Miocardiopatía arritmogénica. Genes y proteínas desmosómicas / Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Genes and Desmosomal Proteins

RESUMEN Desde 1996 esta enfermedad figura en la clasificación de las miocardiopatías de la OMS con el nombre de "miocardiopatía arritmogénica". A fines de la década del 70 se estableció que el ventrículo derecho (VD) puede ser el sustrato para el desarrollo de arritmias. En la década del 80 se describió el reemplazo del miocardio por tejido fibroadiposo y su naturaleza hereditaria. Posteriores descubrimientos permitieron la identificación de varios genes implicados en la producción de proteínas desmosómicas que participan en el acoplamiento intercelular lo cual llevó a definir a la miocardiopatía arritmogénica como una enfermedad desmosómica. El electrocardiograma y el ecocardiograma resultaron fundamentales y la angiocardiografía invasiva se utilizó para detectar disquinesia-aquinesia y aneurismas del VD. La biopsia endomiocárdica se perfiló como el gold standard para el diagnóstico, debido a su capacidad para detectar el reemplazo transmural por tejido fibroadiposo. El advenimiento de la resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC) con realce tardío de gadolinio ha permitido revelar no solamente anomalías morfológico-funcionales sino también daño tisular. El conocimiento de la estructura del disco intercalar, involucrado en el acoplamiento intercelular ha permitido determinar que no solamente los desmosomas estarían comprometidos, sino que habría varias proteínas constituyentes tanto de los desmosomas, como de las uniones adherentes, las uniones gap, y los canales iónicos, integradas en una unidad conocida como "área composita". Ésta constituye una amalgama entre elementos de sostén y canales iónicos que participan en la propagación del potencial de acción, lo que ha permitido desarrollar el concepto de disco intercalar compuesto por los llamados "nodos excitoadhesivos". Las implicancias clínicas en el desarrollo de arritmias malignas son obvias.

ABSTRACT In 1996 this disease was introduced into the WHO classification of cardiomyopathies with the term "arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy". By the end of the 70s the right ventricle (RV) was identified as a substrate for the development of arrhythmias. The replacement of the myocardium by fibrofatty tissue and the hereditary nature of this condition were described in the 1980s. Later findings led to the identification of several genes involved in the production of desmosomal proteins participating in intercellular coupling, which led to defining arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy as a desmosomal disease. Electrocardiography and echocardiography are fundamental tools, and invasive angiocardiography was used to detect dyskinesia-akinesia and right ventricular aneurysms. Endomyocardial biopsy was established as the gold standard for the diagnosis due to its ability to detect transmural replacement by fibrofatty tissue. The advent of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) with late gadolinium enhancement reveals morphological and functional abnormalities and tissue damage. The understanding of intercalated disc structure involved in intercellular coupling has made it possible to determine that, apart from desmosomes, several desmosomal proteins, as adherens junctions, gap junctions and ion channels are integrated into a unit known as the " area composita". The area composita constitutes an amalgam between supporting elements and ion channels that participate in action potential propagation, which has led to develop the concept that intercalated discs are constituted by "adhesion/ excitability nodes". The clinical implications in the development of malignant arrhythmias are obvious.

[Clinical profile and therapeutic strategies in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy treated in a national reference institute]. / Perfil clínico y estrategias terapéuticas en pacientes con miocardiopatía arritmogénica tratados en un instituto de referencia nacional.

Objective: To determine the epidemiological, clinical, electrocardiographic, imaging characteristics and main therapeutic strategies performed in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy treated in a national reference cardiovascular institute. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study that attempts to identify the clinical characteristics, complementary tests and therapeutic strategies performed in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy treated at the Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular - INCOR EsSalud in Lima, Peru. Results: Thirteen patients were found with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. The median age at which the diagnosis was made was 38.2 years and 69.3% were male. The most frequent clinical manifestations were tachycardic palpitations (92.3%), presyncope (84.6%) and heart failure (69.2%). 23% of the patients suffered a cardiac arrest. All the patients presented at least one episode of ventricular tachycardia, 92.3% with complete left bundle branch block morphology and upper axis. 76.9% received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), 15.3% underwent ablation and 15.3% received a heart transplant. 84.6% of the patients live to this day. Conclusions: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy predominantly affected the young and male population. All the patients had a potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia. Biventricular disease by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance occurred in 69.2% and 100% of the cases, respectively. The therapeutic strategies used were antiarrhythmic medical treatment, placement of an ICD as secondary prevention, ablation, and heart transplantation. To date, 84.6% of patients survive.

