Apparent metabolizable energy and ileal amino acid digestibility of commercial soybean meals of different origins in broilers.

We studied the chemical composition and the in vivo AMEn content and apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids (AA) of 27 samples of soybean meals (SBM) from Argentina (ARG), Brazil (BRA), and USA, collected in Spain. On 88% DM basis, the BRA meals had more CP (46.9 vs. 46.0 and 45.9%; P < 0.05) and less sucrose (5.21 vs. 6.28 and 6.47%; P < 0.001) and stachyose (4.20 vs. 4.66 and 4.78%; P < 0.05) than the USA and ARG meals. Urease activity, protein dispersibility index, KOH protein solubility, and trypsin inhibitor activity values, were higher for the USA meals than for the South American meals (P < 0.05). In the in vivo trial, broilers received a common crumble diet from 0 to 16 d of age and then, their respective experimental diets (53% of a N-free diet and 47% of each of the 27 SBM tested) in mash form, for 5 d. The AMEn (2,334 vs. 2,282 and 2,277 kcal/kg; P = 0.062) and the AID (87.3 vs. 86.7 and 86.4%; P = 0.054) and SID (91.9 vs. 91.2 and 90.8%; P < 0.05) of the protein, were greater for the USA meals than for the ARG and BRA meals. In fact, the SID of Lys (93.5 vs. 93.0 and 92.1%; P < 0.001) and of the sum of Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Cys (91.4 vs. 91.0 and 90.2%; P < 0.05) were greater for the USA meals than for the ARG and BRA meals. In summary, the chemical composition, protein quality indicators, AMEn content, and ileal digestibility of the CP and the AA of the SBM, varied with the country of origin of the soybeans. In order to increase the accuracy of the feed formulation process, the composition and nutrient content of commercial batches of SBM, by country of origin should be controlled and periodically updated.

Energy values and metabolizability coefficients of maize kernels with different specific gravities / Valores energéticos e coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de grãos de milho com diferentes densidades específicas

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the specific gravity of maize kernels on physicochemical traits, energy values, and metabolizability coefficients. Pearson's correlations were evaluated between specific gravity (kg/m3) and crude protein (%); ether extract (%); crude fiber (%); gross energy (%); presence of fumonisins (ppb) and aflatoxins (ppb); and kernel quality (good, rotten, weevil-damaged, broken, and shriveled kernels, %). A metabolism trial was conducted with diets containing maize fractions of different specific gravities for male broilers from 14 to 21 days of age. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (MCDM), crude protein (MCCP), ether extract (MCEE), calcium (MCCa), and phosphorus (MCP) were evaluated. The experiment consisted of five treatments (reference diet and diets with 40% replaced with maize at five specific gravities (740, 740, 760, or 800 kg/m3). Eight replications were used, totaling 400 broilers chickens. The Scott-Knott test was applied and regression equations were fitted to compare the treatments. Specific gravity had moderate correlations with good and broken kernels and low-magnitude correlations with chemical parameters. Increasing specific gravities caused AME and AMEn to increase linearly when analyzed on an as-is basis; and to respond quadratically when expressed on a dry-matter basis. The specific gravity of 780 kg/m3 provided the lowest MCDM, MCCP, MCCa, and MCP values, whereas the lowest MCEE, was found at the lowest density. It was not possible to determine the best nutritional composition or the best metabolizability coefficients.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da densidade do grão de milho sobre características físico-químicas, valores energéticos e de metabolizabilidade aparente. Avaliou-se a correlação entre a densidade específica (kg/m3) e os parâmetros: proteína bruta (%); extrato etéreo (%); fibra bruta (%); energia bruta (%); presença de fumonisinas (ppb) e aflatoxinas (ppb); umidade (%); grãos bons, quebrados, chochos, carunchados e ardidos, em Percentagem. Um ensaio de metabolismo com dietas contendo diferentes densidades específicas do grão de milho, para frango de corte, no período de 14 a 21 dias de idade, foi conduzido para avaliar a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e a corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade: matéria seca (CM_MS), proteína bruta (CM_PB), extrato etéreo (CM_EE), cálcio (CM_Ca) e fósforo (CM_P). O experimento foi composto por cinco tratamentos (dieta referência e dietas substituindo 40% desta com milhos de densidades específicas: 740 kg/m3, 760 kg/m3, 780 kg/m3 e 800 kg/m3), com oito repetições, totalizando 400 frangos machos. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-knott e estimada as equações de regressão nas diferentes densidades específicas das frações de milho. As correlações entre a densidade específica e grãos bons e quebrados foram de moderada magnitude e com os parâmetros químicos foram de baixa magnitude. Com o aumento da densidade específica para EMA e EMAn na matéria natural obteve-se resposta linear decrescente, enquanto na matéria seca, foi quadrático. Para CMMS, CMPB, CMCA e CMP a densidade de 780 kg/m3 apresentou os menores valores, enquanto para CMEE, o menor valor foi para a menor densidade específica. Não foi possível determinar a fração de milho com melhor composição nutricional e melhores coeficientes de metabolizabilidade.(AU)

