armigera caterpillar, as an initial pest in soybean plants. Our results confirm that under laboratory conditions the insecticides cyantraniliprole (60 g ai / 100 kg of seeds) and chlorantraniliprole (62.5 g ai / 100 kg of seeds) protect the soybean against the injuries of H. armigera 3º-4º instars, in cotyledons and unifoliolate and trifoliolate leaves, at 5 days after the emergence of the plants. The protein Cry 1Ac protects the soybean plants from this type of injury caused by both 3rd-4th and 5th-6th instars caterpillars, at 5 and 10 days after emergence.

Area-Wide Survey of Chlorantraniliprole Resistance and Control Failure Likelihood of the Neotropical Coffee Leaf Miner Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae).

The Neotropical coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842), is a key pest species of unshaded coffee plantations in Neotropical America, particularly in Brazil, where pest management involves intensive insecticide use. As a consequence, problems of resistance to conventional insecticides are frequent, and more recently developed insecticide molecules, such as diamide insecticides, are at risk of becoming ineffective. Thus, a survey of resistance to the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole was carried out in high-yield coffee-producing areas in the State of Bahia, Brazil. The likelihood of control failure with this insecticide was also assessed. Spatial dependence among the insect sampling sites was assessed and spatial mapping of chlorantraniliprole resistance and risk of control failure was carried out. The frequency of chlorantraniliprole resistant populations was high (34 out of 40 populations, or 85%), particularly in western Bahia, where 94% of the populations were resistant. Resistance levels ranged from low (<10-fold) to moderate (between 10- and 40-fold) with more serious instances occurring in western Bahia. This results in lower chlorantraniliprole efficacy among these populations, with a higher risk of control failure and exhibiting spatial dependence. These findings invite attention to problems with the intensive use of this relatively recent insecticide and demand management attention, but they suggest that local, farm-based management efforts are likely to be the most effective actions against resistance problems in this pest species.

Exposure to cyantraniliprole causes mortality and disturbs behavioral and respiratory responses in the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei).

BACKGROUND: Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the main pest of coffee due to the damage caused to coffee berries. Effective management methods and prevention of insecticide resistance are urgently needed against this insect. Bioassays were conducted to assess the effects of the diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole on H. hampei. Cyantraniliprole is the most recent compound registered against this species after the phasing out of endosulfan, the main insecticide historically used against the coffee borer for the past 30 years. Toxicity, survival, progeny production, respiration rate, and behavioral responses to cyantraniliprole were evaluated. RESULTS: Cyantraniliprole was toxic to adult H. hampei (LC50 = 0.67 mg mL-1 and LC90 = 1.71 mg mL-1 ). Adult survival was 95% without exposure to cyantraniliprole, decreasing to 52% in insects exposed to LC50 cyantraniliprole and 27% in insects treated with LC90 cyantraniliprole. Furthermore, H. hampei showed reduced mobility on insecticide-treated surfaces. The insecticide also led to a decrease in the respiration rate of H. hampei for up to 3 h after exposure, altering behavioral responses and locomotor activity. CONCLUSION: Cyantraniliprole exhibits lethal and sublethal effects on H. hampei and can be used in rotation in integrated pest management programs for control of this species in coffee cultivation systems. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.