Miocardiopatía arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho en pediatría / Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in pediatrics / Cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito em pacientes pediátricos

Resumen: Introducción: la clasificación clásica de las miocardiopatías incluye la hipertrófica, dilatada, restrictiva y no compactada. La miocardiopatía arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho (MAVD) es una variedad hereditaria, infiltrativa, con sustitución progresiva de miocardio ventricular por tejido fibroadiposo que afecta principalmente al ventrículo derecho. Si bien los síntomas son infrecuentes en la edad pediátrica, estos pacientes presentan más episodios de muerte súbita (MS) que los adultos. Caso clínico: paciente de 12 años, de sexo masculino, portador de miocardiopatía que se manifiesta por arritmia ventricular a los siete años de vida (extrasístoles y taquicardia ventricular no sostenida). La paraclínica realizada fue compatible con MAVD, por lo que se decide realizar un estudio electrofisiológico con ablación. El procedimiento logró una leve mejoría transitoria. Sin embargo no se logró eliminar la arritmia, por lo que se implantó un desfibrilador automático. Éste no ha presentado descargas en dos años de evolución. Discusión: para el diagnóstico de nuestro paciente se utilizaron los criterios establecidos por la Task Force 2010. El diagnóstico imagenológico está basado en la demostración de alteraciones morfológicas (aneurismas) o alteraciones funcionales (aquinesia, disquinesia o asincronía de la pared), que traducen la sustitución fibroadiposa del miocardio. La presentación de arritmias de origen en el ventrículo derecho de difícil manejo farmacológico determinaron la ablación y luego la colocación de un desfibrilador. Conclusiones: se trata de una patología infrecuente pero de muy mal pronóstico por la severidad de las arritmias que se desencadenan en la evolución. El tratamiento de mayor efectividad es la colocación de un cardiodesfibrilador.

Summary: Introduction: the classical cardiomyopathy phenotypic classification includes hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive and non-compacted types. Arrythmogenic Right Ventricle Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a hereditary, infiltrative variety that causes the progressive replacement of ventricular myocardium with fibroadipose tissue that mainly affects the right ventricle.1-2-3 Although the onset of symptoms is uncommon in children, they seem to show more sudden death episodes than adults. Clinical case: 12 year-old male, with arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy (ARVC), showing ventricular arrhythmia at 7 years of age, (extrasystoles and unsustained ventricular tachycardia). Further studies confirmed electrical abnormality, so we performed an electrophysiological study with ablation. The procedure resulted in a slight temporary improvement, however, but the arrhythmia was not completely eliminated. This maintained the risk of sudden death, so we implanted a portable cardiodesfibrilador, which did not record discharges since then. Discussion . for this patient's diagnosis we used the criteria set by Task Force 2010.4 The imaging diagnosis was based on the demonstration of morphological (aneurysms) or functional alterations; akinesia, dyskinesia or asynchrony of the wall, which show myocardium fibrofatty substitution. 3 Recurring right ventricle arrhythmias, despite intense pharmacological treatment, led to a radiofrequency myocardium ablation and later to the placement of an implantable cardiodesfibrillator. Conclusions: it is a rare pathology with extremely poor prognosis due to the severe and uncontrollable arrhythmias triggered by the altered myocardium tissue. The most effective treatment is the placement of a cardiodesfibrillator.