Colombian vs. American corn: Quality, chemical composition, mycotoxin content and metabolizable energy

Background: Corn is, quantitatively, one of the most important world crops (ranking second only after wheat) and a key ingredient in animal feeds. Objective: to assess and compare corn quality, mycotoxin content, chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of domestic and imported corn. Methods: Grain quality (USDA grading system) was determined in 30 samples of domestic and 21 samples of imported corn. From each origin, 15 samples were subjected to proximal analysis and 10 were used to determine fatty acid composition. Mycotoxin analysis was conducted on 30 samples of domestic and 23 of imported corn. Results: six of the 30 domestic samples corresponded to US1 grade (highest quality) vs. none of the imported. In the "sample grade" category (lowest quality), 10 and 6 samples corresponded to imported and domestic corn, respectively. Soybeans were found as contaminant in 15 of the 21 imported corn samples. Aspergillus spp. mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A were not detected, and aflatoxins were found in only a few samples at very low levels. Fusariotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were found in 61 and 43% of imported samples, respectively, but in none of the domestic samples. Domestic corn had lower carbohydrate content compared with imported corn (85.4 vs. 86.7%), but higher crude fat (3.8 vs. 3.1%). The AME values for domestic and imported corn were 3,697 and 3,378 kcal/kg, respectively. The fatty acid profiles from both corn types were similar. Conclusion: This study found significant differences between locally-grown and imported corn, particularly in terms of crude fat, AME content, fusariotoxins, and contaminant seeds (soybeans). These findings suggest that locally-grown corn might have nutritional and toxicological advantages over corn imported from the United States.

Antecedentes: El maíz es, cuantitativamente, uno de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial (ocupa el segundo lugar después del trigo) y uno de los principales ingredientes en dietas para animales. Objetivo: Evaluar y comparar la calidad del maíz, su contenido de micotoxinas, composición química, y energía metabolizable aparente (AME) del maíz nacional e importado. Métodos: La calidad del grano (sistema de clasificación de la USDA) se determinó en 30 muestras de maíz producido en Colombia y 21 de maíz importado. De cada origen, 15 muestras se sometieron a análisis proximal y 10 se analizaron para determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos. El contenido de micotoxinas se determinó en 30 muestras de maíz nacional y 23 de maíz importado. Resultados: Seis de las treinta muestras nacionales analizadas para calidad de grano correspondieron a grado US1 (la mejor calidad) frente a ninguna de las importadas. En categoría "grado muestra" (la menor calidad) se encontraron 10 y 6 de las muestras de maíz importado y nacional, respectivamente; 15 de las 21 muestras de maíz importado presentaron contaminación con semillas de fríjol soya. No se encontraron micotoxinas de hongos Aspergillus spp. (ocratoxina A), y niveles muy bajos de aflatoxinas en unas pocas muestras. Fusariotoxinas tales como deoxinivalenol y zearalenona se detectaron en el 61 y 43% de las muestras de maíz importado, respectivamente, pero en ninguna muestra de maíz nacional. El maíz nacional presentó menor contenido de carbohidratos (85,4 vs. 86,7%), pero mayor contenido de grasa cruda (3,8 vs. 3,1%) en comparación con el importado, respectivamente. Los valores de AME fueron de 3.697 y 3.378 kcal/kg para el maíz nacional e importado, respectivamente. El perfil de ácidos grasos de ambas procedencias fue similar. Conclusiones: Este estudio encontró diferencias significativas entre el maíz de producción nacional y el importado, en especial en su contenido de grasa cruda y AME, fusariotoxinas, y semillas contaminates (soya). Estos hallazgos sugieren que el maíz de producción nacional puede presentar ventajas de tipo nutricional y toxicológico frente al maíz importado de los Estados Unidos de América.

Antecedentes: O milho é quantitativamente uma das culturas mais importantes em nível mundial (ocupando o segundo lugar depois do trigo), sendo um dos principais ingredientes em dietas para animais. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a qualidade do milho, o teor de micotoxinas, a composição química e a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) do milho nacional e importado. Métodos: A qualidade do grão (sistema de classificação do USDA) foi determinada em 30 amostras de milho produzido na Colômbia e 21 amostras de milho importado. Quinze amostras de cada tipo de milho foram submetidas a análise proximal e dez amostras de cada milho foram analisadas para determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos. O conteúdo de micotoxinas foi determinado em 30 amostras de milho da Colômbia e em 23 amostras de milho importado. Resultados: Seis das trinta amostras colombianas analisadas para qualidade de grão corresponderam a grau US1 (melhor qualidade) frente a nenhuma das amostras importadas. Na categoria "grau amostra" (menor qualidade) foram encontradas 10 e 6 amostras de milhos importados e colombianos, respectivamente; Quinze das 21 amostras de milho importado apresentaram contaminação com sementes de feijão soja. Não foram encontradas micotoxinas de fungos Aspergillus spp. (ocratoxina A) ou apenas níveis muito baixos em poucas amostras (aflatoxinas). As fusariotoxinas, deoxinivalenol e zearalenona foram detectadas em 61 e 43% das amostras de milho importado, respectivamente, mas não foram detectadas em nenhuma amostra do milho colombiano. O milho colombiano apresentou menor conteúdo de carboidratos (85,4 vs. 86,7%) porém maior conteúdo de gordura crua (3,8 vs. 3,1%). Os valores de AME foram 3.697 e 3.378 kcal/kg para as amostras de milho colombiano e importado, respectivamente. O perfil de ácidos graxos de ambos tipos de milho foi similar. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo mostram diferenças significativas entre o milho de origem colombiana e o milho importado dos Estados Unidos, em especial no conteúdo de gordura crua e AME, fusariotoxinas e sementes contaminantes (soja). Estes achados sugerem que o milho de produção colombiana pode apresentar vantagens de tipo nutricional e toxicológica frente ao milho importado dos Estados Unidos.

