Apprehension-Based Training: A Novel Treatment Concept for Anterior Shoulder Dislocation - A Case Report.

Background and Purpose: Conservative management of anterior shoulder dislocation (ASD) is associated with greater recurrence compared with surgical management. Current rehabilitation protocols may not adequately challenge shoulder stability to encourage adaptive coping strategies. Apprehension-based training (ABT) is a new treatment concept derived from the supine moving apprehension test (SMAT), a previously validated performance measure among patients with ASD. The purpose of this case report is to describe the application of ABT in a patient with recurrent ASD. Study Design: Case report. Case Description: The subject was a 23-year-old male with bilateral recurrent ASD. The subject underwent a 17-week exercise program involving gradual exposure to increased anterior instability loads based on the SMAT movement pattern. The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PFPS), Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, SMAT, shoulder internal and external rotation muscle strength were measured via hand-held dynomometry before and after training. Outcomes: Following treatment, clinically meaningful gains in quality of life (WOSI) and shoulder function (PSFS) were noted. Kinesiophobia decreased, SMAT and shoulder internal rotator strength increased beyond their respective minimal detectable change. Four months after treatment, quality of life and shoulder function remained improved, and the subject reported a reduced rate of ASD. Discussion: Apprehension-based training involving gradual exposure to shoulder instability loads may hold potential for improving the management of patients with ASD. Further testing of this concept is warranted. Level of Evidence: 4, single case report.

The association of dispositional anxiety with the NoGo N2 under relaxation instruction versus speed/accuracy instruction.

Prior research suggests that cognitive control, indicated by NoGo N2 amplitudes in Go/NoGo tasks, is associated with dispositional anxiety. This negative association tends to be reduced in anxiety-enhancing experimental conditions. However, anxiety-reducing conditions have not yet been investigated systematically. Thus, the present study compares the effect of a relaxation instruction with the conventional speed/accuracy instruction in a Go/NoGo task on the correlation of the NoGo N2 with two subconstructs of dispositional anxiety, namely anxious apprehension and anxious arousal. As the test of differences between correlations needs considerable statistical power, the present study was included into the multi-lab CoScience Project. The hypotheses, manipulation checks, and the main path of pre-processing and statistical analysis were preregistered. Complete data sets of 777 participants were available for data analysis. Preregistered general linear models revealed that the different instructions of the task (speed/accuracy vs. relaxation) had no effect on the association between dispositional anxiety and the NoGo N2 amplitude in general. This result was supported by Cooperative-Forking-Path analysis. In contrast, a preregistered latent growth model with categorical variables revealed that anxious arousal was a negative predictor of the NoGo N2 intercept and a positive predictor of the NoGo N2 slope. Non-preregistered growth models, allowing for correlations of anxious apprehension with anxious arousal, revealed that higher anxious apprehension scores were associated with more negative NoGo N2 amplitudes with increased relaxation. Results are discussed in the context of the compensatory error monitoring hypothesis and the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory.

