The Personal and The Transpersonal Psyche: Human Suffering, the Archetypes and the Clinical Encounter.

While Jung's notion of archetypes has had far-reaching universal appeal and significance, it remains less obvious how these ideas might benefit the analytic patient. In particular, the therapist and/or patient may struggle to hold the tension between the latter's personal neuroses and how transpersonal/archetypal elements inform his/her experience. While Jung strove to develop a treatment that dealt primarily with the archetypal/objective psyche, the personal psyche is arguably the medium through which the archetypes are experienced. I contend that the "discipline" of Jungian analysis evolved from a transposition of Jung's ideas around transpersonal, philosophical and religious themes (borne out of his own self-analysis), into a two-person psychotherapeutic process. Jung provides little description of his clinical encounters and the way in which he conducted his analyses leaving an uncertainty that has likely contributed to the divergence of approaches practised today by analytical psychologists. This article considers the implication of these divergences for contemporary Jungian practice and proposes a way of working in the Jungian spirit that maintains a connection to the symbolic realm while at the same time remaining focused on the complexities of personal and relational dynamics.

Alors que le concept jungien d'archétype a eu un attrait et une importance majeure et universelle, ce qui demeure moins évident est de savoir comment ces idées peuvent bénéficier au patient en analyse. En particulier, le thérapeute et/ou le patient peuvent peiner à contenir la tension entre les névroses personnelles du patient et la manière dont les éléments transpersonnels/archétypaux façonnent son expérience. Alors que Jung s'est efforcé de développer un traitement qui s'occupait essentiellement de la psyché objective/archétypale, c'est la psyché personnelle qui est probablement l'intermédiaire par lequel on fait l'expérience des archétypes. Je soutiens que la « discipline ¼ analyse jungienne est issue de la transposition des idées de Jung autour de thèmes transpersonnels, philosophiques et religieux (issus de sa propre auto­analyse), et qu'elle est progressivement devenue un processus psychothérapeutique impliquant deux personnes. Jung fournit peu de descriptions de ses rencontres cliniques et de la manière dont il conduisait ses analyses, ce qui laisse de l'incertitude. Ceci a probablement contribué au fait qu'il y a des divergences dans les approches utilisées aujourd'hui par les psychologues analytiques. Cet article examine les conséquences de ces divergences pour la pratique contemporaine de l'analyse jungienne. Il propose une manière de travailler dans l'esprit jungien c'est­à­dire en maintenant le lien avec le domaine symbolique, mais tout en restant concentré sur les complexités des dynamiques personnelles et relationnelles.

Aunque la noción de arquetipos de Jung ha tenido un atractivo y una relevancia extensa y universal, sigue siendo menos obvio cómo estas ideas pueden beneficiar al paciente analítico. En particular, el terapeuta y/o el paciente pueden tener dificultades para mantener la tensión entre las neurosis personales de este último y el modo en que los elementos transpersonales/arquetípicos informan su experiencia. Aunque Jung se esforzó por desarrollar un tratamiento que se ocupara principalmente de la psique arquetípica/objetiva, la psique personal es el medio a través del cual se experimentan los arquetipos. Sostengo que la "disciplina" del análisis Junguiano evolucionó a partir de una transposición de las ideas de Jung en torno a temas transpersonales, filosóficos y religiosos (surgidos de su propio análisis de sí mismo), en un proceso psicoterapéutico de dos personas. Jung brinda poca descripción de sus encuentros clínicos y de la forma en que llevó a cabo sus análisis, dejando una incerteza que probablemente ha contribuido a la divergencia de abordajes practicados en la actualidad por analistas Junguianos. Este artículo considera la implicancia de estas divergencias para la práctica Junguiana contemporánea y propone una manera de trabajar en el espíritu Junguiano que mantiene una conexión con la dimensión simbólica mientras que al mismo tiempo permanece centrado en las complejidades de las dinámicas personales y relacionales.

Assessing the environmental sustainability of consumer-centric poultry chain in the UK through life cycle approaches and the household simulation model.