Productive performance of Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age fed diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy and crude protein.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, carcass yield, size of digestive organs and nutrient utilization in Mexican Creole chickens, using four diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME, kcal/kg) and crude protein (CP, %). METHODS: Two hundred thirty-six chickens, coming from eight incubation batches, were randomly distributed to four experimental diets with the following ME/CP ratios: 3,000/20, 2,850/19, 2,700/18 and 2,550/17. Each diet was evaluated with 59 birds from hatching to 12 weeks of age. The variables feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FC), mortality, carcass yield, size of digestive organs, retention of nutrients, retention efficiency of gross energy (GE) and CP, and excretion of N were recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with covariance AR (1) and adjustment of degrees of freedom (KendwardRoger), the adjusted means were compared with the least significant difference method at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The productive performance variables BWG, mortality, carcass yield, fat and GE retention and excretion of N were not different (p>0.05) due to the diet effect. In the 3,000/20 diet, the chickens had lower values of FI, FC, crop weight, gizzard weight, retention, and retention efficiency of CP (p<0.05) than the chickens of the 2,550/17 diet. CONCLUSION: The Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age can be feed with a diet with 2,550 kcal ME and 17% CP, without compromising productive parameters (BWG, mortality, carcass yield) but improving retention and retention efficiency of CP.

Composition and availability of nutrients of three corn hybrids dried at different temperatures in the diets of broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) content, in vitro digestibility of starch, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn ), and apparent and apparent nitrogen-corrected coefficient of metabolizable energy (ACME and ACMEn ) of three corn hybrids dried at different temperatures in the diets of broiler chickens. The energetic values were determined by the total collection of excreta method, using broilers from 11 to 21 d, placed in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (three corn hybrids and two drying temperatures: 80 and 110 °C), totalizing six treatments, seven replicates, and four birds/replicate. The data were subjected to two-way ANOVA. There was an interaction between the two factors tested wherein the AME and AMEn were increased when using corn Hybrid 1 dried at 80 °C. As main effects, the use of corn Hybrid 3 increased ACME and ACMEn . The drying temperature of 110 °C increased amylose, resistant starch, and nitrogen bound to the fiber contents, and reduced soluble:total NSP ratio. These changes may be responsible for the differences in digestibility of nutrients. The mean values of AME and AMEn of corn dried at 80 and 110 °C were 14.03 and 13.84 MJ/kg, respectively, and 81.62 and 80.53% for ACME and ACMEn , respectively.

Soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) with enzymes in broiler diets.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of i) dehulling of lupine seed on chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and ii) soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine seed in broiler diets with enzymes on productive performance, size of digestive organs and welfare-related variables. METHODS: Experiment 1, chemical composition and AME were determined in whole and dehulled lupine seed. Experiment 2, two hundred eighty-eight one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. The experimental diets were maize-soybean meal (MS), MS with enzymes (MSE) and maize-dehulled lupine seed with enzymes (MLE). Diets were assigned to the experimental units under a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet). The body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, feed conversion, digestive organ weights, gait score, latency to lie down and valgus/varus angulation were evaluated. RESULTS: The dehulling process increased protein (25.0% to 31.1%), AME (5.9 to 8.8 MJ/kg) and amino acid contents. The BW gain of broilers fed the MLE diet was similar (p>0.05) to that of those fed the MS diet, but lower than that of those fed the MSE diet. Feed intake of broilers fed the MLE diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS diet and similar (p>0.05) to those fed the MSE diet. Feed conversion of broilers fed the MLE diet was 8.0% and 8.7% higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS and MSE diets, respectively. Broilers fed the MLE diet had the highest (p<0.05) relative proventriculus and gizzard weights, but had poor welfare-related variables. CONCLUSION: It is possible to substitute soybean meal by dehulled lupine seed with enzymes in broiler diets, obtaining similar BW gains in broilers fed the MLE and MS diets; however, a higher feed intake is required. Additionally, the MLE diet reduced welfare-related variables.

