The impact of bone grafting with/without barrier membrane placement on the outcome of apical surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Regenerative techniques are increasingly being advocated in endodontic apical surgery (AS) to enhance the healing of periapical lesions. Various grafting and membrane materials are employed as adjuncts to modern AS. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to answer the following PICO question: In patients with apical periodontitis (P) what is the impact of bone grafting with/without barrier membrane materials (I) compared with surgery without grafting materials (C) on the outcome of AS evaluated clinically and radiographically (O). METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in four databases (Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) until 1 August 2023. Google Scholar was also manually searched. Studies with a prospective randomized design were included. Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB) tool 2.0 assessed bias. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection, data extraction and appraisal of studies. Meta-analysis was performed using R3.5.1 software. RESULTS: From the identified 2582 studies, eight randomized clinical trials were included for meta-analysis. Two studies had low RoB, while six had some concerns. Analysis revealed significantly better outcomes when surgery involved bone regeneration techniques than conventional surgery (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.32-4.31, p = .004). Subgroup analyses on individual grafts (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: -0.99 to 1.44, p = .720) (OR = -0.09, 95% CI: -1.42 to 1.23, p = .885) and membranes (OR = -1.09, 95% CI: -2.94 to 0.76, p = .247) and their combinations (OR = 0.03, 95% CI: -1.50 to 1.55, p = .970) did not yield any significant results. The type of membrane used did not significantly impact the outcome (OR = -1.09, 95% CI: -2.94 to 0.76, p = .247) nor did altering the combination of graft/membrane. DISCUSSION: This systematic review examined the effects of bone grafting with/without membrane placement on the outcome of AS. It highlights the potential advantages of regenerative techniques and the need for further research in this area. CONCLUSIONS: Based on current evidence, bone grafting with/without barrier membrane placement significantly improves healing after AS. Subgroup analysis of resorbable membranes or grafting did not significantly influence the outcome. The combination of membrane and graft was also not significant. Future well-designed, randomized controlled trials in this area are essential before these materials can be recommended for routine use to enhance healing outcomes in AS. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42021255171).

Anatomical Analysis of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Relation to Mandibular Posterior Teeth Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Radiographic Analysis Study.

Introduction: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is reliable in the assessment of structures related to teeth. The assessment of the inferior alveolar neurovascular (IAN) bundle location using CBCT is considered one of its prime uses in different mandibular surgeries. Methodology: Retrospective CBCT data of patients presented to the institute were assessed to measure relations of IAN. Measurements were taken to assess the bone thickness adjacent to IAN, the superior-inferior dimension between the canal and the teeth, and the dimension between the canal and the inferior border of the mandible. Results: Out of the 170 patients the root apices nearest to the IAN were that of the second molars (1.76 ± 1.86 mm). The IAN was closest to the inferior border of the mandible at the roots of the second molars (8 ± 3.4 mm). The buccal bone thickness had its greater dimension buccal to the IAN at the area of the second molar (5.16 ± 1.26 mm). Conclusion: Two mini-plates in trauma do not increase the risk of injury. It is advisable in apicectomy not to extend 1.5 mm apically. The thickness of the nerve-lateralization window should not exceed 2 mm. In body osteotomy procedure, perform surgery anterior to premolars as much as possible.

Success rate of orthograde endodontic retreatment after failed apicectomy - A retrospective study.

AIM: Orthograde retreatment after failed apicectomy maybe a treatment alternative to endodontic resurgery. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcome of orthograde endodontic retreatment after failed apicectomy. METHODOLOGY: Success was rated radiographically in 191 cases of orthograde retreatment after failed apicectomy that were treated in a private practice with a documented recall of at least 12 months. The radiographs were rated individually by two observers, in cases of disagreement a consensus was reached by joint discussion with a third observer. Success or failure were evaluated according to previously described criteria. The success rate and the median survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The log rank test was used to evaluate the effect of prognostic factors/predictors. Hazard ratios of predictors were analysed using Univariate Cox Proportional Hazard regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean follow-up of the included 191 patients (124 females, 67 males) was 32.13 (±23.68) months and the median was 25 months. The overall recall rate was 54%. Cohen Kappa analysis revealed nearly perfect agreement between both observers (k = 0.81; p = 1.0). The overall percentage of success was 84.82% (complete healing 79.06%, incomplete healing 5.76%). The median survival was 86 months (95% CI: 56-86). None of the selected predictors had an influence on the treatment outcome (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Orthograde retreatment should be considered a valuable treatment option after failed apicectomy. A surgical endodontic retreatment can still be a treatment option after orthograde retreatment to obtain outcome for the patient.