Latarjet procedure restores range of motion at six months postoperatively: a prospective cohort study utilizing motion capture analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is a common concern that range of motion (ROM) is negatively affected by the Latarjet procedure. We hypothesize that the Latarjet procedure results in full recuperation of ROM postoperatively and significantly improved patient reported outcome measures. METHODS: Patient data were prospectively collected from a randomized controlled trial to analyze outcomes after open Latarjet procedure. Inclusion criteria involved a minimum follow-up of six months and unilateral shoulder instability. Study outcome was assessed by postoperative ROM at six months postoperatively and compared to the preoperative ROM of the ipsilateral shoulder as well as the ROM of the unaffected contralateral shoulder. All ROM measurements were performed utilizing a motion capture system to ensure consistent and reliable measurements. RESULTS: The study included a total of 84 patients. ROM was measured in external rotation with the shoulder adducted (ER1), external rotation with the shoulder abducted 90 degrees (ER2), internal rotation with the arm abducted 90 degrees (IR2), and active forward elevation (AE). The average difference in ROM between the operated arm vs. the contralateral healthy arm at six months postoperatively was 3.4 degrees in ER1 (p=0.19), 4.2 degrees in ER2 (p=0.086), 2.2 degrees in IR2 (p=0.36), and 2.4 degrees in AE (p=0.045). Sub-analysis of patients with and without sling use revealed no significant difference in ROM between the operated shoulder and contralateral shoulder at six months in either group, with the exception of ER2 in the sling group. In this latter group, ROM was 71 degrees in the operated arm and 79 degrees in the contralateral arm (p=0.0094). Average preoperative pain score was 25.7 (21.4-30.1, 95%CI) vs. 13.0 postoperatively at six months (9.50-16.5, 95%CI) (p <0.00001). Average preoperative SANE instability was 42.9 (38.4-47.3, 95%CI) vs. 86.2 postoperatively at six months (83.6-88.7, 95%CI) (p <0.00001). Average preoperative Rowe score was 38.5 (34.3-42.7, 95%CI) vs. 84.3 at six postoperative months (81.1-87.4, 95%CI) (p<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Latarjet procedure performed for anterior instability utilizing a capsular repair result in complete ROM recovery in ER1, ER2, and IR2 at six months postoperatively, with only a slight discrepancy in active elevation. Sling use after the Latarjet procedure results in no benefit over postoperative recovery without the use of a sling. Sling use negatively affects the ROM in ER2, taking as reference the contralateral arm of the same patient, when compared to patients that did not use a sling postoperatively.

Let's (not) talk about sexual health: How sexual communication apprehension with healthcare providers and peer communication influence intentions to protect sexual health.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined how patients' clinical and peer interactions may affect their communication apprehension with healthcare providers, a major communication barrier to sexual health protective behaviors (SHPB). METHODS: Between January 2022 and February 2023, we conducted an online survey with 310 participants recruited through snowball sampling. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we explored relationships among patient-provider interactions, peer communication about sex, communication apprehension with providers, and SHPB intentions. RESULTS: Significant predictors of SHPB intentions included lower communication apprehension and more peer communication. Communication apprehension was a significant mediator in paths from peer communication and three types of patient-provider communication to SHPB intentions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates the need to address communication barriers to increase patients' SHPB intentions. Active patient involvement and patient-centered communication may open up discussions about sex in the clinical setting. Peer interactions, informed by scientific guidance, may reduce patients' apprehension, leading to better health outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Communication interventions are needed to promote collaborative patient-provider environments and peer sexual communication. Active involvement and evidence-based discussions can help patients navigate difficult conversations (e.g., like sex), improving SHPB.

Communication self-efficacy and communication apprehension in a national sample of undergraduate nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to explore communication apprehension and communication self-efficacy in undergraduate nursing students and identify factors that contribute to communication apprehension and communication self-efficacy. BACKGROUND: Communication education and skills training is often incorporated into undergraduate nursing curricula; however, communication competence continues to be a problem for novice nurses. Communication apprehension is a concept that has been only minimally researched in nursing education and can have a negative impact on student communication readiness. DESIGN: This study employed a cross-sectional design and surveyed a national sample of undergraduate nursing students between October 2022 and March 2023. METHODS: An online survey was sent out to undergraduate nursing student members of the National Student Nurses Association as well as nursing education programs in 8 states and the District of Columbia. The survey was comprised of demographic questions, the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension, and the communication subscale of the Nursing Student Self-Efficacy Survey. RESULTS: Approximately 22.1 % of the students had high communication apprehension, with the highest communication apprehension in public speaking and classroom communication. Communication self-efficacy scores ranged from 12 to 40, with a mean of 31.65 (SD = 6.28). Communication apprehension and communication self-efficacy were significantly negatively correlated. Positive and negative affect were significant predictors of communication apprehension. Affect, as well as current healthcare employment were significant predictors of communication self-efficacy. When controlling for all demographic, educational, and psychological variables, communication apprehension was a significant predictor of communication self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the few to explore communication apprehension in undergraduate nursing students. Data demonstrated that communication apprehension is a prevalent problem for many nursing students. Communication apprehension was also found to be a significant predictor of communication self-efficacy after controlling for all other variables. Progression through nursing education did not show a correlation with a decrease in the students' communication apprehension or increase in communication self-efficacy. Given these findings, educational efforts aimed at reducing communication apprehension and enhancing students' school-related affect could contribute to an improvement in communication self-efficacy.