Effect of corn oil on the digestibility and economic viability of broiler chicken feed, and on the bromatological composition of breast meat / Efeito do óleo de milho em ração de frangos de corte sobre a digestibilidade, composição bromatológica do músculo do peito e viabilidade econômica das rações

The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility, economic efficiency, and composition of breast muscle in broiler chickens fed with a diet containing corn oil as an alternative replacement to soybean oil. We evaluated feed digestibility, crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) during two periods (17-21 and 31-35 days of age). An analysis of breast composition, feed cost (Yi), economic efficiency index (EEI), and cost index (CI) for live weight of the animal and carcass between the two oil sources was also carried out. The design was completely randomized in a 2×2 factorial design with two ingredients (soybean oil and corn oil) and two periods (17-21 and 31-35 days). Digestibility tests were performed with four replicates per treatment and two birds per pen, and tests of breast muscle composition were made with six replicates. There was an interaction between diet and age for digestibility of CP (P < 0.05), which was higher (P < 0.05) at 17-21 days using soybean oil. The digestibility of the feed was higher (P > 0.05) at 31-35 days compared to 17-21 days. The digestibility of EE was not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment or age. The use of corn oil resulted in higher (P < 0.05) AME in 17-21 day olds, and higher AME and AMEn in 31-35 day olds; there was no difference (P > 0.05) in AMEn among 17-21 day olds. In breast composition, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in deposition of EE. For CP level and drymatter (DM), corn oil showed better values, while for breast moisture, soybean oil resulted in higher levels of moisture compared to corn oil (P < 0.05). The economic viability analysis favored soybean oil. Our results suggested that corn oil can replace soybean oil in diets formulated with sorghum, since it has higher apparent metabolizable energy and resulted in better breast composition.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade, eficiência econômica e composição do músculo do peito de frangos de corte alimentados com ração contendo óleo de milho como alternativa de substituição ao óleo de soja. Foi avaliado a digestibilidade da ração, da proteína bruta (PB), do extrato etéreo (EE); energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn); em dois períodos (17-21 e 31-35 dias). A análise da composição do músculo do peito, o custo da ração (Yi), índice de eficiência econômica (IEE) e índice de custo (IC) para peso vivo do animal e da carcaça entre as fontes lipídicas foi realizada no final da criação. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 com dois ingredientes (óleo soja e óleo milho) e em dois períodos (17-21 e 31-35 dias). A digestibilidade foi realizada com quatro repetições por tratamento com duas aves por unidade experimental e para a composição do musculo do peito foi feito seis repetições por tratamento. Houve interação dieta e idade para a digestibilidade da PB (P < 0,05), que foi maior (P < 0,05) aos 17-21 dias utilizando o óleo de soja. A digestibilidade da ração foi maior (P < 0,05) aos 31- 35 dias em comparação aos 17-21 dias de idade. A digestibilidade do EE não foi alterada (P > 0,05) pelos tratamentos e pelas idades. A utilização do óleo de milho resultou em maior (P < 0,05) EMA aos17-21 dias de idade, EMA e EMAn aos 31-35 dias de idade, enquanto não houve diferença (P > 0,05) para EMAn aos 17-21 dias. Na composição de peito, não foram encontradas diferenças (P > 0,05) em deposição de EE. Para o nível de PB e matéria seca (MS) o óleo de milho apresentou melhores valoresenquanto que para umidade de peito o óleo de soja resultou em maiores teores de umidade se comparado ao óleo de milho (P < 0,05). O resultado de viabilidade econômica beneficiou o óleo de soja.[...](AU)

Effect of corn oil on the digestibility and economic viability of broiler chicken feed, and on the bromatological composition of breast meat / Efeito do óleo de milho em ração de frangos de corte sobre a digestibilidade, composição bromatológica do músculo do peito e viabilidade econômica das rações

The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility, economic efficiency, and composition of breast muscle in broiler chickens fed with a diet containing corn oil as an alternative replacement to soybean oil. We evaluated feed digestibility, crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) during two periods (17-21 and 31-35 days of age). An analysis of breast composition, feed cost (Yi), economic efficiency index (EEI), and cost index (CI) for live weight of the animal and carcass between the two oil sources was also carried out. The design was completely randomized in a 2×2 factorial design with two ingredients (soybean oil and corn oil) and two periods (17-21 and 31-35 days). Digestibility tests were performed with four replicates per treatment and two birds per pen, and tests of breast muscle composition were made with six replicates. There was an interaction between diet and age for digestibility of CP (P 0.05) at 31-35 days compared to 17-21 days. The digestibility of EE was not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment or age. The use of corn oil resulted in higher (P 0.05) in AMEn among 17-21 day olds. In breast composition, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in deposition of EE. For CP level and drymatter (DM), corn oil showed better values, while for breast moisture, soybean oil resulted in higher levels of moisture compared to corn oil (P < 0.05). The economic viability analysis favored soybean oil. Our results suggested that corn oil can replace soybean oil in diets formulated with sorghum, since it has higher apparent metabolizable energy and resulted in better breast composition.

Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade, eficiência econômica e composição do músculo do peito de frangos de corte alimentados com ração contendo óleo de milho como alternativa de substituição ao óleo de soja. Foi avaliado a digestibilidade da ração, da proteína bruta (PB), do extrato etéreo (EE); energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn); em dois períodos (17-21 e 31-35 dias). A análise da composição do músculo do peito, o custo da ração (Yi), índice de eficiência econômica (IEE) e índice de custo (IC) para peso vivo do animal e da carcaça entre as fontes lipídicas foi realizada no final da criação. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 com dois ingredientes (óleo soja e óleo milho) e em dois períodos (17-21 e 31-35 dias). A digestibilidade foi realizada com quatro repetições por tratamento com duas aves por unidade experimental e para a composição do musculo do peito foi feito seis repetições por tratamento. Houve interação dieta e idade para a digestibilidade da PB (P 0,05) pelos tratamentos e pelas idades. A utilização do óleo de milho resultou em maior (P 0,05) para EMAn aos 17-21 dias. Na composição de peito, não foram encontradas diferenças (P > 0,05) em deposição de EE. Para o nível de PB e matéria seca (MS) o óleo de milho apresentou melhores valoresenquanto que para umidade de peito o óleo de soja resultou em maiores teores de umidade se comparado ao óleo de milho (P < 0,05). O resultado de viabilidade econômica beneficiou o óleo de soja.[...]

Nutrient analysis, metabolizable energy, and digestible amino acids of soybean meals of different origins for broilers.

Nutrient composition, ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility, and AME of 55 soybean meal (SBM) samples from the United States (US; n = 16), Argentina (ARG; n = 16), Brazil (BRA; n = 10), and India (IND; n = 13), collected from commercial mills in Southeast Asia, were compared using laboratory analyses and animal studies. There were significant (P < 0.05 to 0.001) differences due to origin in CP, fat, ash, fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) contents of SBM. The average CP content of US, ARG, BRA, and IND samples was determined to be 47.3, 46.9, 48.2, and 46.4% (as-fed basis), respectively. Compared with SBM from other origins, crude fiber and NSP contents were lower (P < 0.05) and sucrose content was higher (P < 0.05) in the US samples. The IND samples had the highest (P < 0.05) contents of fiber, ash, and NSP, and lowest (P < 0.05) contents of fat and sucrose. Differences (P < 0.0001) were observed among origins for in vitro protein quality measures (urease index, KOH protein solubility, and trypsin inhibitor activity). Significant (P < 0.001) effects due to origin were observed for all minerals. Soybean meal from the US and IND had higher (P < 0.05) calcium contents (0.45%) compared with those from ARG and BRA (0.28-0.31%). Phosphorus and potassium contents were lowest (P < 0.05) in SBM from IND, and no differences (P > 0.05) were observed in SBM from other origins. Iron content was markedly high (928 mg/kg) in SBM from IND compared with those from other origins (103-134 mg/kg). Major origin-related differences (P < 0.0001) were observed in the AME of SBM. The average AME content of US, ARG, BRA, and IND samples was 2,375, 2,227, 2,317, and 2,000 kcal/kg (as-fed basis), respectively. Total AA contents of US, ARG, BRA, and IND samples were similar (P > 0.05) for 9 of the 17 amino acids. Major differences (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) due to origin were determined for the digestibility of all AA. The IND samples had the lowest (P < 0.05) digestibility and no differences (P > 0.05) between samples from other 3 origins. However, the digestible CP content of US SBM was higher (P < 0.05) than those of ARG and IND, but similar (P > 0.05) to that from BRA. The digestible CP contents of SBM from the US, ARG, BRA, and IND were 40.0, 38.6, 39.8, and 36.7%, respectively. Digestible contents of indispensable AA, in general, followed the same trend as that of digestible CP. In conclusion, the present evaluation showed that major differences in nutritive value do exist between SBM from different origins in terms of nutrient contents, AME, and digestible AA. Overall, SBM originating from the US had better nutritive value compared with those from ARG and IND, on the basis of AME and contents of digestible CP and digestible AA.

Avaliação de modelos para predição da energia metabolizável do milho para aves / Evaluation of models to predict metabolizable energy of corn for chickens

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar modelos de predição do valor de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida (EMAn) do milho para aves. Foi organizado um banco de dados contendo informações de experimentos, publicados na literatura nacional entre os anos de 1994 a 2007. Foram utilizados dados de composição química, valores de energia bruta e EMAn de 97 amostras de milho, provenientes de estudos em que os valores de EMAn foram determinados pelo método tradicional de coleta total de excretas com pintos de linhagem de corte. Avaliaram-se cinco modelos, sendo quatro deles sugeridos para estimar a EMAn do milho e um para estimar EMAn de alimentos energéticos. Os modelos estudados foram: EMAnC1 = 36,21*PB + 85,37*EE + 37,26*ENN; EMAnC2 = 37,50*PB + 85,37*EE + 38,21*ENN; EMAnC3 = 4021,8 - 227,5*MM; EMAnC4 = 4337,27 - 57,17*FDN; e EMAnC5 = 4371,18 - 26,48*PB + 30,65*EE - 126,93*MM - 52,26*FB - 25,14*FDN + 24,40*FDA. Os valores de EMAn estimados pelos modelos foram comparados com os valores observados utilizando-se a análise de regressão. Em todos os modelos avaliados, houve rejeição (P<0,001) da hipótese de nulidade, demonstrando diferenças entre os valores de EMAn observados e calculados. No desdobramento do quadrado médio do erro de predição (MSD) em seus componentes, constatou-se que os dados simulados pelos modelos EMAnC1, EMAnC3 e EMAnC5 apresentam desvios de magnitude e padrão de flutuação em relação aos dados observados. Por outro lado, verificou-se que as estimativas realizadas com os modelos EMAnC2 e EMAnC4 tiveram predomínio do componente que expressa o vício de predição, indicando o viés constante observado na relação entre os valores observados e preditos. Concluiu-se que nenhum dos cinco modelos estudados permitiu estimar com precisão e acurácia os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida do milho para aves.