Cold coagulation in thoracoscopic treatment of primary pneumothorax: a comparison with apicectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is a common disease, whose surgical treatment is still enigmatic in terms of timing and technique. Herein, we reported our experience with the parenchymal-sparing technique via cold coagulation (CC), in comparison to stapler apicectomy (SA). METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of all patients with apical blebs or <2 cm bullae treated with minimally invasive surgery for recurrent or persistent spontaneous pneumothorax, from 2010 to 2020. Two different surgical techniques were used: SA and the parenchymal-sparing CC of the apex. Perioperative and long-term results were analysed and compared. RESULTS: Out of 177 patients enrolled, 77 patients (CC group) underwent cold-coagulation of the apex while 100 patients (SA group) were treated with SA. Two groups were comparable in terms of age, surgical indication, intraoperative findings and affected side. CC group had a mean operative time of 43.2 min (standard deviation ± 19.5), shorter than SA group with 49.3 min (standard deviation ± 20.1, P-value: 0.050). Complication rate was significantly different between 2 groups, 5 (7%) and 16 (16%), for the CC and SA groups, respectively (P: 0.048), even if not in terms of prolonged postoperative air leak (P: 0.16). During the follow-up, 13 homolateral recurrences were reported: 2 (3%) in group CC and 11 (11%) in group SA; with a significant difference (P: 0.044). All reinterventions (postoperative prolonged air leak and recurrences) required an SA. CONCLUSIONS: Parenchymal-sparing technique through CC of apical blebs and bullae is an effective treatment for primary spontaneous pneumothorax and guarantees a good immediate lung sealing, despite stapling still represents the choice treatment in complex cases.

Treatment outcome of surgical and non-surgical endodontic retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis.

AIMS: To evaluate and compare the treatment outcome of root filled teeth with apical periodontitis treated either non-surgically or by endodontic microsurgery, and to assess the influence of an intra-radicular post, clinical and demographic factors. METHODOLOGY: Clinical and radiological data from 1157 patients with apical periodontitis in previously root filled teeth treated by postgraduate students at the Department of Endodontics, University of Oslo, between September 2010 and January 2020 with recall data at least 11 months from completion were studied. Surgical cases were scored using the Rud/Molven criteria and grouped into success, uncertain or failure at control. Non-surgical cases were scored with the periapical index (PAI) and similarly grouped into success, uncertain or failure at control. Chi-square analyses were used for comparison of subgroups of teeth treated and logistic regression analyses for assessment of the influence of clinical variables. RESULTS: Non-surgical retreatment was performed on 351 teeth and 107 teeth were treated with endodontic microsurgery, with overall success rates of 65.5% and 77.6%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. Teeth with an intra-radicular post treated non-surgically (n = 30) were successful in 73.3% of cases, whereas teeth with intra-radicular post treated with endodontic microsurgery (n = 30) had a lower, 66.7% success rate. The distribution of tooth groups (anterior, premolar and molar) differed significantly between surgical and non-surgical cases, with maxillary anterior and premolar teeth more often treated surgically. Non-surgical retreatment cases were significantly influenced by patients' age (older patients had poorer outcome) and pre-operative PAI score (negatively correlated with outcome). Surgical cases were not significantly influenced by the factors studied here. CONCLUSIONS: The tooth type differed significantly for teeth treated by surgical versus non-surgical methods. Microsurgical treatment with apicectomy and retrograde filling showed significantly better treatment results than non-surgical retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis, whereas treatment outcome in teeth with posts after non-surgical treatment tended to be better than after surgical treatment. Outcome of non-surgical retreatment was negatively influenced by older age and higher pre-operative PAI score.

Periapical surgery with transsurgical filling of a tooth with extensive periapical lesion: case report / Cirurgia periapical com obturação transcirúrgica de dente com extensa lesão periapical: relato de caso / Cirugía periapical con obturación transquirúrgica de diente con lesión periapical extensa: descripción de un caso