The association between the Police, Ambulance, Clinician Early Response model and involuntary detentions of people living with mental illness: A retrospective observational study.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Involuntary detention is a legislative power that allows people to be taken against their will for a mandatory mental health assessment and is known to be a restrictive and traumatizing process for patients. While there is some literature examining police/ambulance and mental health worker co-response models, the conclusions are mixed as to whether they reduce rates of involuntary detentions in mentally ill people. The Police, Ambulance, Clinician Early Response (PACER) model is an example of a tri-response mental health crisis response team whose role is to respond and assess people thought to be experiencing a mental health crisis. There is little literature to determine whether PACER tri-response model reduces incidents of involuntary detention when compared with standard police and/or ambulance responses. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This paper describes the outcomes of patients assessed by a PACER team, compared with patients who were assessed by police or ambulance. It demonstrates that PACER may reduce unnecessary involuntary detentions through expert mental health assessment for patients coming to emergency services for assistance. It is one of only two published studies examining a tri-response model. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The results of this study may support health and policing policymakers to implement PACER models as a means of reducing involuntary detentions, reducing demand for emergency departments, reducing time spent by emergency services responding to people experiencing mental health crisis and improving outcomes for people with mental illness. ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Involuntary detention is a common method of enforcing mental health assessment and treatment; however, it is associated with poor patient outcomes and high emergency service and hospital demand. AIM: To examine the association between (1) Police, Ambulance, Clinician, Early Response (PACER) model, (2) police or (3) ambulance response and rates of involuntary detention of mentally ill people. METHODS: A retrospective observational study using routine administrative data in an Australian City, over a 12-month period (2019-2020). RESULTS: Over a 12-month period, 8577 people received crisis mental health intervention in the study setting. We observed an 18% increase in the relative risk of being involuntarily detained by police, and a 640% increase in the relative risk of being detained by ambulance. The PACER team detained 10% of their total presentations, as compared with 12% by police and 74% by ambulance. Involuntary detentions enacted by PACER were more likely to convert to a post-detention hospitalization (72%), when compared with police (27%) and ambulance (17%). DISCUSSION: PACER was associated with lower rates of involuntary detention and higher rates of post-detention hospitalization when compared to police and ambulance response. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: PACER cohort experience more positive outcomes than with police or ambulance cohorts.

Apprehension of Paraplegia after Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia in the Central Region Population of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of paraplegia-related fear in spinal anesthesia among the general population in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A total of 371 participants were given a pretested, precoded, questionnaire was used to collect data to assess the prevalence of fear of paraplegia in spinal anesthesia. The questionnaire contained questions to assess variables like the extent of fear, causes, gender preponderance, any false information about paraplegia in spinal anesthesia, and complications experienced after receiving spinal anesthesia. Results: It was noted that 80.1% of the respondents were familiar with the term spinal/regional/epidural anesthesia. Forty one point eight percent of the respondents their reference of knowledge about regional anesthesia was family of friends. Thirteen point nine percent of the responses were paralysis, 8.2% of the responses were feeling of pain during the operation, and 7.9% of the responses were nausea or vomiting. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the participants exhibited a certain degree of apprehension stemming from their inadequate understanding and awareness regarding spinal anesthesia.

