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1.
Gastroenterol Hepatol ; : 502226, 2024 Jun 29.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38950646

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection offer an opportunity to eliminate the disease. This study aimed to identify and relink to care HCV patients previously lost to medical follow-up in the health area of Pontevedra and O Salnés (Spain) using an artificial intelligence-assisted system. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Active retrospective search of previously diagnosed HCV cases recorded in the Galician Health Service proprietary health information exchange database using the Herramientas para la EXplotación de la INformación (HEXIN) application. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Out of 99 lost patients identified, 64 (64.6%) were retrieved. Of these, 62 (96.88%) initiated DAA treatment and 54 patients (87.1%) achieved a sustained virological response. Mean time from HCV diagnosis was over 10 years. Main reasons for loss to follow-up were fear of possible adverse effects of treatment (30%) and mobility impediments (21%). Among the retrieved patients, almost one in three presented advanced liver fibrosis (F3) or cirrhosis (F4) at evaluation. In sum, HCV patients lost to follow-up can be retrieved by screening past laboratory records. This strategy promotes the achievement of HCV elimination goals.

2.
Hepatología ; 5(2): 120-122, mayo-ago. 2024.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1553371

ABSTRACT

La hepatitis C es una enfermedad viral causada por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), que fue identificada por primera vez en 1989 por un equipo de científicos liderado por Michael Houghton en Chiron Corporation. Esta forma de hepatitis era conocida como "hepatitis no-A no-B", ya que no se podía identificar el agente infeccioso responsable. Puede afectar a personas de diferentes géneros y orientaciones sexuales, incluidos los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH); y su transmisión ocurre a través de situaciones en las que hay un intercambio de sangre, como el uso compartido de agujas o equipo para la inyección de drogas, o durante prácticas sexuales que pueden causar microlesiones en la mucosa anal. Es importante destacar que la hepatitis C también puede transmitirse a través de otras vías, como la transfusión de sangre no segura, la exposición a instrumentos médicos contaminados, o el compartir objetos personales que puedan tener sangre infectada.


Hepatitis C is a viral disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which was first identified in 1989 by a team of scientists led by Michael Houghton at Chiron Corporation. This form of hepatitis was known as "non-A non-B hepatitis" as the infectious agent responsible couldn't be identified. It can affect individuals of different genders and sexual orientations, including men who have sex with men (MSM); transmission occurs through situations involving blood exchange, such as needle sharing or equipment for drug injection, or during sexual practices that may cause microlesions in the anal mucosa. It's important to note that hepatitis C can also be transmitted through other routes, such as unsafe blood transfusion, exposure to contaminated medical instruments, or sharing personal items that may have infected blood.

3.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38723771

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) represented a paradigm shift. In 2017, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL-Epclusa®) was approved, which showed a high cure rate in all patient, contributing to HCV elimination. The analysis aimed to quantify the clinical and economic value of SOF/VEL in HCV chronic patients since its approval in Spain. METHODS: An economic evaluation was elaborated adapting a Markov model that simulated the lifetime disease progression in of all HCV chronic patients treated with SOF/VEL (30,488 patients) since its launch (5-years), compared to previous therapies. Patients entered the model and were distributed between the fibrosis states (F0-to-F4) in treated and untreated. All patients (100%) were treated with SOF/VEL regardless of their fibrosis, and 49% with previous therapies in ≥F2. The average sustained viral response (SVR) rates 98.9% SOF/VEL versus 61.0% previous therapies. All parameters for the analysis were obtained from real-life data and literature. Only direct healthcare costs associated with disease management were included. The SOF/VEL value was measured as the number of hepatic complications avoided and their associated cost, and hepatic mortality compared to previous therapies. National Health System perspective and a 3% discount rate was applied. RESULTS: SOF/VEL decreased the number of liver complications, avoiding 92% decompensated cirrhosis, 80% hepatocellular carcinomas, and 87% liver transplants, as well as 85% liver-related mortality. Their cost associated was reduced, amounting to savings of 197M€. CONCLUSION: SOF/VEL adds relevant value to the HCV treatment, reducing the clinical and economic disease burden and contributing to HCV elimination in Spain.

4.
Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed) ; 88(4): 392-403, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38097433

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide public health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In the context of liver transplantation, the demand for organs continues to exceed the supply, prompting the consideration of using organs from HCV-positive donors in HCV-negative recipients. The introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), which have demonstrated great efficacy in eradicating the virus, has made transplantation of organs from donors with HCV infection possible. The present article provides a brief review of the current evidence on the use of organs from HCV-infected patients.


Subject(s)
Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hepatitis C , Liver Transplantation , Humans , Hepacivirus , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Mexico , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Hepatitis C, Chronic/surgery , Hepatitis C/drug therapy
5.
Gastroenterol. hepatol. (Ed. impr.) ; 46(10): 754-763, dic. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-228223

ABSTRACT

Background & aims: Life-long hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance is recommended after sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with advanced hepatitis C. Since the identification of patients who could be safely discontinued for surveillance is essential, we aimed to identify subsets of patients with low-risk HCC. Methods: 491 patients with advanced and compensated fibrosis (≥F3) were prospectively followed after achieving SVR with interferon-free therapies. Clinical–biological parameters and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were performed before starting treatment (ST) and at SVR, and HCC surveillance was carried out. Results: During a median follow-up of 49.8 months, 29 (5.9%) patients developed HCC [incidence rate: 1.6/100 patient-years (PYs)]. Two predictive models based on LSM (Model-A) or FIB-4 score (Model-B) were proposed. Only SVR parameters were included in the models, because they showed a higher accuracy for predicting HCC than ST measurements. Variables independently associated with HCC were LSM (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05), age (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01–1.08) and albumin levels (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84–0.97) in Model-A, and FIB-4 (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.08–1.37) and albumin (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84–0.97) in model-B. Both models allow HCC risk stratification, identifying low-risk groups with an HCC incidence rate of 0.16/100 and 0.25/100 PYs, respectively. An overall increased hazard of HCC was observed over time. (AU)