Chicken fillets, predominantly encased in disposable plastic packaging, represent a common perishable commodity frequently found in the shopping baskets of British consumers, with an annual slaughter exceeding 1.1 billion chickens. The associated environmental implications are of considerable significance. However, a noticeable gap exists concerning the household-level ramifications of chicken meat consumption, which remains a prominent driver (165 kg CO2eyr-1 per capita) of environmental impacts in the United Kingdom (UK). This study's primary objective is to integrate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology with insights derived from a spectrum of interventions simulated within the Household Simulation Model (HHSM). The interventions that are simulated are influenced by various consumer behaviours related to the purchase, consumption, storage and disposal of chicken fillets. The overarching aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental consequences associated with each intervention. The research encompasses eight distinct household archetypes and the UK average, with a focus on discerning differences in their environmental influence. The introduction of shelf-life extension measures leads to a reduction in the overall environmental impacts (in µPt), with reductions ranging from 1 % to 18 %. Concurrently, waste treatment's environmental burdens can be curtailed by 9 % to 69 % for the UK average. Of the 12 interventions tested, the intervention that combines a one-day extension in the shelf life of open packs and a three-day extension for unopened packs leads to the greatest reduction in environmental impacts, at 18 % for the entire process and 69 % for the waste treatment. This intervention is estimated to yield annual reductions of 130,722 t of CO2 emissions across the entire process and 34,720 t of CO2 emissions from waste treatment, as compared to the default scenario. These findings demonstrate the importance of integrating consumer behaviour, food waste, and packaging considerations within the domain of food LCA research.

Decision support framework for IT project manager recruitment.

Information technology project managers (IT PM) have a critical influence on IT project success while attracting and selecting the right IT PM is challenging. We followed a four-level research design and firstly developed a taxonomy as an input for a cluster analysis to identify patterns in IT PM job advertisements. Based hereon, we developed a decision support framework for IT PM recruitment. We evaluated our findings in an online survey. We identified multiple design elements for IT PM job advertisements within five perspectives and deduced five IT PM archetypes. The decision support framework uses five questions to assist IT PM recruitment. We expand the knowledge base and consider not only IT PM requirements but also benefits. Our decision support framework is the first to holistically support IT PM recruitment, supports recruitment managers in structuring job interviews, identifies potential matches between applicants and recruiters, and assists in the final selection.

Systems archetypes to investigate the unintended consequences of telehealth in rural Australia: A systems thinking approach to telehealth evaluation and policymaking.

As an alternative model of delivery to standard care, telehealth offers a promising solution to health access issues faced by rural and remote communities in Australia and worldwide. However, research typically focuses on its expected benefits and pitfalls, with little to no consideration of its unintended consequences and factors influencing its better utilisation. Drawing on systems thinking and informed by complexity science, we propose using systems archetypes-systems thinking tools - as a magnifying lens to investigate potential telehealth unintended consequences or outcomes. We conceptualise telehealth implementation in rural and remote Australia as a sociotechnical system whereby the interactions between its various agents shape telehealth implementation and, in turn, are shaped by it. When introducing new policies or interventions to any system, these interactions often lead to outcomes other than those initially planned or intended. Although systems archetypes cannot necessarily predict these outcomes, they are valuable for helping anticipate unintended, unforeseen outcomes and facilitating discussions about them to mitigate their negative impact and maximise their benefits. Outcomes are not necessarily adverse; they can also be positive. So, investigating such outcomes will minimise their negative impact and maximise their benefit. Our method was to review existing research and a selection of complexity and systems informed frameworks. Then, we assessed systems archetypes. And how they can be utilised to investigate unintended consequences. A worked example of what an unintended consequence in the implementation of telehealth in rural and remote Australia is presented.

Revisiting Carl Jung's archetype theory a psychobiological approach.

This paper delves into the concept of archetypes, universal patterns of behavior and cognition, and proposes a novel tripartite model distinguishing between structural, regulatory, and representational archetypes. Drawing on insights from code biology, neuroscience, genetics, and epigenetics, the model provides a nuanced framework for understanding archetypes and their role in shaping cognition and behavior. The paper also explores the interplay between these elements to express representational archetypes. Furthermore, it addresses the informational capacity of the genome and its influence on post-natal development and the psyche. The paper concludes by discussing the future trajectory of psychology, emphasizing the need for an integrative approach that combines our understanding of social constructs with insights into our inherent organizational propensities or archetypes. This exploration holds the potential to advance our understanding of the human condition.

Dialectics of Sign and Symbol and the Utterance of Archetype Theory.

Debates surrounding Jung's archetype theory could be characterized as tacit attempts to contend with the concept's dual function as referring to something known to psychologists (sign) and standing for something that is fundamentally unknowable (symbol). This essay considers implications of the term "archetype," outlines and critiques some of the conundrums of categorization and scientific credibility posed by Jung's formulation of the theory, and prompts locating the archetypal "human quality" of being human in imaginaries of typical patterning of the experiential realm.