Exploring the influence of appearance evaluation apprehension: How fear of negative evaluation affects quality of life in people with Vestibular Schwannoma.

People diagnosed with Vestibular Schwannoma (VS) can experience several symptoms both pre and post-treatment. These, alongside the diagnosis experience, can significantly impact their daily life. The present research is a continuation of a larger study aiming to explore the impacts of symptomology and body image/fear of negative evaluation (FNAE) on the quality of life (QOL) for people with VS. The research design was exploratory and involved a nationwide survey with a total of 52 participants. FNAE was assessed using a measurement of the same name, and QOL was assessed using the Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality of Life scale (PANQOL). Comparing management groups revealed a significant difference in FNAE with higher scores for surgery compared to radiation treatment. Regression analyses revealed that FNAE significantly accounted for 10.9% of the variance in QOL. However, no symptom was significantly predictive of FNAE. In conclusion, VS is associated with several symptoms that can persist post-treatment. Body satisfaction contributes to QOL and may differ between management types. However, due to inconclusive findings on the predictability of symptoms on FNAE, other moderator factors could influence these direct relationships. Future studies should evaluate the variables that could mitigate or protect from the impacts of FNAE for this population.

Developing a Rehabilitation Guideline (REGUIDE) for Patients Undergoing an Arthroscopic Bankart Repair After Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Dislocation, Focusing on Managing Apprehension: An International Delphi-Based Consensus Study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a consensus-based rehabilitation guideline specifically designed to reduce apprehension following arthroscopic Bankart repair after traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. DESIGN: Delphi-based consensus. METHOD: A comprehensive list of interventions for potential inclusion in a postoperative rehabilitation guideline was developed. American and European physiotherapists and orthopedic surgeons were invited to participate in a Delphi panel, engaging in 3 survey rounds. The health professionals were surveyed about their level of agreement on both initially listed and newly suggested interventions. Consensus was established when a "critical-to-include" rating was given in ≥70% of all responses. Ten former patients were consulted to identify the intervention during standard care rehabilitation that had the most impact on reducing postoperative apprehension following ABR. Any interventions not initially listed in the first round were added to the second survey round of the Delphi process. RESULTS: Forty-four health professionals reached consensus on a set of 27 interventions for managing apprehension after arthroscopic Bankart repair. New interventions included gradual exposure to shoulder positions eliciting apprehension, training in anterior stability-provoking positions, and education addressing the impact of psychosocial factors. Former patients identified specific interventions that were effective in reducing postoperative apprehension following ABR. These interventions encompassed medicine ball throws, active-assisted wall slides, and kinetic chain exercises in anterior stability-provoking positions. CONCLUSION: Our Delphi process informed expert recommendations for various interventions aimed at addressing apprehension associated with ABR. The recommendations were the foundation for developing a rehabilitation guideline (REGUIDE). The REGUIDE integrates principles from cognitive-behavioral therapy to improve rehabilitation and mitigate apprehension. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024;54(5):1-13. Epub 20 March 2024. doi:10.2519/jospt.2024.12106.

The supine moving apprehension test-Reliability and validity among healthy individuals and patients with anterior shoulder instability.

Background: Performance-based tests for patients with anterior shoulder dislocation are lacking. This study determined the reliability and validity of the supine moving apprehension test designed to assess the ability to control anterior instability loads. Methods: Thirty-six participants were recruited (18 healthy individuals, and 18 patients following anterior shoulder dislocation). Healthy participants performed the supine moving apprehension test on 2 separate occasions to determine test-retest reliability. Patients completed the supine moving apprehension test and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability index before and 6 months after surgical stabilization of their shoulder. The presence of anterior apprehension was also documented post-operatively. Results: The supine moving apprehension test demonstrated good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.74-0.84). Patients performed 18-30 repetitions less than healthy individuals during the supine moving apprehension test (P < 0.01). A strong correlation was found between supine moving apprehension test scores and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability post-operatively (r = -0.74, P ≤ 0.01). Supine moving apprehension test scores significantly improved among patients following surgery (P < 0.01). Patients with a negative apprehension test post-operatively performed the supine moving apprehension test significantly better than patients with a positive apprehension test (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The supine moving apprehension test is reliable and valid among patients with anterior shoulder dislocation and may serve to assess patients' ability to control shoulder anterior instability loads.