This paper aims to describe a case of endodontic treatment associated with surgical treatment with apical curettage, apicectomy and transsurgical filling of a right upper lateral incisor with extensive periapical lesion. The patient attended the dental office reporting pain, facial swelling and fever. On clinical examination, an increase in extra and intra-oral volume was observed, affecting the bottom of the right upper sulcus; there was a negative response to the sensitivity test on tooth 12. The periapical radiograph showed the presence of an extensive periapical lesion involving the apices of teeth 11 and 12. In light of these findings, conventional endodontic treatment was chosen. The chemical-mechanical preparation was performed with X1-Blue mechanized files associated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and, after three changes of intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide, exudation through the canal persisted. Therefore, a periapical surgery was performed with curettage of the lesion, apicectomy and transsurgical obturation associated with AH Plus sealer. After 7 months of follow-up, complete regression of the periapical lesion was observed. In view of the limitations, the success of this case can be attributed to the association of endodontic treatment with the chosen surgical technique, since a repair of the periapical bone radiolucency was observed.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever um caso de tratamento endodôntico associado ao tratamento cirúrgico com curetagem apical, apicetomia e obturação transcirúrgica de um incisivo lateral superior direito com extensa lesão periapical. Paciente compareceu ao consultório odontológico relatando dor, inchaço na face e febre. Ao exame clínico observou-se um aumento de volume extra e intra-oral acometendo o fundo de sulco superior direito; obteve-se resposta negativa ao teste de sensibilidade no dente 12. A radiografia periapical mostrou a presença de extensa lesão periapical envolvendo os ápices dos dentes 11 e 12. Diante dos achados optou-se pelo tratamento endodôntico convencional. O preparo químico-mecânico foi realizado com as limas mecanizadas X1-Blue associado com hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% e, após três trocas de medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio, a exsudação via canal persistia. Diante disso, foi realizada uma cirurgia periapical com curetagem da lesão, apicetomia e obturação transcirúrgica associada com o cimento AH Plus. Após 7 meses de acompanhamento foi observado a regressão completa da lesão periapical. Diante das limitações, o sucesso desse caso pode ser atribuído à associação do tratamento endodôntico com a técnica cirúrgica escolhida, visto que foi observado um reparo da radiotransparência óssea periapical.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir un caso de tratamiento endodóntico asociado a tratamiento quirúrgico con curetaje apical, apicetomía y obturación transquirúrgica de un incisivo lateral superior derecho con lesión periapical extensa. El paciente acudió a la clínica dental refiriendo dolor, hinchazón en la cara y fiebre. El examen clínico mostró un aumento de volumen extra e intraoral que afectaba al surco superior derecho, con una respuesta negativa a la prueba de sensibilidad en el diente 12. La radiografía periapical mostró la presencia de una extensa lesión periapical que afectaba a los ápices de los dientes 11 y 12. Se optó por un tratamiento endodóntico convencional. La preparación químico-mecánica se realizó con las limas mecanizadas X1-Blue asociadas a hipoclorito sódico al 2,5% y, tras tres cambios de medicación intracanal con hidróxido de calcio, persistía la exudación a través del conducto. Por lo tanto, se realizó una cirugía periapical con curetaje de la lesión, apicetomía y obturación transquirúrgica asociada a cemento AH Plus. Tras 7 meses de seguimiento, se observó una regresión completa de la lesión periapical. Dadas las limitaciones, el éxito de este caso puede atribuirse a la asociación del tratamiento endodóntico con la técnica quirúrgica elegida, ya que se observó una reparación de la radiotransparencia ósea periapical.

Intentional re-implantation in a left mandibular second molar with broken file in apical third of mesiobuccal root: A case report.

Intentional re-implantation is done in cases of endodontic failures where conventional treatment options either fail or cannot be carried out due to any reason. It involves extraction of the offending tooth, extra oral apicectomy, followed by reinsertion of the tooth into its anatomical location. The following case report presents a situation where an endodontic instrument was separated in the mesiobuccal root of the left mandibular second molar during instrumentation that could not be retrieved. The decision of intentional re-implantation was made after detailed discussion with the patient, weighing pros and cons of each available treatment option. Fortunately, a favourable outcome was observed over a span of one year and the patient is still on follow-up for evaluation of long-term prognosis.

The effect of retrograde material type and surgical techniques on the success rate of surgical endodontic retreatment: systematic review of prospective randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Endodontic surgical procedures, when performed, require retrograde filling materials that are biocompatible, non-toxic, non-irritant, dimensionally stable, and ideally promote bone formation. Precise evaluation of retrograde filling materials in clinical trials is necessary to give holistic view for properties of material and potential outcome from its use. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effect of retrograde material type and surgical techniques on the success rate of surgical endodontic retreatment. METHODS: An electronic search was performed in the time frame between 1st of January 2000 to 1st of September 2020 using database. Sources Web of Science, PubMed and redundant hand searches through their references. Seven inclusion-exclusion criteria were set for the selection and identification of relevant articles. Risk of bias was conducted for the included studies. RESULTS: Nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The outcome of this review revealed that none of the reviewed trials totally-fulfilled CONSORT 2010 criteria. CONCLUSIONS: In light of the outcome of this review, there is no enough evidence to support the superiority of certain retrograde filling material or surgical technique over another in the success rate of surgical endodontics retreatment. The variety of methodologies and strategies, such as patient selection, the method of treatment and study analysis, led to doubtful credibility of the obtained clinical evidence. Further prospective randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating the specific effect of the various used materials are needed.

Accuracy and clinical safety of guided root end resection with a trephine: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Root-end resection is an endodontic surgical intervention that requires high precision so that all ramifications and lateral canals so as infected tissues are eliminated. An exploratory study was conducted to justify the clinical safety and accuracy of guided root-end resection with a trephine. METHODS: Fourteen root-end resections were performed in 11 patients. With the aid of computer tomography and rapid prototyping a stereolithographically fabricated, tooth-supported surgical template was used to guide trephinations. Surgery was performed using the printed surgical stent and a trephine was used not only for the osteotomy but for the root end resection as well. RESULTS: The root end was successfully and completely resected by the trephine in all cases. No intraoperative complications were observed in any of the cases, and the patients were free of symptoms indicating recurrence or complications at the 6-month follow-up. The median angular deviation of the trephination was 3.95° (95% CI: 2.1-5.9), comparable to the angular deviation of guided implant surgery. The mean apex removal error (ARE) was 0.19 mm (95% CI: 0.03-0.07). The mean osteotomy depth error (ODE) was 0.37 mm (95% CI: 0.15-1.35). Overpenetration was a characteristic finding, which indicates the necessity of a stop-trephine. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, we conclude that our results support the use of guided trephination for root-end resection.