Antecedentes y objetivos: En pacientes con hepatitis C avanzada se recomienda la vigilancia del carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) de por vida tras la respuesta viral sostenida (RVS). La identificación de pacientes que podrían interrumpir de manera segura el screening es esencial, por ello nuestro objetivo fue identificar subgrupos de pacientes con bajo riesgo de desarrollo de CHC. Métodos: Se realizó un seguimiento prospectivo de 491 pacientes con fibrosis avanzada y compensada (≥F3) tras la RVS obtenida con terapias libres de interferón. Se registraron parámetros clínico-biológicos y se midió la rigidez hepática mediante elastografía de transición (ET) antes del inicio del tratamiento y en la respuesta viral sostenida y se realizó screening para el desarrollo de CHC. Resultados: Durante una mediana de seguimiento de 49,8 meses, 29 (5,9%) pacientes desarrollaron CHC. (Tasa de incidencia: 1,6/100 pacientes-año [PA]). Se propusieron dos modelos predictivos basados en la puntuación de ET (Modelo-A) o FIB-4 (Modelo-B). Se incluyeron los parámetros en RVS en los modelos porque mostraron una mayor precisión para predecir CHC que las mediciones basales. Las variables asociadas de forma independientes con CHC fueron: ET (HR 1,03 IC; IC 95%, 1,01-1,05), edad (HR 1,04; IC 95%, 1,01-1,08) y niveles de albúmina (HR 0,90; IC 95%, 0,84-0,97) en el Modelo-A, y FIB-4 (HR 1,22; IC 95%, 1,08-1,37) y albúmina (HR 0,90; IC 95%, 0,84-0,97) en el Modelo-B. Ambos modelos permiten la estratificación del riesgo de CHC, identificando grupos de bajo riesgo con una tasa de incidencia de CHC de 0,16/100 y 0,25/100 PA, respectivamente. Se observó un aumento general del riesgo de desarrollar CHC con el tiempo. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology , Prospective Studies , Hepatitis, Chronic , Liver Neoplasms , Risk Factors , Albumins/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
6.
Gastroenterol. hepatol. (Ed. impr.) ; 46(8): 594-602, oct. 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-225937

ABSTRACT

Background and aim: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hepatitis C infection can be safely and effectively treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). However, there is scarce data on the long-term impact of hepatitis C cure on CKD. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term mortality, morbidity and hepatic/renal function outcomes in a cohort of HCV-infected individuals with CKD treated with DAAs. Methods: 135 HCV patients with CKD stage 3b-5 who received ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir±dasabuvir in a multicenter study were evaluated for long-term hepatic and renal outcomes and their associated mortality. Results: 125 patients achieved SVR and 66 were included. Prior to SVR, 53 were under renal replacement therapy (RRT) and 25 (37.8%) had liver cirrhosis. After a follow-up of 4.5 years, 25 (38%) required kidney transplantation but none combined liver–kidney. No changes in renal function were observed among the 51 patients who did not receive renal transplant although eGFR values improved in those with baseline CKD stage 3b-4. Three (5.6%) subjects were weaned from RRT. Eighteen (27.3%) patients died, mostly from cardiovascular events; 2 developed liver decompensation and 1 hepatocellular carcinoma. No HCV reinfection was observed. Conclusions: Long-term mortality remained high among end-stage CKD patients despite HCV cure. Overall, no improvement in renal function was observed and a high proportion of patients required kidney transplantation. However, in CKD stage 3b-4 HCV cure may play a positive role in renal function. (AU)


Introducción y objetivo: Los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) e infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) pueden ser tratados de forma efectiva y segura con antivirales de acción directa (AAD). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la mortalidad y la evolución de la función renal y hepática a largo plazo en una cohorte de pacientes con infección por VHC e IRC tratados con AAD. Métodos: Se analizó la evolución de la función hepática y renal, así como la mortalidad en 135 pacientes con infección por VHC e IRC estadio 3b-5 que recibieron ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir±dasabuvir en un estudio multicéntrico. Resultados: Ciento veinticinco pacientes se curaron (RVS), y 66 de ellos fueron incluidos. Antes de RVS, 53 estaban bajo terapia renal sustitutiva (TRS) y 25 (37,8%) tenían cirrosis hepática. Tras un seguimiento medio de 4,5 años, 25 (38%) requirieron trasplante renal, pero ninguno combinado renal-hepático. No se observaron cambios en la función renal entre aquellos 51 pacientes que no recibieron trasplante renal a pesar de que los valores de eFGR mejoraron en aquellos pacientes con IRC estadio 3b-4 de base. Tres (5,6%) pacientes pudieron dejar la TRS. Dieciocho (27,3%) pacientes fallecieron, principalmente por eventos cardiovasculares, 2 presentaron descompensación hepática y uno carcinoma hepatocelular. No se observó ninguna reinfección por VHC. Conclusiones: La mortalidad a largo-plazo fue alta. Globalmente no se objetivó una mejora en la función renal. A pesar de ello, en estadios 3b-4, la curación del VHC podría tener un papel positivo en la función renal. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/mortality , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/mortality , Retrospective Studies , Prospective Studies , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
7.
Gac Med Mex ; 159(4): 331-336, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37699225