A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Psychological Impact of Traditional Cold Steel Adenoidectomy and Endoscopic-Assisted Cold Steel Adenoidectomy.

Traditional Cold Steel Adenoidectomy (TCSA) and Endoscopic-Assisted Cold Steel Adenoidectomy (EACSA) frequently employ surgical adenoid removal methods. While these techniques effectively treat adenoid- related conditions, their influence on patients' psychological well-being still needs to be more adequately explored. With the increasing focus on the significance of mental well-being in surgical results, this study sought to explore and differentiate the psychological impacts of TCSA and EACSA. The primary objective was to examine and compare anxiety levels between TCSA and EACSA groups. Secondary objectives included evaluating surgical apprehension, post- surgery psychological well-being, procedural satisfaction, postoperative pain, duration until return to daily activities, and occurrence of postoperative complications. In a prospective, randomized controlled trial, 100 patients undergoing adenoidectomy were randomly allocated to the TCSA or EACSA group. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was employed to evaluate anxiety levels at one week, one month, and three months following the surgery. Additional outcomes included surgical apprehension, post-surgery psychological well-being, procedural satisfaction, postoperative pain, time until return to daily activities, and postoperative complications. The EACSA group exhibited significantly lower HADS scores, surgical apprehension scores, and postoperative pain, alongside higher post-surgery psychological well-being scores and procedural satisfaction compared to the TCSA group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the EACSA group had a significantly shorter duration until the return to daily activities (p < 0.05). There were no significant variations found between the groups in terms of either the amount of bleeding during the procedure or the length of the operation. However, the EACSA group demonstrated a lower occurrence of postoperative complications, such as bleeding and infection. The results indicate that EACSA may provide benefits over TCSA in terms of reduced anxiety levels, surgical apprehension, postoperative pain, time until return to daily activities, and enhanced post-surgery psychological well-being and patient satisfaction. These findings could support clinicians in making informed decisions and offering patient counselling when choosing the most appropriate surgical technique based on patients' psychological health. Nevertheless, additional research is required to assess the enduring psychological consequences of these methods.

Flourishing or Frightening? Feelings about Natural and Built Green Spaces in Singapore.

The current study's aim was to better understand people's feelings towards different types of natural and built green space environments in the highly urbanized "garden city" of Singapore. We examined which types of green spaces elicited positive (eudemonic) or negative (apprehensive) affective responses. A total of 288 adult residents of Singapore completed a survey that asked them to report their affective states in response to images of 10 locally different environment types and to complete measures of childhood location, frequency of visiting natural/built environments, nature connectedness, and dispositional anxiety, as well as demographic items on age and gender. The 10 green space environment types were mapped onto an experiential state space representing feelings of apprehension and eudemonia in response to specific types of urban green spaces. In terms of a biophilic response, feelings of eudemonia were no different in natural green spaces compared to built green spaces. A higher frequency of experience in specific environments is associated with enhanced feelings of eudemonia in these environments. The findings indicate that people in Singapore can be apprehensive as much in natural green spaces as in built green spaces, and they can also find eudemonic experiences in built green spaces such as roof-top gardens or town parks.

Towards the role of apprehension and anxiety as antecedents of EFL students' burnout.

How students experience the learning process is of great importance because it affects the enthusiasm they feel during this process. Although many studies have been conducted on apprehension, anxiety, and burnout in both teachers and students, few focus on the relationship between these three variables. To this end, the three variables in this review study are first defined. Then, the relationship between EFL learners' apprehension and their anxiety and burnout is discussed. It seems that the more apprehensive and anxious one feels, the more likely they feel burned out. Finally, the implications of this study and suggestions for further studies are presented.