Clinical practice guidelines for the surgical endodontic management of post-treatment periapical disease / Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo quirúrgico en endodoncia de la enfermedad periapical postratamiento

ABSTRACT Introduction: in Colombia, persisting post-endodontic disease has been reported by up to 45%, validating the use of secondary alternative therapies, like endodontic microsurgery (EM). The aim of this study was to systematically-and with reliable scientific evidence-develop de Novo Clinical Practice Guidelines for the surgical endodontic management of post-treatment periapical disease (PPD), with more accurate recommendations for therapeutic decisions and preferences consulted with both practitioners and patients. Method: the guidelines developers team identified EM as a topic in the literature and established the scope, objective, questions, and outcomes, which were analyzed using the scientific evidence reported in secondary or primary clinical studies. A first screening identified titles and abstracts for each question asked. The validity of the selected studies was quantified with tools like AMSTAR or SIGN. Finally, the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence were confirmed with GRADE. Results: concepts like PPD, EM indication, use of local anesthetics, antibiotics and presurgical anti-inflammatory drugs, effect of magnification, implementation of cone beam computed tomography, hemostasis, retrograde filling, and control time were integrated, supporting each topic with relevant evidence, experts' recommendations, and even good practice points. Conclusions: this document is considered a tool with sufficient evidence for clinical decision-making in EM.

RESUMEN Introducción: en Colombia, la persistencia de enfermedad posendodoncia ha sido reportada hasta en un 45%, lo cual justifica propuestas terapéuticas secundarias, como la microcirugía endodóntica (ME). El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en desarrollar sistemáticamente, y con evidencia científica confiable, una Guía de Práctica Clínica de Novo para el manejo quirúrgico en endodoncia de la enfermedad periapical postratamiento (EPP), con las recomendaciones más acertadas frente a decisiones y preferencias terapéuticas consultadas a profesionales y pacientes. Método: el grupo desarrollador de la guía identificó el tópico ME y estableció el alcance, el objetivo, las preguntas y los desenlaces, analizados mediante la evidencia científica registrada a partir de estudios clínicos secundarios o primarios. Un primer tamizaje identificó títulos y resúmenes para cada pregunta formulada. La validez de los estudios seleccionados se cuantificó con las herramientas AMSTAR o SIGN. Finalmente, la fuerza de las recomendaciones y la calidad de la evidencia se constataron con la herramienta GRADE. Resultados: se integraron los conceptos de EPP, indicación de la ME, uso de anestésicos locales, antibióticos y antinflamatorios prequirúrgicos, efecto de la magnificación, implementación de la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico, hemostasia, materiales de retroobturación y el tiempo de control, sustentando cada tópico con la evidencia, la recomendación de los expertos y en ocasiones con las premisas de las buenas prácticas. Conclusiones: el presente documento se considera una herramienta con suficiente evidencia para la toma de decisiones clínicas en ME.

Cirurgia parendodôntica ­ apicectomia e obturação simultânea dos canais radiculares com agregado trióxido mineral (MTA): relato de caso clínico / Parendodontic surgery ­ apicoectomy and simultaneous obturation of root canals with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA): case report

Introdução: com a finalidade de preservar o órgão dentário e, assim, colaborar para um adequado funcionamento do sistema estomatognático, deve-se considerar que, nas circunstâncias em que o tratamento endodôntico convencional não obtém os resultados desejados, é preciso recorrer à cirurgia parendodôntica, de forma a remover todas as causas da persistência da lesão periapical, bem como em muitos casos solucionar o problema do paciente, devolvendo-lhe a saúde e o bem-estar. Relato de caso: paciente do sexo masculino, 27 anos de idade, apresentava o incisivo lateral superior direito (#12) com exsudação persistente, mesmo após a instrumentação do canal radicular e trocas de medicação intracanal realizada com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio. No presente caso clínico, optou-se como forma de tratamento pela cirurgia parendodôntica com obturação do canal radicular simultânea ao ato cirúrgico. Após curetagem da lesão e apicectomia, realizou-se a obturação do canal radicular com agregado trióxido mineral (5 mm apicais) via câmara pulpar. Resultados: o exame histopatológico apontou um cisto infectado secundariamente. Conclusão: as técnicas cirúrgicas empregadas foram adequadas para esse caso, o que ficou demonstrado tanto clínica quanto radiograficamente, através da neoformação óssea e da ausência de sintomatologia, evidenciando o sucesso do caso. (AU)

Introduction: When conventional root canal treatment does not achieve the desired results, paraendodontic surgery should be performed to remove the causes of the persistent periapical cyst, preserve the tooth, contribute to the adequate functioning of the stomatognathic system and return health and wellbeing to the patient. Methods: A 27-year-old male presented with the right maxillary lateral incisor (tooth 12) with persistent exudate even after treatment of the root canal and the exchange of intracanal medication using calcium hydroxide paste. In the present clinical case, paraendodontic surgery was performed with the simultaneous filling of the root canal. After curettage of the cyst and apicoetomy, the root canal was filled with mineral trioxide aggregate (5 apical mm) through the pulp chamber. Results: The histopathological exam revealed a secondarily infected cyst. Conclusion: The surgical techniques employed were adequate for the present case, as demonstrated both clinically and radiographically through the formation of new bone and the absence of symptoms, confirming the successful treatment of the case (AU).