Les débats entourant la théorie des archétypes de Jung peuvent être caractérisés comme des tentatives tacites de lutter contre la double fonction du concept, qui fait référence à quelque chose de connu des psychologues (le signe) et qui représente quelque chose de fondamentalement mystérieux (le symbole). Cet essai examine les implications du terme « archétype ¼. Il expose et fait la critique de quelques problématiques de la catégorisation et de la crédibilité scientifique posées par la formulation de la théorie par Jung. L'article incite à localiser la «qualité humaine¼ archétypale de l'être humain dans des imaginaires de modèles typiques du domaine expérientiel.

Los debates en torno a la teoría de los arquetipos de Jung podrían caracterizarse como intentos tácitos de lidiar con la doble función del concepto: referirse a algo conocido por los psicólogos (signo) y representar algo que es fundamentalmente incognoscible (símbolo). Este ensayo examina las implicaciones del término "arquetipo", describe y critica algunos de los enigmas de categorización y credibilidad científica que plantea la formulación de la teoría de Jung, e incita a situar la "cualidad humana" arquetípica del ser humano en los imaginarios de patrones típicos del ámbito experiencial.

Jung's Psychoid Monism.

Jung's final psychoid theory of archetypes was an additional attempt to find a solution to the philosophical problem of how to relate mind and matter. In the following essay Jung's solution is summarized by a set of 17 theses, and Jung's philosophy will be called psychoid monism. According to psychoid monism, what ultimately and primarily is, is the psycho-physically neutral domain of instinctual experience. The origin of this view can be traced back to Post-Kantian German Idealism (Schopenhauer, Schelling, Hölderlin), and a systematization of the view requires a dialectic approach and, in particular, contradiction-tolerant dialectic logic.

La dernière théorie psychoïde des archétypes de Jung était une tentative supplémentaire pour trouver une solution au problème philosophique de comment mettre en lien l'esprit et la matière. Dans cet article, la solution de Jung est résumée en une série de 17 thèses, et la philosophie de Jung sera appelée le monisme psychoïde. Selon le monisme psychoïde, ce qui est - de manière ultime et première - c'est le domaine psycho-physique neutre de l'expérience instinctuelle. L'origine de cette perspective trouve son origine dans l'Idéalisme Allemand Postkantien (Schopenhauer, Schelling, Hölderlin). Une systématisation de cette perspective requiert une approche dialectique et tout particulièrement une logique dialectique qui tolère la contradiction.

La teoría final psicoide de Jung sobre los arquetipos fue un intento adicional de encontrar una solución al problema filosófico de cómo relacionar mente y materia. En el siguiente artículo, la solución de Jung se resume en un conjunto de 17 tesis, y la filosofía de Jung se denominará monismo psicoide. Según el monismo psicoide, de lo que principalmente y en última instancia se trata, es del dominio psicofísicamente neutro de la experiencia instintiva. El origen de este punto de vista se remonta al Idealismo alemán postkantiano (Schopenhauer, Schelling, Hölderlin), y su sistematización requiere un enfoque dialéctico y, en particular, una lógica dialéctica tolerante con las contradicciones.

Advancing the understanding of forest conservation dynamics through livelihood and landscape change scenarios: a case study in Chiapas, Mexico.

Forest conversion and conservation in rural settings are linked to both social and biophysical drivers. However, the joint analysis of these drivers presents methodological challenges. To address this problem, we propose a novel methodology to explore the relationship between livelihood heterogeneity and land use change at the community level. It combines the concept of archetype with the accounting scheme of MUlti-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism to define and quantify the characteristics of livelihood typologies in socioeconomic (time use, financial flows) and ecological terms (land use, agricultural inputs, soil degradation). Conservation trade-offs of potential policies are explored through "what if" scenarios assuming changes in off-farm opportunities, population growth, and conservation/farming subsidies. The approach is tested with a case study of the community of San Isidro, in Chiapas, Mexico. We conclude that the concept of livelihood typologies is useful to inform the debate over conservation prospects in rural environments. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-02965-z.

Characterizing the trophy hunting debate on Twitter.