Relationship between Anxiety and Problematic Smartphone Use in First-Year Junior High School Students: Moderated Mediation Effects of Physical Activity and School Adjustment.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite previous research identifying anxiety as a risk factor for problematic smartphone use among students, the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying the relationship between the two aforementioned variables are poorly understood. This study aims to explore the relationship between anxiety and problematic smartphone use among first-year junior high school students, together with the mediating effects of school adjustment and the moderating effects of physical activity on the mentioned relationship. METHOD: This study was conducted using a Web-based self-report questionnaire survey with data collected from 445 first-year junior high school students in Jinan City, Shandong Province. Mediation and moderation analyses were performed using the PROCESS macro in SPSS. RESULTS: The results showed that anxiety predicted problematic smartphone use not only directly but also indirectly via school adjustment. School adjustment played a partial mediating role in the relationship between anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Physical activity also played a moderating role in the relationship between anxiety and school adjustment. CONCLUSION: school adjustment and physical activity may be important variables in the relationship between anxiety and problematic smartphone use.

The dimensional structure of internalizing psychopathology: Relation to diagnostic categories.

Recent approaches aim to represent the dimensional structure of psychopathology, but relatively little research has rigorously tested sub-dimensions within internalizing psychopathology. This study tests pre-registered models of the dimensional structure of internalizing psychopathology, and their relations with current and lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders diagnostic data, in adult samples harmonized across three sites (n=427). Across S-1 bifactor and hierarchical models, we found converging evidence for both general and specific internalizing dimensions. Depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and panic attacks were all associated with a general internalizing factor that we posit primarily represents motivational anhedonia. GAD was also associated with a specific anxious apprehension factor, and SAD with specific anxious apprehension and low positive affect factors. We suggest that dimensional approaches capturing shared and specific internalizing symptom facets more accurately describe the structure of internalizing psychopathology and provide useful alternatives to categorical diagnoses to advance clinical science.

Exploring communication apprehension in nursing and healthcare education: A scoping review.

Communication among healthcare professionals is critical to optimizing patient outcomes, and communication education is incorporated into the educational programs of healthcare professions students. Communication can be a source of stress for new healthcare professionals, however, there is a lack of research on communication apprehension (CA) in healthcare students, especially in nursing education. This scoping review sought to explore CA and factors associated with CA among healthcare professions students. This scoping review report was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (Tricco et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, 2018, 169, 467-473). Twenty studies of healthcare professions students were included for analysis. The percentage of health professions students with high CA ranged from 0.7% to 27%. Five out of seven intervention studies demonstrated a significant decrease in CA after the intervention. This review identified inconsistent associations between CA and various individual and educational factors. More research is needed utilizing rigorous research designs, designs employing qualitative methodology, and studies to investigate the impact of language on CA in health professions students who speak English as a second language.

Aspirations, apprehensions and the availability of career guidance among dental interns in Kerala, India.

Background: Dental graduates undergo stress owing to factors such as academic pressure and job uncertainty. Additionally, a lack of guidance with regard to clinical entrepreneurship is a cause of great concern. This study aimed to assess the aspirations and apprehensions of dental interns and to determine the availability of career guidance among them. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted using a self-designed electronic questionnaire. A total of 480 dental interns from both public and private dental institutions in the state of Kerala were included in this study. The stratified random sampling method was adopted, and the population proportion ratio was used to collect the samples. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test, Student's t-test, analysis of variance and multivariate linear regression. Results: The majority of the interns were females (87.5%); 75% of the participants had graduated from private institutions and 44% resided in rural areas. The apprehension score was high among interns from private institutions and those who belonged to a higher socioeconomic stratum (P < 0.05). However, the level was low among those who expressed strong aspirations (r = -0.213) and satisfaction (r = -0.329). Conclusion: The determinants for apprehension exhibited substantial disparities among the private and public educational sectors. Although the scenario of students who approached dentistry was similar, their plans for the future differed based on gender, sector and socioeconomic status. The lack of effective career guidance from institutions might impact the advancement of dentistry in future.