Maintenance of cell viability in extraoral conditions for a case of intentional replantation to retrieve a separated endodontic instrument.

Intentional replantation has been used as an alternative treatment modality to tooth extraction and prosthetic replacement when conventional endodontic treatment modalities are unfeasible or contraindicated. This case report presents a successful case of intentional replantation for the mandibular first molar with an endodontic mishap. An endodontic instrument was separated in the apical third of the root canal and extended beyond its mesiobuccal root apex. Intentional replantation served as a means to remove the separated instrument. The periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were kept viable throughout the endodontic treatment using a distinctive technique, wherein a preoperative impression is used for continuous wetting with saline. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) was shredded and placed in the alveolar socket to enhance PDL cell reattachment and prevent ankylosis. The 2-year successful follow-up reinforced that intentional replantation can be a viable option for removal of separated instruments that lie beyond the root apex. The use of these techniques to keep PDL cells viable and the use of PRF can aid in prevention of ankylosis.

Apical Surgery: Therapeutic Option for Endodontic Failure / Cirurgia Parendodôntica: Opção Terapêutica para o Insucesso Endodôntico

The aim of this study is present a surgical solution of the case of endodontic root canal failure caused by overfilling, with a history of endodontic retreatment and aesthetic rehabilitation with porcelain veneers. Patient C.F.P.L, 50 years old, female, was looking for treatment complaining of pain. Previous endodontic treatment was reported on tooth 11, and root canal retreatment after 6 months due to the persistence of painful symptomatology. Later, the patient carried out aesthetic rehabilitation with porcelain veneers, and approximately 6 months later the vitro pain related to the tooth 11 occurred again. Radiographic and tomographic images showed obturation of the root canal of the tooth 11 associated with diffuse hypodense area in the periapical region, with overextended endodontic material. The probable clinical diagnosis was symptomatic traumatic apical periodontitis, and apical surgery was proposed as treatment plan. After infiltrative anesthesia, a Newmann incision and split flap were performed, followed by osteotomy with micro-chisel and curettage of the lesion. An apicectomy was performed with Zecrya drill, followed by retro cavity with diamond ultrasonic tip and retrograde obturation with white MTA. After 2 years of follow-up bone neoformation and absence of symptomatology were observed, tooth in function and preservation of aesthetic rehabilitation harmony. Apical surgery is a therapeutic alternative with favorable prognosis for the treatment of endodontic failure, provided that it is correctly indicated and with a wellexecuted surgical protocol. (AU).

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a resolução cirúrgica de um caso de insucesso endodôntico ocasionado pela sobre obturação do canal radicular, com histórico de retratamento endodôntico e reabilitação estética com facetas cerâmicas. Paciente C.F.P.L, 50 anos, gênero feminino, procurou atendimento odontológico queixando-se de dor. Foi relatado tratamento endodôntico prévio no dente 11, e retratamento do canal radicular após 6 meses devido à persistência de sintomatologia dolorosa. Posteriormente, a paciente passou por reabilitação estética com facetas cerâmicas e, aproximadamente 6 meses após, houve o reaparecimento de dor espontânea relacionada ao dente 11. As imagens radiográficas e tomográficas revelaram obturação do canal radicular do dente 11 associado à área hipodensa difusa na região periapical, com extravasamento de material obturador. O diagnóstico clínico provável foi de periodontite apical sintomática traumática, e plano de tratamento proposto uma cirurgia parendodôntica. Posterior a anestesia infiltrativa, realizou-se incisão do tipo Newmann e retalho dividido, seguido de osteotomia com micro cinzel e curetagen da lesão. A apicectomia foi realizada com broca Zecrya, seguida da confecção da retrocavidade com ponta ultrassônica diamantada e obturação retrógrada com MTA branco. Após 2 anos de proservação foi observada neoformação óssea e ausência de sintomatologia, dente em função e preservação da harmonia da reabilitação estética. A cirurgia parendodôntica é uma alternativa terapêutica com prognóstico favorável para o tratamento do insucesso endodôntico, desde que corretamente indicada e com protocolo cirúrgico bem executado. (AU).

Meckel's Cave Meningiomas: New Classification System Focalized on Dumbbell Lesions Deriving from the Morphometric Analysis of the Posterior Petrous Apicectomy on Fresh Non-Formalin-Fixed Specimens. A Correlative Anatomoclinical Study.