A study was realized to validate models to predict apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of corn used in chickens diets. Data set with informations of experiments published in national literature among 1994 to 2007 was organized. Chemical composition, gross energy and AMEn of 97 corn samples were including in data set. Studies which AMEn was determined by the traditional method of excreta collection with growing chickens were selected. Five models were evaluates, being four recommended for application in corn and one for application in energetic feedstuffs. The models studied were AMEnC1=36.21*CP + 85.37*EE + 37.26*NNE; AMEnC2 =37.5*CP + 85.37*EE + 38.21*NNE; AMEnC3 =4021.8 - 227.5*ASH; AMEnC4 =4337.27 - 57.17*NDF; e AMEnC5 =4371.18 - 26.48*CP + 30.65*EE - 126.93*ASH - 52.26*CF - 25.14*NDF + 24.40*ADF. The values of AMEn obtained for the models were compared with the observed values using regression analysis. In all the evaluated models there is rejection of the nullity hypothesis, showing differences between estimated and calculated AMEn values. Decomposition of mean squared deviation (MSD) has been demonstrated that calculated values from models AMEnC1, AMEnC3 and AMEnC5 showed that its models failed to simulate the magnitude and pattern of fluctuation. On the other hand, the estimates made with models AMEnC2 e AMEnC4 showed predominance of component bias of prediction that indicates the models failed to simulate the variability of the data around the mean. Energy values predicted using differents models were compared with calculated values by regression analysis. In conclusion any of five models studied allow estimating precisely the apparent metabolizable energy of corn to chickens.

Avaliação de modelos para predição da energia metabolizável do milho para aves

A study was realized to validate models to predict apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of corn used in chickens diets. Data set with informations of experiments published in national literature among 1994 to 2007 was organized. Chemical composition, gross energy and AMEn of 97 corn samples were including in data set. Studies which AMEn was determined by the traditional method of excreta collection with growing chickens were selected. Five models were evaluates, being four recommended for application in corn and one for application in energetic feedstuffs. The models studied were AMEnC1=36.21*CP + 85.37*EE + 37.26*NNE; AMEnC2 =37.5*CP + 85.37*EE + 38.21*NNE; AMEnC3 =4021.8 - 227.5*ASH; AMEnC4 =4337.27 - 57.17*NDF; e AMEnC5 =4371.18 - 26.48*CP + 30.65*EE - 126.93*ASH - 52.26*CF - 25.14*NDF + 24.40*ADF. The values of AMEn obtained for the models were compared with the observed values using regression analysis. In all the evaluated models there is rejection of the nullity hypothesis, showing differences between estimated and calculated AMEn values. Decomposition of mean squared deviation (MSD) has been demonstrated that calculated values from models AMEnC1, AMEnC3 and AMEnC5 showed that its models failed to simulate the magnitude and pattern of fluctuation. On the other hand, the estimates made with models AMEnC2 e AMEnC4 showed predominance of component bias of prediction that indicates the models failed to simulate the variability of the data around the mean. Energy values predicted using differents models were compared with calculated values by regression analysis. In conclusion any of five models studied allow estimating precisely the apparent metabolizable energy of corn to chickens.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar modelos de predição do valor de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida (EMAn) do milho para aves. Foi organizado um banco de dados contendo informações de experimentos, publicados na literatura nacional entre os anos de 1994 a 2007. Foram utilizados dados de composição química, valores de energia bruta e EMAn de 97 amostras de milho, provenientes de estudos em que os valores de EMAn foram determinados pelo método tradicional de coleta total de excretas com pintos de linhagem de corte. Avaliaram-se cinco modelos, sendo quatro deles sugeridos para estimar a EMAn do milho e um para estimar EMAn de alimentos energéticos. Os modelos estudados foram: EMAnC1 = 36,21*PB + 85,37*EE + 37,26*ENN; EMAnC2 = 37,50*PB + 85,37*EE + 38,21*ENN; EMAnC3 = 4021,8 - 227,5*MM; EMAnC4 = 4337,27 - 57,17*FDN; e EMAnC5 = 4371,18 - 26,48*PB + 30,65*EE - 126,93*MM - 52,26*FB - 25,14*FDN + 24,40*FDA. Os valores de EMAn estimados pelos modelos foram comparados com os valores observados utilizando-se a análise de regressão. Em todos os modelos avaliados, houve rejeição (P 0,001) da hipótese de nulidade, demonstrando diferenças entre os valores de EMAn observados e calculados. No desdobramento do quadrado médio do erro de predição (MSD) em seus componentes, constatou-se que os dados simulados pelos modelos EMAnC1, EMAnC3 e EMAnC5 apresentam desvios de magnitude e padrão de flutuação em relação aos dados observados. Por outro lado, verificou-se que as estimativas realizadas com os modelos EMAnC2 e EMAnC4 tiveram predomínio do componente que expressa o vício de predição, indicando o viés constante observado na relação entre os valores observados e preditos. Concluiu-se que nenhum dos cinco modelos estudados permitiu estimar com precisão e acurácia os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida do milho para aves.