Resumo: Introdução: a classificação fenotípica clássica da cardiomiopatia inclui os tipos hipertrófico, dilatado, restritivo e não compactado. A cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (CAVD) é uma variedade hereditária infiltrativa que causa a substituição progressiva do miocárdio ventricular por tecido fibro-gorduroso que afeta principalmente o ventrículo direito. Embora o início dos sintomas seja incomum em crianças, elas parecem apresentar mais episódios de morte súbita do que adultos. Caso clínico: menino de 12 anos, com cardiomiopatia arritmogênica de ventrículo direito (CAVD), apresentou arritmia ventricular aos 7 anos de idade (extrassístoles e taquicardia ventricular não sustentada). Novos estudos confirmaram anormalidade elétrica, por isso realizamos um estudo eletrofisiológico com ablação. O procedimento resultou numa ligeira melhora temporária, porém, a arritmia não foi completamente eliminada. Isso manteve o risco de morte súbita, por isso implantamos um cardiodesfibrilador portátil, que desde então não tem registrado descargas. Discussão: para o diagnóstico do paciente, utilizamos os critérios estabelecidos pela Força-Tarefa 2010. O diagnóstico imagenológico foi baseado na demonstração de alterações morfológicas (aneurismas) ou funcionais; acinesia, discinesia ou assincronia da parede, que mostraram substituição fibrogordurosa do miocárdio. As arritmias de ventrículo direito recorrentes, apesar do intenso tratamento farmacológico, levaram à ablação do miocárdio por radiofrequência e, posteriormente, à colocação dum cardiodesfibrilador implantável. Conclusões: a CAVD é uma patologia rara de prognóstico extremamente ruim devido às arritmias graves e incontroláveis desencadeadas pelo tecido miocárdico alterado. O tratamento mais eficaz é a colocação de cardiodesfibrilador.

Fragmentación del QRS y muerte súbita en paciente con displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho / Fragmented QRS and sudden death in a patient with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy

RESUMEN La miocardiopatía o displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho es una cardiopatía de origen genético cuyo diagnóstico supone, a menudo, un reto para el clínico. Es una de las causas más comunes de muerte súbita cardíaca en la adolescencia y en los adultos jóvenes. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con historia de arritmias ventriculares malignas y de muerte súbita cardíaca recuperada, por displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho, con fragmentación del QRS en las derivaciones precordiales derechas, como marcador de la presencia de un sustrato propicio para el surgimiento de la fibrilación ventricular espontánea. Se comenta la patogenia, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT The arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia or cardiomyopathy is a genetic heart disease whose diagnosis is often a challenge for the clinician. It is one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac death in adolescence and in young adults. We present the case of a patient with a history of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and recovered sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, with QRS fragmentation in the right precordial leads, as a marker of the presence of a suitable substrate for the emergence of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this disease are discussed.

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia (ARVC/D) - What We Have Learned after 40 Years of the Diagnosis of This Clinical Entity / Cardiomiopatia/Displasia Arritmogênica do Ventrículo Direito (C/DAVD) - O Que Aprendemos após 40 Anos do Diagnóstico desta Entidade Clínica

Abstract Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) was initially recognized as a clinical entity by Fontaine and Marcus, who evaluated a group of patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmia from a structurally impaired right ventricle (RV). Since then, there have been significant advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology, manifestation and clinical progression, and prognosis of the pathology. The identification of genetic mutations impairing cardiac desmosomes led to the inclusion of this entity in the classification of cardiomyopathies. Classically, ARVC/D is an inherited disease characterized by ventricular arrhythmias, right and / or left ventricular dysfunction; and fibro-fatty substitution of cardiomyocytes; its identification can often be challenging, due to heterogeneous clinical presentation, highly variable intra- and inter-family expressiveness, and incomplete penetrance. In the absence of a gold standard that allows the diagnosis of ARVC/D, several diagnostic categories were combined and recently reviewed for a higher diagnostic sensitivity, without compromising the specificity. The finding that electrical abnormalities, particularly ventricular arrhythmias, usually precede structural abnormalities is extremely important for risk stratification in positive genetic members. Among the complementary exams, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) allows the early diagnosis of left ventricular impairment, even before morpho-functional abnormalities. Risk stratification remains a major clinical challenge, and antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation and implantable cardioverter defibrillator are the currently available therapeutic tools. The disqualification of the sport prevents cases of sudden death because the effort can trigger not only the electrical instability, but also the onset and progression of the disease.