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with direct-acting antivirals achieves a sustained virologic response rate higher than 95%. However, virologic failure remains a clinical challenge, and data on retreatment are limited, especially in special populations such as liver transplant (LT) recipients. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the sofosbuvir plus glecaprevir-pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) regimen in LT recipients who had failed to a nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor-based regimen. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 111 liver transplant recipients between January 2018 and December 2020; 18 patients presented with HCV recurrent infection after LT, out of whom three had a history of at least one NS5A inhibitor-based regimen. Salvage therapy with sofosbuvir plus GLE/PIB was started for 12 weeks; baseline characteristics and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: All three patients (100%) achieved an undetectable HCV viral load 12 weeks after treatment completion. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: In our series, sofosbuvir plus GLE/PIB for 12 weeks is an effective and safe salvage therapy after LT in patients previously treated with NS5A inhibitors.


ANTECEDENTES: El tratamiento del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) crónica con antivirales de acción directa logra tasas de respuesta virológica sostenida superiores a 95 %. Sin embargo, el manejo del fracaso virológico sigue siendo un desafío clínico y la evidencia sobre el retratamiento es limitada, especialmente en poblaciones como los receptores de trasplante hepático (TH). OBJETIVO: Este estudio evaluó el régimen de sofosbuvir más glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) en receptores de TH en quienes falló el régimen basado en inhibidores de la proteína no estructural 5A (NS5A). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de 111 pacientes trasplantados entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2020; 18 pacientes presentaron infección recurrente por VHC posterior al TH, tres de ellos tuvieron antecedentes de al menos un régimen basado en inhibidores de NS5A. Se inició terapia de rescate con sofosbuvir más GLE/PIB durante 12 semanas posterior al TH; se registraron las características basales de los pacientes y sus desenlaces. RESULTADOS: En los tres pacientes se logró obtener una carga viral indetectable de VHC a las 12 semanas de finalizar el tratamiento. No se observaron eventos adversos graves. CONCLUSIÓN: En nuestra serie, sofosbuvir más GLE/PIB durante 12 semanas demostró ser una terapia de rescate efectiva y segura posterior al TH en pacientes previamente tratados con inhibidores de NS5A.


Subject(s)
Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hepatitis C , Liver Transplantation , Humans , Sofosbuvir/therapeutic use , Salvage Therapy , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies
8.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 159(4): 338-344, jul.-ago. 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1514134

ABSTRACT

Resumen Antecedentes: El tratamiento de la infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) con antivirales de acción directa logra tasas de respuesta virológica sostenida superiores a 95 %. Sin embargo, el manejo del fracaso virológico sigue siendo un desafío clínico y la evidencia sobre el retratamiento es limitada, especialmente en poblaciones como los receptores de trasplante hepático (TH). Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó el régimen de sofosbuvir más glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) en receptores de TH en quienes falló el régimen basado en inhibidores de la proteína no estructural 5A (NS5A). Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 111 pacientes trasplantados entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2020; 18 pacientes presentaron infección recurrente por VHC posterior al TH, tres de ellos tuvieron antecedentes de al menos un régimen basado en inhibidores de NS5A. Se inició terapia de rescate con sofosbuvir más GLE/PIB durante 12 semanas posterior al TH; se registraron las características basales de los pacientes y sus desenlaces. Resultados: En los tres pacientes se logró obtener una carga viral indetectable de VHC a las 12 semanas de finalizar el tratamiento. No se observaron eventos adversos graves. Conclusión: En nuestra serie, sofosbuvir más GLE/PIB durante 12 semanas demostró ser una terapia de rescate efectiva y segura posterior al TH en pacientes previamente tratados con inhibidores de NS5A.


Abstract Background: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with direct-acting antivirals achieves a sustained virologic response rates higher than 95%. However, virologic failure remains a clinical challenge, and data on retreatment are limited, especially in special populations such as liver transplant (LT) recipients. Objective: This study evaluated the sofosbuvir plus glecaprevir-pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) regimen in LT recipients who had failed to a nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor-based regimen. Material and methods: Retrospective study of 111 liver transplant recipients between January 2018 and December 2020; 18 patients presented with HCV recurrent infection after LT, out of whom three had a history of at least one NS5A inhibitor-based regimen. Salvage therapy with sofosbuvir plus GLE/PIB was started for 12 weeks; baseline characteristics and outcomes were recorded. Results: All three patients (100%) achieved an undetectable HCV viral load 12 weeks after treatment completion. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusion: In our series, sofosbuvir plus GLE/PIB for 12 weeks is an effective and safe salvage therapy after LT in patients previously treated with NS5A inhibitors.

