Anthropometric Analysis of Indian Faces: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Facial anthropometric data vary significantly within the Indian population due to the racial, ethnic and geographic diversity. The anthropometric data of a given ethnic community may not match the other due to diverse ethnic variations, and hence, this study is intended to review the facial anthropometric data pertaining to the diverse Indian populace through a systematic literature survey. Materials and Method: An electronic search done on Medline, Embase and Central databases was utilized to conduct a systematic review of literature. The available data were analyzed based on the various esthetic subunits of the face. The following inclusion criteria were considered: (1) studies depicting the anthropometric data of any ethnic group identified as belonging to India, (2) studies originating from Indian subcontinent, (3) studies which included data of male and female subjects separately and (4) articles in English language only. The following exclusion criteria were considered: (1) atudies conducted on participants with severe malocclusion, developmental craniofacial anomalies, post-traumatic facial deformities or with a history of previous craniofacial or cosmetic surgery, (2) studies which did not specify the anthropometric landmarks used to obtain the measurements, (3) studies in which the statistical analysis was not provided, or if data were grouped across genders and (4) editorials, commentaries, case reports, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and articles not available in English language. Results: Twenty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. Majority of the Indians, particularly men, seem to have a mesoproscopic facial phenotype. The vertical and horizontal facial dimensions of the Indian male are comparably larger than the Indian female. There is sexual dimorphism among the Indian population with regard to the upper and lower thirds of the face, with little or no gender difference as regards the middle third of the face. It was observed that the nasal dimensions of the Indian race were not compatible with that of the occidental, oriental or the western race. The overall facial structure and the upper half of the face were critical in determining facial attractiveness in Indian males while the lower half of the face and the mandibular contour were critical in determining facial attractiveness in females. Conclusion: It is observed that there is a paucity of facial anthropometric data for the Indian population considering the ethnic, racial and geographic diversity. Since the prevalence of craniofacial anomalies and dentofacial deformities in India is high and thus the scope for corrective surgery, it is important to compile baseline facial anthropometric data based on the ethnic diversity of the Indian population.

Morphometric Evaluation of Sutural Patterns at the Pterion and Asterion in Dry Indian Skulls: Surgical Relevance.

INTRODUCTION: The pterion and asterion serve as crucial landmarks on the skull, representing the antero-lateral and postero-lateral fontanelles in neonates, respectively. In clinical practice, these points play a pivotal role in guiding the understanding of deeper structures and their relationships to the head's surface. The thin calvarium at these junctures is susceptible to fractures, and the underlying vessels are prone to tear, often leading to extradural hematoma formation, necessitating burr hole surgery for evacuation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 40 human dry skulls in Indians (n= 27 male (10.8%), n= 13 female (5.2%)) of unknown age, evaluating morphometric characteristics of 80 pterions and asterions. Measurements were conducted using a digital caliper (SKADIOO±0.2mm/0.01") in millimeters on both sides of each skull. The investigation also included an examination of sutural patterns in Pterion and asterion. RESULTS: Three types of sutural patterns were identified in the pterion, the most common being the sphenoparietal variety (75% on the right, 70% on the left), followed by the epipteric variety, which was the second most common (11.3% on the right, 12.5% on the left), and then the frontotemporal type (1.3% on the right, 2.5% on the left). Two sutural patterns were observed in the asterion: type 1 (presence of sutural bone) in 17.9% of skulls and type 2 (absence of sutural bone) in 82.1%. CONCLUSION: The differences in pterion and asterion positions across various populations explored in previous studies motivated us to conduct this research in the Indian population. Our findings revealed that among Indians, the predominant pterion type is predominantly sphenoparietal, whereas type 2 is the most prevalent in asterion. Understanding the clinical significance of the pterion and asterion is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure precise and safe surgical procedures, particularly for the effective treatment of head trauma patients.