BACKGROUND: The Meckel's cave (MC) is commonly affected by neoplastic lesions that often require neurosurgical treatment. We simulated the posterior petrous apicectomy (PPA) on fresh cadavers to verify the in vivo feasibility of the approach. We proposed a new classification system of MC meningioma based on the extent of middle cranial fossa (MCF) involvement. METHODS: Ten fresh, non-formalin-fixed specimens were used in this study. Through a retrosigmoid approach, 20 PPAs were performed. Subsequently, the cerebral hemispheres were removed to quantify the MCF exposure and dimensions of the suprameatal tubercle. Twenty-four patients operated on for MC meningioma were classified as follows: group 1, tumor <3 cm; group 2, tumor >3 cm. Group 2 was subdivided into to 5 subtypes: 2A, tumor of the MCF; 2B, tumor of the posterior cranial fossa; 2C, tumor of MCF and posterior cranial fossa; 2C type I, MCF <15 mm; and 2C type II, MCF >15 mm. RESULTS: The extent of MCF exposure through the PPA is 13 mm. Mean suprameatal tubercle dimensions were 10.4 mm × 3.8 mm. Mean extent of bony removal for the PPA was 10.2 mm. PPA was successfully performed in 3 patients without major neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results obtained with the PPA in 2C type I meningiomas are encouraging. The new classification system proposed can be useful in clinical practice, especially in the choice of the most suitable surgical approach for dumbbell meningiomas.

The Effect of Resection Angle on Stress Distribution after Root-End Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the resection angle on the stress distribution of retrograde endodontic treated maxillary incisors under oblique-load application. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A maxillary central incisor which was endodontically treated and restored with a fiber glass post was obtained in a 3-dimensional numerical model and distributed into three groups according to type of resection: control; restored with fiber post without retrograde obturation, R45 and R90 with 45º and 90º resection from tooth axial axis, respectively and restored with Fuji II LC (GC America). The numerical models received a 45º occlusal load of 200 N/cm2 on the middle of lingual surface. All materials and structures were considered linear elastic, homogeneous and isotropic. Numerical models were plotted and meshed with isoparametric elements, and the results were analyzed using maximum principal stress (MPS). RESULTS: MPS showed greater stress values in the bone tissue for control group than the other groups. Groups with apicectomy showed acceptable stress distribution on the fiber post, cement layer and root dentin, presenting more improved values than control group. CONCLUSION: Apicectomy at 90º promotes more homogeneity on stress distribution on the fiber post, cement layer and root dentin, which suggests less probability of failure. However, due to its facility and stress distribution also being better than control group, apicectomy at 45° could be a good choice for clinicians.

Tratamento do insucesso endodôntico / Treating endodontic failure

A persistência da lesão periapical pode estar relacionada à complexidade do sistema de canais e aos fatores extrarradiculares. Com o intuito de reduzir os fracassos endodônticos, a revolução técnico-científica juntamente com o aperfeiçoamento e aprimoramento profissional, a cirurgia parendodôntica soluciona problemas que não puderam ser resolvidos pelo tratamento endodôntico convencional, ou quando este não é possível. Neste trabalho, há o relato de caso clínico de lesão periapical envolvendo os dentes 11 e 12 em que se optou pela realização do retratamento e tratamento endodôntico dos dentes acometidos, seguido de procedimento cirúrgico. O objetivo é descrever um caso de tratamento e retratamento endodôntico seguido de cirurgia parendodôntica utilizando a apicectomia como modalidade cirúrgica. Com acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico pode-se concluir que em caso de lesões persistentes, a cirurgia parendodôntica se mostra uma boa alternativa para o reparo tecidual e eliminação da infecção.

The persistence of periapical lesions may be related to the complexity of the canal system and extra-radicular factors. In order to reduce endodontic failures, the technical-scientific revolution in conjunction with professional improvement, parendodontic surgery solves problems that could not be resolved by conventional endodontic treatment, or when this is not possible. This study reports a clinical case of periapical lesion involving the teeth 11 and 12 in which the endodontic retreatment and conventional endodontic treatment of the affected teeth were chosen, followed by a surgical procedure. The purpose is to describe a case of endodontic retreatment and conventional treatment followed by parendodontic surgery using apicectomy as surgical modality. It can be concluded that with the clinical and radiographic follow-up of persistent lesion cases parendodontic surgery may be a good alternative to tissue repair and elimination of infection.