9.
Gastroenterol. hepatol. (Ed. impr.) ; 46(5): 382-396, May. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-220010

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem that can results in cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and even death. HCV infection is 3–20-fold more prevalent among patients with versus without severe mental illness (SMI), such as major depressive disorder, personality disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Treatment options for HCV were formerly based on pegylated interferon alpha, which is associated with neuropsychiatric adverse events, and this contributed to the exclusion of patients with SMI from HCV treatment, elimination programmes, and clinical trials. Moreover, the assumption of poor adherence, scant access to healthcare and the stigma and vulnerability of this population emerged as barriers and contributed to the low rates of treatment and efficacy. Methods: This paper reviews the literature published between December 2010 and December 2020 exploring the epidemiology of HCV in patients with SMI, and vice versa, the effect of HCV infection, barriers to the management of illness in these patients, and benefits of new therapeutic options with pangenotypic direct antiviral agents (DAAs). Results: The approval of DAAs has changed the paradigm of HCV infection treatment. DAAs have proven to be an equally efficacious and safe option that improves quality of life (QoL) in patients SMI. Conclusions: Knowledge of the consequences of the HCV infection and the benefits of treatment with new pangenotypic DAAs among psychiatrists can increase screening, referral and treatment of HCV infection in patients with SMI.(AU)


Introducción: La infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) es un problema de salud mundial que puede provocar cirrosis, carcinoma hepatocelular e incluso la muerte. La infección por el VHC es de 3 a 20 veces más prevalente entre los pacientes con enfermedades mentales graves (EMG), como el trastorno depresivo mayor, el trastorno de personalidad, el trastorno bipolar y la esquizofrenia. Las opciones de tratamiento para el VHC se basaban anteriormente en el interferón pegilado alfa, que se asocia con efectos adversos neuropsiquiátricos, y esto contribuyó a la exclusión de los pacientes con EMG del tratamiento del VHC, tanto de los programas de eliminación como de los ensayos clínicos. Además, la mala adherencia terapéutica, el escaso acceso de los pacientes a la asistencia sanitaria y el estigma y la vulnerabilidad de esta población surgieron como barreras y contribuyeron a las bajas tasas de tratamiento y eficacia. Métodos: En este trabajo se revisa la literatura publicada entre diciembre de 2010 y diciembre de 2020 en la que se explora la epidemiología del VHC en pacientes con EMG, y vice versa, el efecto de la infección por VHC, las barreras para el manejo de la enfermedad en estos pacientes y los beneficios de las nuevas opciones terapéuticas con agentes antivirales directos pangenotípicos (AAD). Resultados: La aprobación de los AAD ha cambiado el paradigma del tratamiento de la infección por VHC. Los AAD han demostrado ser una opción igualmente eficaz y segura que mejora la calidad de vida (QoL) en los pacientes SMI. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de las consecuencias de la infección por el VHC y los beneficios del tratamiento con los nuevos AAD pangenotípicos entre los psiquiatras puede aumentar el cribado, la derivación y el tratamiento de la infección por el VHC en pacientes con EMG.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepacivirus , Antiviral Agents , Fibrosis , Schizophrenia , Bipolar Disorder , Drug Resistance, Viral , Hepatitis C
10.
Gastroenterol Hepatol ; 46(10): 754-763, 2023 Dec.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36716928

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Life-long hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance is recommended after sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with advanced hepatitis C. Since the identification of patients who could be safely discontinued for surveillance is essential, we aimed to identify subsets of patients with low-risk HCC. METHODS: 491 patients with advanced and compensated fibrosis (≥F3) were prospectively followed after achieving SVR with interferon-free therapies. Clinical-biological parameters and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were performed before starting treatment (ST) and at SVR, and HCC surveillance was carried out. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 49.8 months, 29 (5.9%) patients developed HCC [incidence rate: 1.6/100 patient-years (PYs)]. Two predictive models based on LSM (Model-A) or FIB-4 score (Model-B) were proposed. Only SVR parameters were included in the models, because they showed a higher accuracy for predicting HCC than ST measurements. Variables independently associated with HCC were LSM (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05), age (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08) and albumin levels (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.97) in Model-A, and FIB-4 (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.08-1.37) and albumin (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.97) in model-B. Both models allow HCC risk stratification, identifying low-risk groups with an HCC incidence rate of 0.16/100 and 0.25/100 PYs, respectively. An overall increased hazard of HCC was observed over time. CONCLUSION: Simple models based on non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis, LSM or FIB-4, together with age and albumin levels at SVR permit to identify subsets of patients with HCC risk clearly <1%/year, for whom HCC surveillance might not be cost-effective.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hepatitis C , Liver Neoplasms , Humans , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology , Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology , Liver Neoplasms/etiology , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Risk Factors , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Hepacivirus , Albumins/therapeutic use
11.
Gastroenterol. hepatol. (Ed. impr.) ; 46(1): 58-66, Ene. 2023. tab
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-214371

ABSTRACT

El virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) se ha asociado durante mucho tiempo a varias manifestaciones extrahepáticas, entre ellas el aumento del riesgo cardiovascular. La aparición de los antivirales de acción directa (AAD) ha permitido evaluar la posible reversión de estas manifestaciones tras un tratamiento exitoso. Así, muchos estudios han aportado datos significativos sobre el efecto positivo del tratamiento con AAD en la resistencia a la insulina, la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, la enfermedad cardiovascular y la aterosclerosis. Por el contrario, los estudios han mostrado efectos perjudiciales sobre el metabolismo de los lípidos y resultados indeterminados respecto a la función renal y el metabolismo del ácido úrico. No obstante, a medida que un mayor número de pacientes logre una respuesta virológica sostenida, se estudiarán ampliamente los efectos de la erradicación del VHC sobre los procesos cardiometabólicos, lo que permitirá obtener conclusiones más fiables sobre el alcance de los resultados extrahepáticos.(AU)


Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has long been associated with several extrahepatic manifestations, including increased cardiovascular risk. The emergence of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has allowed us to evaluate the potential reversal of these manifestations after successful treatment. Therefore, many studies have provided significant takeaways regarding the positive effect of DAAs therapy on insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. In contrast, studies have shown detrimental effects on lipid metabolism and indeterminate results regarding renal function and uric acid metabolism. Nevertheless, as more and more patients achieve sustained virological response, the effects of HCV eradication on cardiometabolic processes will be extensively studied, allowing more reliable conclusions on the extent of extrahepatic outcomes.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis C , Hepacivirus , Antiviral Agents , Dyslipidemias , Insulin Resistance
12.
Gastroenterol Hepatol ; 46(1): 58-66, 2023 Jan.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35460863

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has long been associated with several extrahepatic manifestations, including increased cardiovascular risk. The emergence of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has allowed us to evaluate the potential reversal of these manifestations after successful treatment. Therefore, many studies have provided significant takeaways regarding the positive effect of DAAs therapy on insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. In contrast, studies have shown detrimental effects on lipid metabolism and indeterminate results regarding renal function and uric acid metabolism. Nevertheless, as more and more patients achieve sustained virological response, the effects of HCV eradication on cardiometabolic processes will be extensively studied, allowing more reliable conclusions on the extent of extrahepatic outcomes.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hepatitis C , Humans , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Hepacivirus , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
13.
Gastroenterol Hepatol ; 46(5): 382-396, 2023 May.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35718017

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem that can results in cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and even death. HCV infection is 3-20-fold more prevalent among patients with versus without severe mental illness (SMI), such as major depressive disorder, personality disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Treatment options for HCV were formerly based on pegylated interferon alpha, which is associated with neuropsychiatric adverse events, and this contributed to the exclusion of patients with SMI from HCV treatment, elimination programmes, and clinical trials. Moreover, the assumption of poor adherence, scant access to healthcare and the stigma and vulnerability of this population emerged as barriers and contributed to the low rates of treatment and efficacy. METHODS: This paper reviews the literature published between December 2010 and December 2020 exploring the epidemiology of HCV in patients with SMI, and vice versa, the effect of HCV infection, barriers to the management of illness in these patients, and benefits of new therapeutic options with pangenotypic direct antiviral agents (DAAs). RESULTS: The approval of DAAs has changed the paradigm of HCV infection treatment. DAAs have proven to be an equally efficacious and safe option that improves quality of life (QoL) in patients SMI. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the consequences of the HCV infection and the benefits of treatment with new pangenotypic DAAs among psychiatrists can increase screening, referral and treatment of HCV infection in patients with SMI.


Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder, Major , Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hepatitis C , Humans , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Hepacivirus , Quality of Life , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy , Depressive Disorder, Major/chemically induced , Depressive Disorder, Major/complications , Hepatitis C/drug therapy
14.
Gastroenterol Hepatol ; 46(8): 594-602, 2023 Oct.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36584754

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hepatitis C infection can be safely and effectively treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). However, there is scarce data on the long-term impact of hepatitis C cure on CKD. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term mortality, morbidity and hepatic/renal function outcomes in a cohort of HCV-infected individuals with CKD treated with DAAs. METHODS: 135 HCV patients with CKD stage 3b-5 who received ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir±dasabuvir in a multicenter study were evaluated for long-term hepatic and renal outcomes and their associated mortality. RESULTS: 125 patients achieved SVR and 66 were included. Prior to SVR, 53 were under renal replacement therapy (RRT) and 25 (37.8%) had liver cirrhosis. After a follow-up of 4.5 years, 25 (38%) required kidney transplantation but none combined liver-kidney. No changes in renal function were observed among the 51 patients who did not receive renal transplant although eGFR values improved in those with baseline CKD stage 3b-4. Three (5.6%) subjects were weaned from RRT. Eighteen (27.3%) patients died, mostly from cardiovascular events; 2 developed liver decompensation and 1 hepatocellular carcinoma. No HCV reinfection was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term mortality remained high among end-stage CKD patients despite HCV cure. Overall, no improvement in renal function was observed and a high proportion of patients required kidney transplantation. However, in CKD stage 3b-4 HCV cure may play a positive role in renal function.


Subject(s)
Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hepatitis C , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Humans , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Follow-Up Studies , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Drug Therapy, Combination , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepacivirus , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications , Genotype
15.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521916

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La infección por el virus C de la hepatitis resulta común en pacientes en hemodiálisis y se considera endémica en estas unidades. El tratamiento utilizado lo componían el interferón pegilado y la ribavirina, combinación que presentaba niveles de toxicidad y baja respuesta. Las drogas actuales aportan mejores resultados. Objetivos: Determinar la eficacia y seguridad de la terapia antiviral de acción directa para la infección del virus de la hepatitis C en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo en 19 pacientes en régimen de hemodiálisis y con infección por virus C, pertenecientes al Hospital General Docente "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", desde diciembre de 2020 hasta septiembre de 2021," A todos se les prescribió durante 12 semanas Sofosbuvir® 400 mg más Daclatasvir® 60 mg diarios. Se caracterizaron las variables edad, sexo, fibrosis hepática por el índice aspartato-aminotransferasa/plaquetas, reacciones adversas y respuesta viral 12 semanas después del tratamiento. Resultados: La infección predominó en el grupo de 51 a 60 años (36,84 %). La mayoría de los pacientes mostró un índice aspartato-aminotransferasa/plaquetas ≤ 0,5, lo que correspondió con ausencia de fibrosis hepática significativa (14 pacientes). Una minoría de pacientes registró reacciones adversas. No se demostró toxicidad cardiovascular ni hepática. La totalidad de los pacientes manifestaron carga viral no detectable 12 semanas después del tratamiento. Conclusiones: La combinación de Sofosbuvir® con Daclatasvir® para el tratamiento de la infección por virus de la hepatitis C en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en tratamiento de hemodiálisis resultó eficaz, bien tolerada y segura.