Social media is an arena of debate for contentious political and social topics. One conservation topic debated online is the acceptability of trophy hunting, a debate that has implications for national and international policy. We used a mixed-methods approach (grounded theory and quantitative clustering) to identify themes in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. We examined commonly co-occurring categories that describe people's stances on trophy hunting. We identified 12 categories and 4 preliminary archetypes opposing trophy hunting-activism, scientific, condemning, and objecting-whose opposition derived from different moral reasoning. Few tweets (22) in our sample of 500 supported trophy hunting, whereas 350 opposed it. The debate was hostile; 7% of tweets in our sample were categorized as abusive. Online debates can be unproductive, and our findings may be important for stakeholders wishing to effectively engage in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. More generally, we contend that because social media is increasingly influential, it is important to formally contextualize public responses to contentious conservation topics in order to aid communication of conservation evidence and to integrate diverse public perspectives in conservation practice.

Caracterización del debate sobre la cacería de trofeos en Twitter Resumen Las redes sociales son arenas de debate para temas políticos y sociales polémicos. Un tema de conservación que se debate en línea es la aceptación de la cacería de trofeos, cuya discusión tiene implicaciones políticas nacionales e internacionales. Usamos una estrategia de métodos mixtos (teoría fundamentada y datos cuantitativos agrupados) para identificar los temas en el debate sobre la cacería de trofeos en Twitter. Analizamos las categorías concurrentes más comunes que describían la postura de las personas con respecto al tema. Identificamos doce categorías y cuatro arquetipos preliminares en contra de la cacería de trofeos (activista, científico, condenatorio y opositor), cuya oposición derivó de diferentes razonamientos morales. Pocos tuits (22) en nuestra muestra de 500 apoyaban la cacería de trofeos, mientras que 350 se oponían a ella. El debate era hostil, pues 7% de los tuits en nuestra muestra estuvieron categorizados como abusivos. Los debates en línea pueden ser improductivos y nuestros descubrimientos pueden ser importantes para los actores que desean participar de forma efectiva en el debate sobre la cacería de trofeos en Twitter. De manera más generalizada, sostenemos que, debido a la creciente influencia de las redes sociales, es importante que las respuestas públicas a los temas polémicos de conservación estén contextualizadas de manera formal para así auxiliar a la comunicación de la evidencia de conservación y para integrar las diferentes perspectivas públicas en la práctica de la conservación.

Assessing the Role of Systems Thinking for Stocker Cattle Operations.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is recognized as a complex multifactorial disease often resulting in significant economic losses for the stocker industry through reduced health and performance of feeder calves. Conventional approaches to manage BRD in stocker production systems can be challenged with a restricted view of the system, most importantly the structure, which drives the behavior of the system and fails to anticipate unintended consequences. The translation and implementation of systems thinking into veterinary medicine can offer an alternative method to problem-solving. Fundamental to the success of the systems thinker is the conceptualization of the Iceberg Diagram intended to identify root causes of complex problems such as BRD. Furthermore, veterinary and animal health professionals are well-positioned to serve as facilitators to establish creative tension, the positive energy necessary to identify high-leverage strategies. The interrelationships and interconnected behaviors of complex stocker systems warrant an understanding of various archetypes. Archetypes provide the systems thinker with a decision-making tool to explore tactics in a nonlinear fashion for the purpose of recognizing short- and long-term outcomes. Developing literacy in the discipline of systems thinking will further equip professionals with the skillset necessary to address the multitude of challenges ingrained in complex stocker cattle systems.

Theoretical Frameworks of Leadership in Nursing: Critical Reflections.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article is to present a comprehensive view on the topic of nursing leadership discussing the theoretical frameworks that underpin its manifestation, the leadership styles in nursing, the overall landscape in nursing leadership including the context where leadership is being practiced, and finally looking at the educational pathways for building leadership capacity and sustainability DATA SOURCES: Relevant studies on the topic as well professional associations, national and international organizations' evidence have formed the basis for this article. CONCLUSION: The role of the nurse leaders is complex and demanding within the context of health care. Its value has been increasingly drawing the attention of national and international organizations. The nurse leader is performing tasks within rapidly shifting environments that require constant changes to best address the organizational goals but remain true to the values and perspectives envisioned by the nursing profession. Through the implementation of corresponding competency frameworks, the capacity and preparedness of nurse leaders can be cultivated ideally in a multidisciplinary context. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurse leaders are increasingly assuming positions of authority across the structures of health care organizations. There is need to timely and appropriately increase the preparedness of nurse leaders to assume and sustain these challenging and dynamic roles.