CT Based Analysis of Acetabular Morphology in Northern Indian Population: A Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: The acetabular morphology has shown to differ among different regions of the world. Multiplanar evaluation by computed tomography (CT) scan is the key to assess acetabular depth, version, and inclination at the same time which have been rarely explored before in the Indian population. We present an anthropometric study of the native acetabulum by CT based coronal, sagittal, and axial parameters in the Northern Indian population. METHODS: The acetabular anteversion (AA), acetabular angle of sharp (AAS), sagittal acetabular angle (SAA), lateral center edge angle (LCEA), acetabular depth (AD), acetabular horizontal offset (AHO), extrusion index (EI) and acetabular depth ratio (ADR) was measured in CT scans of 122 patients (244 hips) without any bony pathologies. LCEA < 20°, ADR < 250, AD < 9 mm, AAS > 43°, and EI ≥ 25% were taken as criteria for dysplastic acetabulum. RESULTS: There were 62 males and 60 females included in the study with a mean age of 63.8 ± 17.2 years (21-98 years). In this study, females were having significantly lower ADR (p = 0.002) and higher EI (p = 0.01) than males. The prevalence of dysplasia was 3.2% according to LCEA and 1.6% while combining all of the criteria. CONCLUSION: There are prominent differences in acetabular depth in the Indian population compared with the population of Western countries or other parts of Asia. Females were shown to have shallower acetabulum than males. The comparative analysis of radiographic parameters obtained from our study with the data available on different country-based studies can help better understanding the acetabular morphology of Indian as well as the worldwide population. LEVEL OF STUDY: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Anthropometric Study of the Radiocapitellar Joint.

PURPOSE: There is scant knowledge about the relationship between the size of the radial head and the size of the capitellum. Also, no data exist comparing the size of the capitellum between the left and the right elbow. METHODS: Eight pairs of elbows and 12 single elbows from fresh-frozen cadavers were obtained for this study. The vertical height and anterior width of the capitellum were measured with digital calipers. Four different measurements were performed at the radial head: longest outer diameter, shortest outer diameter, the long dish diameter, and short dish diameter. The Pearson intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients were obtained for all measurements. RESULTS: For the paired elbows, the correlations ranged between 0.95 and 0.96 for the capitellar dimensions and 0.77 and 0.98 for the radial head dimensions. The correlations between the long outer diameter of the radial head with the vertical height and the anterior width of the capitellum were 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high correlation between the long outer diameter of the radial head and the vertical height of the capitellum as well its anterior width. There is also a high correlation between the left and the right elbow. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings are relevant to radiocapitellar arthroplasty and may be useful for radiocapitellar prosthetic design as well as in the preoperative planning of cases in which the radial head and/or the capitellum is destroyed.

Prominent ears: Anthropometric study of the external ear of primary school children of Harare, Zimbabwe.

BACKGROUND: Prominent ear is the most common congenital ear deformity affecting 5% of children in the Western world and has profound psychosocial effects on the bearer. It is important to know the prevalence in the local population to have a better appreciation of the local burden of the abnormality as well as to know the parameters of ear morphology locally. These parameters can be useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of ear anomalies and may help reconstructive surgeons in reproducing an anatomically correct ear of an African/Zimbabwean child. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the frequency of prominent ears in black school going children in Zimbabwe and to establish morphometric properties of the ear. DESIGN: Prospective observational, cross sectional study. SETTING: Three Primary schools in Harare. Two in a high density area and one in a low density area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three Primary schools in Harare were selected at random. The following measurements were taken: ear lengths, ear projection and face height using a sliding caliper. Three hundred and five healthy pupils of the age range 9-13 years of both sexes were included in the study, whilst children with congenital anomalies, ear tumours and history of ear trauma were excluded. RESULTS: The mean ear height across the cohort was 56.95 ± 5.00 (right ear) and 56.86 ± 4.92 (left ear). Ear projection was 19.52 ± 2.14 (right ear) and 19.59 ± 2.09 (left ear). Gender related differences were noted. Mean ear height was significantly higher in males (p-value = 0.000). Ear projection was higher in males compared to females. A total of 6.89% had prominent ears. Among males, 7.69% had prominent ears whilst 6.17% of females had prominent ears. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of prominent ear among black African children in the studied population is comparable to that of Caucasians. The study provides a set of biometric data of auricular dimensions for normal black African children aged 9-13 years.

Anthropometric study of the hip joint in northeastern region population with computed tomography scan.