Introduction: Hepatitis C virus infection is common in hemodialysis patients and is considered endemic in these units. The treatment used consisted of pegylated interferon and ribavirin, a combination that presented levels of toxicity and low response. Current drugs bring better results. Objectives: To determine the efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Methods: Prospective descriptive study in 19 patients on hemodialysis and with virus C infection, belonging to "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy" Teaching General Hospital, from December 2020 to September 2021. All were prescribed for 12 weeks with Sofosbuvir® 400 mg plus Daclatasvir® 60 mg daily. The variables age, sex, liver fibrosis were characterized by the aspartate aminotransferase/platelet index, adverse reactions and viral response 12 weeks after treatment. Results: Infection predominated in the group of 51 to 60 years (36.84%). Most patients showed an aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio ≤ 0.5, corresponding to the absence of significant liver fibrosis (14 patients). A minority of patients reported adverse reactions. No cardiovascular or hepatic toxicity was demonstrated. All patients had an undetectable viral load 12 weeks after treatment. Conclusions: The combination of Sofosbuvir® with Daclatasvir® for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis was effective, well tolerated and safe.

16.
Rev. colomb. gastroenterol ; 37(4): 434-443, oct.-dic. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1423839

ABSTRACT

Resumen La infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) afecta a 58 millones de personas y es una importante causa de morbimortalidad alrededor del mundo. La reinfección por VHC es un problema creciente en personas con factores de riesgo como consumo pesado de alcohol, sexo anal, sexo grupal y compartir agujas y jeringas; este tipo de infección se define como un nuevo contagio de VHC con un genotipo viral diferente al de la primera infección en un paciente luego de lograr una respuesta viral sostenida (RVS). La reinfección se presenta, en parte, debido a la ausencia de estrategias de promoción y prevención. Teniendo en cuenta estos antecedentes, se han propuesto estrategias más pragmáticas para controlar la infección por VHC y evitar la reinfección, tales como la microeliminación. En el presente artículo se presenta un caso de un paciente que presenta alteración en los marcadores de la bioquímica hepática, por lo que se solicita una prueba diagnóstica de infección por VHC y luego genotipificación viral, y se evidenció una infección por VHC genotipo 1, subgenotipo 1A. Se inició el manejo con antivirales de acción directa y se documentó una adecuada RVS12. Tres meses después el paciente regresó a consulta y en los exámenes de control se evidenció una carga viral elevada de VHC, por lo que se solicitó genotipificación y se demostró una nueva infección por VHC genotipo 4.


Abstract Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection affects 58 million people and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. HCV reinfection is a growing problem in people with risk factors such as heavy alcohol use, anal sex, group sex, and sharing needles and syringes. This type of infection is defined as a new HCV infection with a different viral genotype than the first infection in a patient after achieving a sustained viral response (SVR). Reinfection occurs, in part, due to the absence of promotion and prevention strategies. Taking this background into account, more pragmatic approaches have been proposed to control HCV infection and avoid reinfection, such as micro elimination. This article reports the case of a patient with alterations in biochemical liver markers, for which a diagnostic test for HCV infection and then viral genotyping was requested. Infection by HCV genotype 1, subgenotype 1A, was evidenced. Management with direct-acting antivirals was started, and an adequate SVR12 was documented. Three months later, the patient returned, and the control tests showed a high HCV viral load, for which genotyping was requested, showing a new HCV genotype 4 infection.

17.
Gastroenterol. hepatol. (Ed. impr.) ; 45(10): 767-779, dic. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-211877

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: Analizar la evolución analítica, clínica y de la fibrosis en pacientes F3-F4 curados con antivirales de acción directa (AAD). Pacientes y métodos: Estudio unicéntrico, observacional y prospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con hepatitisC F3-F4 curados con AAD del 1 de noviembre de 2014 al 31 de agosto de 2019. Se realizó una visita basal (VB) y a las 12semanas (12s), 1, 2, 3 y 4años tras finalizar el tratamiento. Se recogieron variables demográficas, analíticas, medición no invasiva de la fibrosis, marcadores indirectos de hipertensión portal, presencia de varices esofágicas, descompensaciones de la cirrosis y hepatocarcinoma. Resultados: Se trataron 169 pacientes: 123 (72,8%) hombres, edad 57,5±12 años; 117 (69,2%) presentaban cirrosis, 99 (84,6%) ChildA. El 96,4% consiguieron respuesta virológica sostenida (RVS). La mediana de seguimiento fue de 46,14 (2,89-62,55) meses. Durante el seguimiento se observó precozmente un aumento significativo de plaquetas (155×103/μl [VB]; 163×103/μl [12s]), colesterol (158mg/dl [VB]; 179mg/dl [12s]) y albúmina (4,16g/dl [VB]; 4,34g/dl [12s]), y un descenso significativo de GPT (82UI/l [VB]; 23UI/l [12s]), GOT (69UI/l [VB]; 26UI/l [12s]), GGT (118UI/l [VB]; 48UI/l [12s]), y bilirrubina (0,9mg/dl [VB]; 0,7mg/dl [12s]). La fibrosis disminuyó, también inicialmente, tanto con métodos serológicos como Fibroscan (19,9KPa [VB]; 14,8KPa [12s]); p<0,05). El 8,1% de los pacientes con cirrosis compensada presentaron alguna descompensación. El 4,5% desarrollaron varices esofágicas. Nueve (5,52%) pacientes presentaron hepatocarcinoma de novo; seis (3,68%) lo presentaban basalmente, y el 40% sufrieron recidiva. Durante el seguimiento la mortalidad fue del 9,2%. Conclusiones: Existe mejoría de los parámetros analíticos y de la fibrosis hepática medida por métodos no invasivos en los pacientes F3-F4 curados con AAD.(AU)