The Agent Preference in Visual Event Apprehension.

A central aspect of human experience and communication is understanding events in terms of agent ("doer") and patient ("undergoer" of action) roles. These event roles are rooted in general cognition and prominently encoded in language, with agents appearing as more salient and preferred over patients. An unresolved question is whether this preference for agents already operates during apprehension, that is, the earliest stage of event processing, and if so, whether the effect persists across different animacy configurations and task demands. Here we contrast event apprehension in two tasks and two languages that encode agents differently; Basque, a language that explicitly case-marks agents ('ergative'), and Spanish, which does not mark agents. In two brief exposure experiments, native Basque and Spanish speakers saw pictures for only 300 ms, and subsequently described them or answered probe questions about them. We compared eye fixations and behavioral correlates of event role extraction with Bayesian regression. Agents received more attention and were recognized better across languages and tasks. At the same time, language and task demands affected the attention to agents. Our findings show that a general preference for agents exists in event apprehension, but it can be modulated by task and language demands.

Is the patella apprehension test a valid diagnostic test for patellar instability? A systematic review.

Introduction: Patellar instability can arise from a traumatic event with anatomical predisposing factors increasing the risk of dislocation. Accurate diagnosis is required to initiate appropriate treatment. We aimed to evaluate the patella apprehension test (PAT) as a method to diagnose patellar instability. Methods: The PRISMA diagnostic test accuracy checklist was followed. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO with registration number CRD42022357898. Electronic databases, currently registered studies, conference proceedings and the reference lists of included studies were searched. A narrative synthesis evaluated the validity of the PAT as a method of diagnosing patellar instability. Results: A total of 4867 records were screened in the initial search. Of these, 34 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria, assessing 1139 knees of 1046 patients. The PAT was found to have a high sensitivity and specificity. Its intra and inter-rater reliability was highly variable among studies. Studies reporting patellar instability correction following surgery also found a decrease in the number of patients exhibiting a positive PAT. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that the PAT has a high sensitivity and specificity. The intra- and inter-rater validities of the PAT are widely variable due to its subjective nature. Thus, though the PAT can be used to provide a provisional clinical diagnosis of patellar instability, formal functional assessment and imaging should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Further research should explore the association between a positive PAT and anatomical parameters. In addition, studies comparing the accuracy of the PAT and radiological investigations should be performed.

The drink and drug driving behaviours of young Queensland drivers and attitudes toward apprehension.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the self-reported drink and drug driving behaviors of a sample of young drivers from Queensland (Australia) holding a learner license (N = 162, 27%), provisional 1 (P1) license (N = 251, 41.8%), or provisional 2 (P2) license (N = 188, 31.3%), as well as motorists' corresponding perceptions about the likelihood of apprehension and their future intentions to offend. METHODS: The study involved 601 drivers aged between 16 and 24 years (302 males, 50.2% and 296 females, 49.3%) who all completed an online survey. RESULTS: Almost half the sample acknowledged engaging in drink and/or drug driving behaviors in the previous 12 months (N = 264, 44%), with a total of 773 drink driving and 8842 drug driving events reported. Offending was more common among P2 drivers (62% reported at least once), and least common among learner drivers (25% reported at least once). When predicting future drink driving and drug driving intentions, lower certainty of apprehension and greater past offending both emerged as significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Young drivers may benefit from reminders throughout the GDL process regarding the laws and risks associated with impaired driving. Greater policing resources for drug and alcohol testing may be needed for young drivers, to establish a high certainty of apprehension, as early as possible in their driving experience.