Diagnostic validity of periapical radiography and CBCT for assessing periapical lesions that persist after endodontic surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Traditionally, healing after surgical endodontic retreatment (SER); i.e. apicectomy with or without a retrograde filling, is assessed in periapical radiographs (PR). Recently, the use of cone beam CT (CBCT) has increased within endodontics. Generally, CBCT detects more periapical lesions than PR, but basic research on the true nature of these lesions is missing. The objective was to assess the diagnostic validity of PR and CBCT for determining inflammation in SER cases that were re-operated (SER-R) due to unsuccessful healing, using histology of the periapical lesion as reference for inflammation. METHODS: Records from 149 patients, receiving SER 2004-10, were screened. In total 108 patients (119 teeth) were recalled for clinical follow-up examination, PR and CBCT, of which 74 patients (83 teeth) participated. Three observers assessed PR and CBCT as "successful healing" or "unsuccessful healing" using Rud and Molven's criteria. SER-R was offered to all non-healed teeth with expected favourable prognosis for subsequent functional retention. During SER-R, biopsy was performed and histopathology verified whether or not inflammation was present. RESULTS: All re-operated cases were assessed non-healed in CBCT while 11 of these were assessed successfully healed in PR. Nineteen biopsies were examined. Histopathologic diagnosis revealed 42% (teeth = 8) without periapical inflammation, 16% (teeth = 3) with mild inflammation and 42% (teeth = 8) with moderate to intense inflammation. A correct diagnosis was obtained in 58% with CBCT (true positives) and 63% with PR (true positives+true negatives). CONCLUSIONS: Of the re-operated teeth, 42% had no periapical inflammatory lesion, and hence no benefit from SER-R. Not all lesions observed in CBCT represented periapical inflammatory lesions.

Análise comparativa da adaptação marginal, infiltração microbiana e da citotoxicidade em ápices retrobturados com os cimentos Palacos-R e MTA / Comparative analysis of marginal adaptation, microbial leakage and cytotoxicity in apices in retrofills with cements Palacos-R and MTA

O sucesso do tratamento endodôntico está relacionado com uma adequada limpeza, modelagem e um bom selamento do sistema de canais radiculares. A cirurgia parendodôntica é um procedimento que tem como finalidade resolver problemas que não puderam ser solucionados pelo tratamento endodôntico convencional nem pelo retratamento. Essas cirurgias são realizadas através da exposição e remoção dos ápices radiculares, confecção de retrocavitações no longo eixo dos canais radiculares e retrobturações com materiais seladores específicos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de realizar um estudo comparativo dos cimentos MTA (Agregado Trióxido Mineral) e Palacos-R (cimento ósseo) nas retrobturações endodônticas através da avaliação da adaptação marginal, da infiltração microbiana e da citotoxicidade. Para avaliação da adaptação marginal e da capacidade seladora pelo método da infiltração microbiana, foram selecionados 48 caninos superiores permanentes humanos extraídos, instrumentados e obturados. As apicetomias para a remoção dos 3mm apicais das raízes foram realizadas com a utilização da ponta ultrassônica diamantada CVD DENTUS 8.1117. Os retropreparos foram confeccionados com pontas ultrassônicas diamantadas CVD DENTUS 6.1107-E, com 4mm de profundidade. As 28 amostras foram retrobturadas com o cimento ósseo Palacos-R (HERAEUS KULZER) e o cimento MTA cinza (ANGELUS), num total de 14 espécimes para cada cimento testado. A avaliação da adaptação marginal foi realizada pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com 8 dentes (4 para cada cimento retrobturador). A capacidade seladora foi analisada através de ensaios de infiltração bacteriana com Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), com 10 dentes para o grupo do Palacos-R, 10 dentes para o grupo do MTA cinza, 10 dentes para o grupo controle positivo e 10 dentes para o grupo controle negativo. A avaliação da citotoxicidade foi feita com os eluatos dos cimentos pelo teste MTT, com fibroblastos gengivais de camundongos (células L929). A análise ao MEV mostrou uma melhor adaptação do Palacos-R aos retropreparos do que o MTA cinza. Apesar do Palacos-R ter obtido os menores índices numéricos de infiltração bacteriana, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre ambos. Os dois cimentos não demonstraram atividade citotóxica sobre células L929, contudo nos extratos duplamente concentrados o cimento Palacos-R foi menos citotóxico do que o MTA cinza (P< 0.0001). Pôde-se concluir que o Palacos-R apresentou uma melhor adaptação marginal do que o MTA cinza ao MEV, que não houve diferença entre o Palacos-R e o MTA quanto à infiltracao microbiana e a citotoxicidade tornando-o um material retrobturador promissor a ser utilizado em Endodontia