Aims: To analyze laboratory parameters, clinical and fibrosis evolution in F3-F4 patients cured with direct-acting antivirals (DAA). Patients and methods: Unicenteric, observational and prospective study. All F3–F4 hepatitis C patients cured with DAA from 01/11/2014 to 31/08/2019 were included. A basal visit (BV) was performed and at 12 weeks (12w), 1, 2, 3 and 4 years after treatment. Demographic and laboratory variables, fibrosis measured by non-invasive tests, indirect markers of portal hypertension, the presence of esophageal varices, cirrhosis decompensation and hepatoceullar carcinoma were collected. Results: 169 patients were treated: 123 (72.8%) men, age 57.5±12 years; 117 (69.2%) with cirrhosis, 99 (84.6%) ChildA. 96,4% achieved SVR. The study was conducted for a median follow-up of 46.14 (2.89-62.55) months. It was observed a significant increase in platelets [155×103/μL (BV); 163×103/μL (12w)], cholesterol [158mg/dL (BV); 179mg/dL (12w)] and albumin [4.16g/dL (BV); 4.34g/dL (12w)] and a significant decrease in ALT [82UI/L (BV); 23UI/L (12w], AST [69UI/L (BV); 26UI/L (12w)], GGT [118UI/L (BV); 48UI/L (12w)] and bilirrubin [0.9mg/dL (BV); 0.7mg/dL (12w)]. Fibrosis also improved early in follow-up, both by serological methods and Fibroscan [19.9kPa (BV); 14.8kPa (12w; P<.05]. 8.1% of compensated cirrhosis patients had some decompensation. 4.5% developed esophageal varices. Nine patients (5.52%) had de novo hepatocellular carcinoma; 6 (3.68%) had hepatoceullar carcinoma in BV and 40% had a recurrence. During follow-up mortality was 9.2%. Conclusions: There is an improvement in laboratory parameters and fibrosis measured by non-invasive methods in F3-F4 patients cured with DAA. However, the risk of decompensation and the incidence/recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma still remain, so there is a need to follow these patients.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Infections , Hepatitis C , Fibrosis , Clinical Evolution , Antiviral Agents , Sustained Virologic Response , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Prospective Studies , Gastroenterology , Gastrointestinal Diseases
18.
An. R. Acad. Nac. Farm. (Internet) ; 88(número extraordinario): 15-26, diciembre 2022. tab, ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-225738

ABSTRACT

La infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) está asociada con la resistencia a la insulina y la diabetes tipo 2. El objetivo general de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del sofosbuvir sobre la resistencia a la insulina inducida por el VHC. Para ello, se realizó un estudio clínico que incluyó 42 pacientes con VHC resistentes a la insulina, que fueron tratados con diferentes regímenes antivirales basados en sofosbuvir. Asimismo, se utilizó una línea de hepatocitos humanos que expresan un replicón del VHC de manera estable para determinar los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la acción de la insulina regulada por sofosbuvir. Todos los pacientes alcanzaron una respuesta virológica sostenida después del tratamiento con sofosbuvir y se observó una reducción significativa en los marcadores de daño hepático, así como en el estadio de fibrosis. El índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA) mejoró significativamente a lo largo del estudio. A nivel molecular, el tratamiento con sofosbuvir mejoró la activación de la cascada de señalización de la insulina tras la estimulación con dicha hormona en los hepatocitos con VHC, y, en consecuencia, revirtió la expresión elevada de genes gluconeogénicos, el aumento de la producción de glucosa y la deficiencia de la síntesis de glucógeno en estas células. En conclusión, estos resultados sugieren que el sofosbuvir mejora la respuesta deficiente a la insulina originada por la infección del VHC, proporcionando novedosas evidencias en cuanto a los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la sensibilización a la insulina inducida por este tratamiento. (AU)


Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The overall aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sofosbuvir (SOF) on HCV-induced insulin resistance. Clinical parameters were recorded and insulin resistance index (HOMA) calculated from 42 insulin-resistant HCV-patients who underwent SOF-based regimens, at baseline, at the end of treatment (EoT), and at one year after the EoT. Likewise, Huh7 cells expressing full-length HCV replicons were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in insulin action regulated by SOF. All patients reached a sustained virological response after SOF treatment and, as expected, a significant reduction in liver damage markers and fibrosis stage was observed at the EoT that remained one year later. HOMA significantly improved throughout the study time period. Besides, an increase of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels were maintained over time after the EoT. At the molecular level, SOF treatment improved the activation of the insulin signalling cascade after stimulation with the hormone in HCV-hepatocytes and, accordingly, reversed the elevated expression of gluconeogenic genes, the increased glucose production and the impairment of glycogen synthesis induced by HCV. Furthermore, SOF challenge induced an increase of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) content parallel to a reduction in its serine phosphorylation in HCV-hepatocytes. These results provide novel evidence about the molecular mechanisms involved in the hepatic insulin sensitization induced by SOF treatment involving the recovery of IRS1 protein levels as a hallmark of SOF effects. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepacivirus , Antiviral Agents , Sofosbuvir , Insulin Resistance , Hepatocytes
19.
An. R. Acad. Nac. Farm. (Internet) ; 88(número extraordinario): 287-310, diciembre 2022.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-225750