Tensión individualismo-gregarismo en la configuración psicológica del ser humano II: arquetipos de yo gregario / Individualism-Gregariousness Tension in the Psychological Configuration of the Human Being, II: Archetypes of Gregarious Self

This article is the second essay in a series on the historical development of psychological configurations of the self. It presents the different psychological configurations of the gregarious type of self, which emerged in the early stages of humanity. The article first presents an overview of prehistoric human development and the various difficulties in studying the behavior of early humans. Second, it presents the characteristics of the different psychological configurations of gregarious selves, differentiating between two levels of archaic gregarious self, and the later development of the classical gregarious self. Finally, some basic lines in the configuration of the gregarious archetypes are delimited (AU)

Creating customer value from data: foundations and archetypes of analytics-based services.

The digital transformation offers new opportunities for organizations to expand their existing service portfolio in order to achieve competitive advantages. A popular way to create new customer value is the offer of analytics-based services (ABS)-services that apply analytical methods to data to empower customers to make better decisions and to solve complex problems. However, research still lacks to provide a profound conceptualization of this novel service type. Similarly, actionable insights on how to purposefully establish ABS in the market to enrich the service portfolio remain scarce. We perform a cluster analysis of 105 ABS and triangulate it with a revelatory case study to identify four generic ABS archetypes and to unveil their specific service objectives and characteristics. We also isolate essential factors that shape decision-making regarding the choice of adequate archetypes and subsequent transitions between them. The detailed characterization of different ABS types contributes to a more profound theorizing process on ABS as well as provides a systematization for strategic opportunities to enrich service portfolios in practice.

Archetypal Analysis of Injury in Kidney Transplant Biopsies Identifies Two Classes of Early AKI.

All transplanted kidneys are subjected to some degree of injury as a result of the donation-implantation process and various post-transplant stresses such as rejection. Because transplants are frequently biopsied, they present an opportunity to explore the full spectrum of kidney response-to-wounding from all causes. Defining parenchymal damage in transplanted organs is important for clinical management because it determines function and survival. In this study, we classified the scenarios associated with parenchymal injury in genome-wide microarray results from 1,526 kidney transplant indication biopsies collected during the INTERCOMEX study. We defined injury groups by using archetypal analysis (AA) of scores for gene sets and classifiers previously identified in various injury states. Six groups and their characteristics were defined in this population: No injury, minor injury, two classes of acute kidney injury ("AKI," AKI1, and AKI2), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and CKD combined with AKI. We compared the two classes of AKI, namely, AKI1 and AKI2. AKI1 had a poor function and increased parenchymal dedifferentiation but minimal response-to-injury and inflammation, instead having increased expression of PARD3, a gene previously characterized as being related to epithelial polarity and adherens junctions. In contrast, AKI2 had a poor function and increased response-to-injury, significant inflammation, and increased macrophage activity. In random forest analysis, the most important predictors of function (estimated glomerular filtration rate) and graft loss were injury-based molecular scores, not rejection scores. AKI1 and AKI2 differed in 3-year graft survival, with better survival in the AKI2 group. Thus, injury archetype analysis of injury-induced gene expression shows new heterogeneity in kidney response-to-wounding, revealing AKI1, a class of early transplants with a poor function but minimal inflammation or response to injury, a deviant response characterized as PC3, and an increased risk of failure. Given the relationship between parenchymal injury and kidney survival, further characterization of the injury phenotypes in kidney transplants will be important for an improved understanding that could have implications for understanding native kidney diseases (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01299168).

Combining the best of two methodological worlds? Integrating Q methodology-based farmer archetypes in a quantitative model of agri-environmental scheme uptake.

Increasing farmers' acceptance and adoption of environmentally beneficial farming practices is essential for mitigating negative impacts of agriculture. To support adoption through policy, it is necessary to understand which types of farms or farmers do or do not (yet) apply such practices. However, farmers are not a homogeneous group and their behavior is subject to a complex array of structural, socioeconomic, and socio-psychological influences. Reducing this complexity, farmer typologies or archetypes are useful tools for understanding differing motivations for the uptake of sustainable farming practices. Previous investigations of the role of farmer archetypes in the adoption of such practices rely on either purely qualitative or purely quantitative methods in data collection, typology creation, and hypothesis testing. Our study combines both approaches by classifying survey respondents into farmer types based on a previous Q methodological study. We then use these types in a two-part regression model that aims to explain participation in agri-environmental schemes (AES) and the level of scheme participation. To control for farm structural factors, we additionally link our questionnaire data to secondary data from the farm accountancy data network. Results indicate that in Austria, AES are attractive to all types of farmers, but the level of participation (AES income per hectare) in these schemes differs between archetypes: Profitability-oriented farmers participate less, and nature-oriented farmers participate more than other types. This suggests that monetary compensations for sustainable farming practices are not perceived as sufficient by certain groups of farmers, and policy makers need to consider additional kinds of incentives.