The success of endodontic treatment is related to a proper cleaning, and a good seal of root canal system. Paraendodôntic surgery is a procedure that aims to solve problems that couldn't be solved by conventional endodontic treatment. These surgeries are performed by exposing and removing the root tips, making retrocavitations on the long axis of the root canals, and retrofilling with specific sealant materials Thus, the present work had the objective of performing a comparative study of MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) and Palacos-R (bone cement) cements in endodontic retrofillings through the evaluation of marginal adaptation, microbial infiltration and cytotoxicity. To evaluate the marginal adaptation and the sealing ability by the microbial infiltration method, 48 human permanent upper canines were selected, instrumented and obturated. The apicetomies for removal of the apical 3mm from the roots were performed using the diamond ultrasound tip CVD DENTUS 8.1117. The retroprepares were made with ultrasonic CVD DENTUS 6.1107-E diamond tips, 4mm deep. The 28 samples were retrobured with the Palacos-R (HERAEUS KULZER) cement and the gray MTA cement (ANGELUS), in a total of 14 specimens for each cement tested. The evaluation of the marginal adaptation was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with 8 teeth (4 for each retroburst cement). Sealing capacity was analyzed through bacterial infiltration assays with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), with 10 teeth for the Palacos-R group, 10 teeth for the gray MTA group, 10 teeth for the positive control group and 10 teeth for the the negative control group. Cytotoxicity evaluation was performed with the eluates of the cements by the MTT test, with mouse gingival fibroblasts (L929 cells). The SEM analysis showed a better adaptation of the Palacos-R to the retroprepares than the gray MTA. Although Palacos-R had the lowest numerical rates of bacterial infiltration, there was no statistically significant difference between the two. The two cements did not demonstrate cytotoxic activity on L929 cells, however in the doubly concentrated extracts the Palacos-R cement was less cytotoxic than the gray MTA (P <0.0001). It was concluded that the Palacos-R presented a better marginal adaptation than the gray MTA to the SEM, that there was no difference between the Palacos-R and the MTA in terms of microbial infiltration and cytotoxicity, making it a promising retrofilling material to be used in Endodontics

Apicoectomy and retrograde filling as periapical granuloma treatment: a case report / Apicectomía y obturación retrógrada como tratamiento de un granuloma periapical: informe de caso

ABSTRACT Periapical granulomas are chronic inflammatory processes appearing as a lesion around the apex of the tooth, which increase in size due to a proliferation of granulomatous tissue formed by lymphocytes, plasmocytes, some polymorphonuclears, macrophages, eosinophils, multinucleated giant cells, fibroblasts, and neoformation of capillaries. Etiologically, they occur due to deep caries affecting the pulp, infected root canals or endodontic failures. The objective of the present article is to report the finding of a periapical granuloma in a previously treated tooth, by means of excisional biopsy, curettage, and apical surgery with retrograde filling using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as filling material on tooth # 11 in a 65-year old male patient, with subsequent histopathological study of the lesion. The clinical and radiographic follow-up showed the effectiveness of MTA as a retrograde filling material and apicoectomy as surgical procedure for the treatment of periapical granuloma.

RESUMEN. Los granulomas periapicales son procesos inflamatorios crónicos que se presentan como una lesión rodeando el ápice del diente, la cual aumenta de tamaño debido a una proliferación de tejido granulomatoso conformado por linfocitos, plasmocitos, algunos polimorfonucleares, macrófagos, eosinófilos, células gigantes multinucleadas, fibroblastos y capilares de neoformación. Etiológicamente, su aparición obedece a caries profundas que afectan la pulpa, conductos radiculares infectados o fracasos endodónticos. El objetivo del presente artículo es informar el hallazgo de un granuloma periapical en un diente previamente tratado. Se realizó biopsia excisional, curetaje y cirugía apical con obturación retrógrada usando compuesto de minerales trióxido (MTA) como material de obturación a nivel del órgano dentario 11 en un paciente masculino de 65 años de edad, con posterior estudio histopatológico de la lesión. El seguimiento clínico y radiográfico demostró la efectividad del uso de MTA como material de obturación retrógrada y la apicectomía como procedimiento quirúrgico para el tratamiento del granuloma periapical.

Comparison of the Root End Sealing Ability of Four Different Retrograde Filling Materials in Teeth with Root Apices Resected at Different Angles - An Invitro Study.

INTRODUCTION: Insufficient apical seal is the significant reason for surgical endodontic disappointment. The root-end filling material utilized should avoid egress of potential contaminants into periapical tissue. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the sealing ability of four root-end filling materials MTA, Portland cement, IRM, RMGIC in teeth with root apices resected at 0 and 45 angle using dye penetration method under fluorescent microscope. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hundred extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were sectioned horizontally at the cement-enamel junction. After cleaning, shaping and obturation with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer, the tooth samples were randomly divided in two groups (the root apices resected at 0° and 45° to the long axis of the root). The root resections were carried out by removing 2 mm and 1 mm in both the groups. Following which 3 mm deep root-end cavities were prepared at the apices and the root were coated with nail varnish except the tip. The teeth in both the group were randomly divided into four subgroups each (Pro root MTA, Portland cement, IRM and Light cure nano GIC Ketac N-100). All the retrofilled samples were stored in acrydine orange for 24 hours after which they were cleaned and vertically sectioned buccolingually. The sectioned root samples were observed under fluorescent microscope. RESULTS: The root apex sealing ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) was superior to Portland cement, Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM) and LC GIC. IRM demonstrated the maximum apical leakage value among all the materials. Portland cement and LC GIC showed comparable sealing ability. CONCLUSION: The angulation whether 0° or 45° angle did not affect the sealing ability of all the four materials used, MTA proved to be one of the superior materials for root-end filling.