ABSTRACT

El Dr. Pablo Gastaminza (CSIC) se ocupó del premio Nobel en Fisiología o Medicina, concedido a Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton y Charles M. Rice, quienes han contribuido decisivamente a la lucha contra la hepatitis de transmisión sanguínea, un importante problema de salud mundial causante de cirrosis y cáncer de hígado. Su conferencia llevó por título “De la hepatitis no-A, no-B hacia la eliminación del virus de la hepatitis C” y en ella abordó el descubrimiento de los virus de la hepatitis A y B como paso previo al estudio de los casos restantes de hepatitis crónica de transmisión sanguínea. Los descubrimientos de los tres premios Nobel han permitido el diseño de análisis de sangre muy sensibles que han eliminado el riesgo de hepatitis transmitida por transfusión en una gran parte del mundo; este avance ha supuesto, también, el desarrollo de medicamentos antivirales.El Dr. Lluis Montoliu (CSIC) se ocupó de profundizar en el trabajo que ha llevado a Emmanuelle Charpentier y Jennifer A. Doudna a lograr el premio Nobel en Química. En su conferencia, titulada “Nobel de Química 2020: un premio que surgió en España y que pasó de largo”, analizó el método desarrollado por estas investigadoras para la edición del genoma, y realizó un merecido elogio de los trabajos previos desarrollados por Francisco Juan Martínez Mojica [Francis Mojica], microbiólogo alicantino que sentó las bases de la técnica CRISPR, tras estudiar las secuencias repetidas en arqueas y su papel en los mecanismos de inmunidad de las células procariotas. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis C , Reverse Genetics , Antiviral Agents , Gene Editing , Genetic Therapy , Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
20.
An. R. Acad. Nac. Farm. (Internet) ; 88(número extraordinario): 291-298, diciembre 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-225751

ABSTRACT

El 5 de octubre de 2020, la Asamblea Nobel y el Comité Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina, anunciaron que tres científicos, los Dres. Harvey Later, Michael Houghton y Charles Rice serían los galardonados con el premio Nobel de Medicina 2020 “por el descubrimiento del virus de la hepatitis C”. El virus de la hepatitis C (HCV) en uno de varios virus capaces de causar inflamación crónica del hígado y patologías potencialmente mortales como la cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular. Las observaciones del Dr. Harvey Alter en el Centro Clínico de los NIH provocaron el postulado de un virus que era diferente de los virus de la hepatitis A y la hepatitis B conocidos en ese momento. Después de muchos años de frustración tratando de identificar el agente infeccioso responsable del virus asociado a la transfusión no A, no B, utilizando técnicas virológicas convencionales, el Dr. Michael Houghton logró, no solo identificar inequívocamente HCV, sino también generar reactivos esenciales para prevenir la propagación del virus a través de transfusión de lotes de sangre contaminados. Estas herramientas y las herramientas moleculares posteriores que se desarrollaron tras este descubrimiento sugieren que más de 70 millones de personas están actualmente infectadas con HCV en todo el mundo. Tras muchos años de intentos frustrados de aislar y propagar el virus en modelos de cultivo celular para estudiar la virología básica del HCV, el Dr. Charles Rice fue pionero en muchos estudios con el objetivo de caracterizar funciones básicas de las proteínas virales para las que desarrolló, entre otros, sistemas de genética inversa y ensayos funcionales en forma de replicones, una herramienta biológica que fue fundamental para desarrollar las terapias antivirales actuales. Sin embargo, sus experimentos pioneros de genética inversa en el modelo del chimpancé, mediante los cuales rescató viriones infecciosos a partir de material genético viral clonado, aseguraron su presencia entre los premiados. (AU)


In october 5 2020, the Nobel Assembly and the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, announced that three scientists Drs. Harvey Later, Michael Houghton and Charles Rice were the awarded with the Nobel prize in Medicine 2020 “for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus”. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in one of several viruses capable of causing chronic liver inflammation and life-threatening pathologies like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dr. Harvey Alter observations at the NIH Clinical Center prompted the postulate of a virus that was different from the hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses known at that time. After many years of frustration trying to identify the infectious agent responsible for the non-A, non-B, transfusion-associated virus using conventional virological techniques, Dr. Michael Houghton succeeded not only at unequivocally identifying HCV, but also at generating essential reagents to prevent the spread of the virus through contaminated blood banks. These tools and subsequent molecular tools develop after this discovery suggest that more than 70 million people are currently infected with HCV worldwide. These studies were followed again by many years of frustrated attempts at isolating and propagating the virus in cell culture models to study basic virology on HCV. Dr. Charles Rice pioneered many studies aiming at characterizing basic functions of the viral proteins for which he developed among others, reverse genetics systems and functional assays in the form of replicons, a biological tool that was instrumental to develop the current antiviral therapies. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis C , Reverse Genetics , Antiviral Agents
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