Avaliação de modelos para predição da energia metabolizável do milho para aves

A study was realized to validate models to predict apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of corn used in chickens diets. Data set with informations of experiments published in national literature among 1994 to 2007 was organized. Chemical composition, gross energy and AMEn of 97 corn samples were including in data set. Studies which AMEn was determined by the traditional method of excreta collection with growing chickens were selected. Five models were evaluates, being four recommended for application in corn and one for application in energetic feedstuffs. The models studied were AMEnC1=36.21*CP + 85.37*EE + 37.26*NNE; AMEnC2 =37.5*CP + 85.37*EE + 38.21*NNE; AMEnC3 =4021.8 - 227.5*ASH; AMEnC4 =4337.27 - 57.17*NDF; e AMEnC5 =4371.18 - 26.48*CP + 30.65*EE - 126.93*ASH - 52.26*CF - 25.14*NDF + 24.40*ADF. The values of AMEn obtained for the models were compared with the observed values using regression analysis. In all the evaluated models there is rejection of the nullity hypothesis, showing differences between estimated and calculated AMEn values. Decomposition of mean squared deviation (MSD) has been demonstrated that calculated values from models AMEnC1, AMEnC3 and AMEnC5 showed that its models failed to simulate the magnitude and pattern of fluctuation. On the other hand, the estimates made with models AMEnC2 e AMEnC4 showed predominance of component bias of prediction that indicates the models failed to simulate the variability of the data around the mean. Energy values predicted using differents models were compared with calculated values by regression analysis. In conclusion any of five models studied allow estimating precisely the apparent metabolizable energy of corn to chickens.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar modelos de predição do valor de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida (EMAn) do milho para aves. Foi organizado um banco de dados contendo informações de experimentos, publicados na literatura nacional entre os anos de 1994 a 2007. Foram utilizados dados de composição química, valores de energia bruta e EMAn de 97 amostras de milho, provenientes de estudos em que os valores de EMAn foram determinados pelo método tradicional de coleta total de excretas com pintos de linhagem de corte. Avaliaram-se cinco modelos, sendo quatro deles sugeridos para estimar a EMAn do milho e um para estimar EMAn de alimentos energéticos. Os modelos estudados foram: EMAnC1 = 36,21*PB + 85,37*EE + 37,26*ENN; EMAnC2 = 37,50*PB + 85,37*EE + 38,21*ENN; EMAnC3 = 4021,8 - 227,5*MM; EMAnC4 = 4337,27 - 57,17*FDN; e EMAnC5 = 4371,18 - 26,48*PB + 30,65*EE - 126,93*MM - 52,26*FB - 25,14*FDN + 24,40*FDA. Os valores de EMAn estimados pelos modelos foram comparados com os valores observados utilizando-se a análise de regressão. Em todos os modelos avaliados, houve rejeição (P 0,001) da hipótese de nulidade, demonstrando diferenças entre os valores de EMAn observados e calculados. No desdobramento do quadrado médio do erro de predição (MSD) em seus componentes, constatou-se que os dados simulados pelos modelos EMAnC1, EMAnC3 e EMAnC5 apresentam desvios de magnitude e padrão de flutuação em relação aos dados observados. Por outro lado, verificou-se que as estimativas realizadas com os modelos EMAnC2 e EMAnC4 tiveram predomínio do componente que expressa o vício de predição, indicando o viés constante observado na relação entre os valores observados e preditos. Concluiu-se que nenhum dos cinco modelos estudados permitiu estimar com precisão e acurácia os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida do milho para aves.