Four groups of type 2 diabetes contribute to the etiological and clinical heterogeneity in newly diagnosed individuals: An IMI DIRECT study.

The presentation and underlying pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is complex and heterogeneous. Recent studies attempted to stratify T2D into distinct subgroups using data-driven approaches, but their clinical utility may be limited if categorical representations of complex phenotypes are suboptimal. We apply a soft-clustering (archetype) method to characterize newly diagnosed T2D based on 32 clinical variables. We assign quantitative clustering scores for individuals and investigate the associations with glycemic deterioration, genetic risk scores, circulating omics biomarkers, and phenotypic stability over 36 months. Four archetype profiles represent dysfunction patterns across combinations of T2D etiological processes and correlate with multiple circulating biomarkers. One archetype associated with obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and impaired ß cell glucose sensitivity corresponds with the fastest disease progression and highest demand for anti-diabetic treatment. We demonstrate that clinical heterogeneity in T2D can be mapped to heterogeneity in individual etiological processes, providing a potential route to personalized treatments.

Extrapolation as a Default Strategy in Pediatric Drug Development.

Pediatric drug development lags adult development by about 8 years (Mulugeta et al. in Pediatr Clin 64(6):1185-1196, 2017). In such context, many incentives, regulations, and innovative techniques have been proposed to address the disparity for pediatric patients. One such strategy is extrapolation of efficacy from a reference population. Extrapolation is currently justified by providing evidence in support of the effective use of drugs in children when the course of the disease and the expected treatment response would be sufficiently similar in the pediatric and reference population. This paper's position is that, despite uncertainties, pediatric drug development programs should initially assume some degree of extrapolation. The degree to which extrapolation can be used lies along a continuum representing the uncertainties to be addressed through generation of new pediatric evidence. In addressing these uncertainties, the extrapolation strategy should reflect the level of tolerable uncertainty concerning the decision to expose a child to the risks of a new drug. This judgment about the level of tolerable uncertainty should vary with the context (e.g., disease severity, existing therapeutic options) and can be embedded into pediatric drug development archetypes to ascertain the extent of studies needed and whether simultaneous development for adults and adolescents be considered.

Four of a kind: Salient caregiver archetypes to better understand the psychosocial needs and behavioral patterns of dementia caregivers in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Family caregivers' lived experiences are often perceived as a homogenous entity, preventing effective identification of unique caregiving needs and appropriate support. Our study examined and classified the varying dementia caregiving experiences in an Asian setting, through establishing caregiver archetypes. METHODS: Secondary analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with 16 dementia family caregivers in a Singapore hospital was performed. Thematic analysis and typological analysis were utilized. RESULTS: Four caregiver archetypes (Reluctant, Ambivalent, Enlightened, and Selfless) were identified: Reluctant caregivers possessed poor understanding of dementia and experienced immeasurable distress; Ambivalent caregivers carried mixed feelings towards caregiving and felt unsupported; Enlightened caregivers preserved care-recipients' dignity and accepted challenges with priority on sustainable care; Selfless caregivers were overly-devoted and enmeshed in the caregiver identity. CONCLUSION: Our findings are useful in providing a framework for: (1) rapid understanding of informal caregivers' varying needs, (2) targeted support in a holistic caregiver-centered manner.

A configurational approach to leadership behavior through archetypal analysis.

The behavioral approach to leadership, which has introduced leadership styles, has been of great importance to the leadership field. Despite its importance, scholars have recently argued and demonstrated that these styles have various conceptual, methodological, and empirical limitations that could hamper further development of the leadership field. Consequently, they have called for alternative approaches to study leadership. We argue that taking a configurational or person-oriented approach to leadership behavior, which focuses on ideal-type configurations of leadership behaviors to identify leadership archetypes, offers such an alternative. We demonstrate the potential of such an approach via the use of archetypal analysis, for a dataset of 46 behaviors across 6 leadership styles, including more than 150,000 respondents. Our results offer a clear indication for the existence of archetypes of leadership. We also suggest how the resulting archetypes can get a meaningful interpretation, and discuss implications for future research.