BACKGROUND: Anthropometric study of the hip joint has important clinical implications and is largely unknown for the northeastern region of India. The purpose of this study is to determine the anatomic variation of the normal hip joint among the people of the northeastern region and to statistically compare them with the available data worldwide. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 104 individuals with normal hip joints and of different ethnic backgrounds (Caucasoid and Mongoloids) clinically and by plain x- ray. One topogram of the hip joint, one axial section of the femoral head and femoral condyles of the individual was taken on CT scan. Twelve cases had center edge angle (CE) angle less than 20 degrees (unilateral/bilateral), were considered to be dysplastic and were excluded from the study. Thus the present study includes 92 individuals (184 normal hips, Mongoloids = 45; Caucasoid = 47) between 20-70 years of age. We calculated the mean of the CE angle, acetabular angle, neck shaft angle, acetabular version, femoral neck anteversion, acetabular depth and joint space width in both sexes. RESULTS: The mean parameters observed were as follows: acetabular angle 39.2 degrees, centre edge angle 32.7 degrees, neck shaft angle 139.5 degrees, acetabular version 18.2 degrees, femoral neck anteversion 20.4 degrees, acetabular depth 2.5 cm and joint space width 4.5 mm. CONCLUSION: The parameter and its values in our series shows differences when compared to the other western literatures. The neck shaft angle and the femoral neck anteversion in our individuals was 5-6 degrees more than the western literature. The remaining parameters were less or equal to the western literature.

An Anthropometric Study of Lateral Crus of Alar Cartilages in Koreans

The lack of information about alar cartilages in Orientals led us to conduct a morphologic and anthropometric study. Measurements of 52 lateral crura of alar cartilages in 26 Koreans were obtained during the 26 consecutive primary open approach rhinoplasties between September 1999 and February 2000 in the Korea University Guro Hospital. Ten were male and sixteen were female patients. Measurement parameters of lateral crus included shape, length, width, thickness, and distance of caudal border from nostril rim. In addition, symmetry of the cartilages and length of the middle crus were also investigated. In case of male patients (n=20), the most common shape was the concave shape (40%), followed by the concave-convex shape (30%). The average length, width, and thickness were 19.7, 10.5 and 0.54 mm. The distance from the nostril rim was 5.7 mm anteriorly, 7.3 mm middle, and 12.3 mm posteriorly. Eight patients showed symmetric shape. The length of the middle crus was 5.0 mm. In the female patients(n=32), the most common shape was the concave shape(50%), followed by the convex(25%) and convex-concave shape(25%). The average length, width, and thickness were 16.8, 9.8 and 0.54 mm. The distance from the nostril rim was 5.8 mm anteriorly, 6.5 mm middle, and 11.5 mm posteriorly. All 16 patients showed symmetric shape and the length of the middle crus was 4.9 mm. In conclusion, we could find that the lateral crus of alar cartilage in Koreans, contrary to popular myth, may not be significantly smaller than that of Caucasian.

An Anthropometric Study of Medial and Middle Crus of Alar Cartilages

The lack of information germane to alar cartilages in Asians led us to conduct a morphologic and anthropometric study. The purpose of this prospective study was to define the shape of the medial crus of alar cartilage and measure their size. Measurements of 42 medial crura of alar cartilages in 21 Koreans were obtained during 21 consecutive primary open approach rhinoplasties between September of 1999 and February of 2000 in the Korea University Guro Hospital. Eight were male and thirteen were female. Measurements parameters of medial crus included shape, length, width, and thickness. In addition, symmetry of the medial crura and length of the middle crus were also investigated. In the male patients(n = 16), the most common shape was the straight shape(n = 9), followed by the simple flared shape(n = 5), complex flared shape(n = 2). The length of the columellar segment ranged from 8-12 mm, the average being 10.0 mm. That of the footplate segment averaged 7.8 mm, ranging from 6-9 mm. The average width and thickness were 4.3 mm and 0.58 mm. Seven patients showed symmetric shape, but one patient did not. The average length of the middle crus was 4.90 mm. In the female patients(n = 26), the most common shape was the straight shape(n = 12), followed by the simple flared shape (n = 11), complex flared shape(n = 3). The length of the columellar segment ranged from 7-9 mm, the average being 8.0 mm. That of the footplate segment averaged 6.3 mm, ranging from 4-9 mm. The average width and thickness were 4.4 mm and 0.56 mm. Ten patients showed symmetric shape, but three patients did not. The average length of the middle crus was 4.9 mm. In conclusion, the most common shape of the medial crus was straight and the average length of footplate segment was 7.0 mm, which is actually greater than that of Caucasian.