Energia metabolizável de alimentos utilizados na formulação de rações para papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) / Metabolizable energy of raw feeds utilized in commercial rations for blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Para avaliar a energia metabolizável de 16 alimentos comumente utilizados em rações para psitacídeos, foram utilizados 34 papagaios-verdadeiros alojados em gaiolas metabólicas e distribuídos em blocos ao acaso em 17 tratamentos (T1 - ração referência, T2 - semente de girassol, T3 - aveia, T4 - gema de ovo, T5 - ovo integral, T6 - clara de ovo, T7 - germe de trigo, T8 - farelo de trigo, T9 - milho moído, T10 - milho gelatinizado, T11- farelo de girassol, T12 - levedura, T13 - polpa cítrica, T14 - mamão, T15 - banana, T16 - farelo de soja, T17 - soja micronizada), durante três períodos de colheita, totalizando seis repetições (102 unidades experimentais). Para avaliação dos alimentos utilizou-se o método de substituição. Foram avaliados os coeficientes de metabolização da energia bruta (aparente CMA E, verdadeiro - CMV E, aparente corrigido pelo N - CMAnE e verdadeiro corrigido pelo N - CMVnE) e os valores de energia metabolizável (energia metabolizável aparente - EMA, verdadeira - EMV, aparente corrigida pelo nitrogênio - EMAn e verdadeira corrigida pelo nitrogênio - EMVn) dos alimentos testados. Foram comparados os tratamentos dois a 17. O tratamento um (ração referência) foi utilizado apenas para os cálculos de substituição, não fazendo parte das análises estatísticas. Os coeficientes de metabolização da EB foram comparados pelo teste Scott-Knott, enquanto que para os valores de energia a análise estatística foi descritiva (média e desvio padrão). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: 1- o valor de energia metabolizável aparente da semente de girassol foi alto e a utilização deste alimento como única fonte de alimento pode, em médio prazo, provocar o surgimento de obesidade nas aves em manutenção; 2- os valores energéticos de alimentos como o milho moído, farelo de trigo, germe de trigo, farelo de soja e soja micronizada para papagaios foram semelhantes àqueles encontrados na literatura para galiformes domésticos, principalmente...

A total of 34 blue fronted parrot were allotted in blocks with 17 treatments (T1 - reference diet, T2 - sunflower seed, T3 - oat, T4 - egg yolk, T5 - integral egg, T6 - egg white, T7 - wheat germen, T8 - wheat bran, T9 triturated corn, T10 - jellied corn, T11 - sunflower bran, T12 - yeast, T13 - citric pulp, T14 - papaya, T15 - banana, T16 - soy bran, T17 extruded soy) during three periods, totaling six repetitions (102 experimental units). For feedstuffs evaluation by using a substitution methodology. Were determined the metabolizable coefficients of crude energy (apparent - CMAE, true - CMVE, apparent corrected by N - CMAnE and true corrected by N - CMVnE) and the values of metabolizable energy (apparent - EMA, true - EMV, apparent nitrogen corrected - EMAn and true nitrogen corrected - EMVn) of the tested feedstuffs. All feedstuffs were statistically analyzed. The metabolizable coefficients of EB were compared by the Scott-Knott test , while for the energetics feedstuffs values were analyzed as a descriptive analysis (means and standard deviation). The obtained results allowed to conclude that: 1 - the apparent metabolizable energy of the sunflower seed shown high value and the use of this feed as a only feed source should be used in medium period to avoid the obesity in the birds in maintenance state ; 2 - the energetic feeds as the triturated corn, wheat bran, wheat germen, soybean meal and extruded soy for parrots were similar the those found in the literature for domestic birds, mainly broiler chickens, suggesting that the extrapolation the digestibility energy data of domestic birds mainly broilers should be used for parrots ratios calculations , until that a feedstuffs table for psittacines is set up definitively.

Plant extracts used as growth promoters in broilers

Two experiments were carried out to assess the efficacy of plant extracts as alternatives for antimicrobial growth promoters in broiler diets. The performance experiment included 1,200 male broilers raised from 1 to 42 days of age. The metabolism experiment used 96 male broilers in the grower phase housed in metabolic cages for total excreta collection. At the end of the metabolism experiment, 24 birds were sacrificed to assess organ morphometrics. In both experiments, the following treatments were applied: control diet (CD); CD + 10 ppm avilamycin; CD + 1000 ppm oregano extract; CD + 1000 ppm clove extract; CD + 1000 ppm cinnamon extract; and CD + 1000 ppm red pepper extract. The microencapsulated extracts contained 20% of essential oil. No significant differences (P>0.05) in the studied performance parameters were observed among treatments. The dietary supplementation of the extracts did not influence (P>0.05) nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy values. In general, organ morphometrics was not affected by the experimental treatments, but birds fed the control diet had higher liver relative weight (P 0.05) as compared to those fed the diet containing red pepper extract, which presented the lowest liver relative weight. These results showed that there was no effect of the tested plant extracts on live performance or in organ morphometrics.

Plant extracts used as growth promoters in broilers

Two experiments were carried out to assess the efficacy of plant extracts as alternatives for antimicrobial growth promoters in broiler diets. The performance experiment included 1,200 male broilers raised from 1 to 42 days of age. The metabolism experiment used 96 male broilers in the grower phase housed in metabolic cages for total excreta collection. At the end of the metabolism experiment, 24 birds were sacrificed to assess organ morphometrics. In both experiments, the following treatments were applied: control diet (CD); CD + 10 ppm avilamycin; CD + 1000 ppm oregano extract; CD + 1000 ppm clove extract; CD + 1000 ppm cinnamon extract; and CD + 1000 ppm red pepper extract. The microencapsulated extracts contained 20% of essential oil. No significant differences (P>0.05) in the studied performance parameters were observed among treatments. The dietary supplementation of the extracts did not influence (P>0.05) nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy values. In general, organ morphometrics was not affected by the experimental treatments, but birds fed the control diet had higher liver relative weight (P 0.05) as compared to those fed the diet containing red pepper extract, which presented the lowest liver relative weight. These results showed that there was no effect of the tested plant extracts on live performance or in organ morphometrics.