Resumo A cardiomiopatia/displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (C/DAVD) foi inicialmente reconhecida como uma entidade clínica por Fontaine e Marcus que avaliaram um grupo de pacientes com taquiarritmia ventricular proveniente de um ventrículo direito (VD) estruturalmente comprometido. Desde então, houve avanços significativos na compreensão da fisiopatologia, manifestação e evolução clínica e prognóstico da patologia. A identificação de mutações genéticas comprometendo os desmossomos cardíacos levou a inclusão desta entidade na classificação das cardiomiopatias. Classicamente, a C/DAVD é uma doença hereditária que se caracteriza por arritmias ventriculares, disfunção ventricular direita e/ou esquerda; e substituição fibro-gordurosa dos cardiomiócitos; cuja identificação pode ser muitas vezes desafiadora, devido à apresentação clínica heterogênea, expressividade intra- e inter-familiar altamente variável e penetrância incompleta. Na falta de um padrão-ouro que permita o diagnóstico da C/DAVD, várias categorias diagnósticas foram combinadas e, recentemente revisadas buscando uma maior sensibilidade diagnóstica, sem comprometer a especificidade. A descoberta de que as anormalidades elétricas, particularmente as arritmias ventriculares, geralmente precedem anormalidades estruturais é extremamente importante para a estratificação de risco em membros genéticos positivos. Entre os exames complementares, a ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) possibilita o diagnóstico precoce de comprometimento ventricular esquerdo, mesmo antes das anormalidades morfofuncionais. A estratificação de risco continua a ser um grande desafio clínico e medicamentos antiarrítmicos, ablação de cateter e desfibrilador cardioversor implantável são as ferramentas terapêuticas atualmente disponíveis. A desqualificação do esporte previne casos de morte súbita uma vez que o esforço pode desencadear não só a instabilidade elétrica, mas também deflagrar o início e a progressão da doença.

Miocardiopatía/displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho. Revisión de la literatura además de un reporte de caso / Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Literature review and case report

Resumen: La miocardiopatía/displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho es una enfermedad hereditaria autosómica dominante con una prevalencia estimada de 1:2,500-1:5,000, siendo mayor en el género masculino (3:1). Se caracteriza histológicamente por reemplazo de los cardiomiocitos por tejido fibroadiposo, lo cual predispone a arritmias ventriculares, insuficiencia ventricular derecha y muerte súbita cardiaca. El objetivo principal del tratamiento es reducir el riesgo de muerte súbita y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 23 años con clínica de palpitaciones, dolor torácico con actividad física, síncope y cefalea iniciada hace 6 años durante un primer embarazo. Por aumento de sintomatología se realizó prueba de esfuerzo, durante la cual presentó taquicardia ventricular monomórfica sostenida colapsante. Se realizó cardiorresonancia, evidenciando dilatación ventricular derecha, aumento en su trabeculación y disminución de su función. Se realizó ablación con mapeo tridimensional; durante la comprobación con infusión de isoproterenol se generó flutter ventricular polimórfico requiriendo cardioversión eléctrica. Se decidió implantar cardiodesfibrilador bicameral y realizar ablación de ganglio estrellado como prevención secundaria. Tras su egreso reconsultó múltiples veces por descargas del dispositivo asociadas a palpitaciones. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la historia clínica encontrando que la paciente tiene características sugestivas de displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho por lo cual se aplican los criterios de Task Force concluyendo que, al cumplir con más de 2 criterios mayores, la paciente presentaba un diagnóstico definitivo de esta enfermedad. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia is an inherited autosomal dominant disease, with an estimated prevalence of 1:2,500 to 1:5,000, being higher in males (3:1). It is characterised histologically by the substitution of cardiomyocytes for fibrous-adipose tissue, which predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias, right ventricular failure, and sudden cardiac death. The main aim of treatment is to reduce the risk of sudden death and improve the quality of life of patients. The case is presented of a 23 year old woman whose clinical symptoms started with palpitations, chest pain with physical activity, syncope, and headache, 6 years ago during her first pregnancy. Due to an increase in symptomatology, a stress test was performed, during which she collapsed with a sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. A cardiac magnetic resonance scan showed dilation, an increase in trabeculae, and decreased function of the right ventricle. A 3-dimensional mapping and ablation was performed, and during the isoproterenol infusion test, a polymorphic ventricular flutter was generated that required electrical cardioversion. The decision was made to implant a dual chamber cardioverter defibrillator and perform stellate ganglion ablation as secondary prevention. After her discharge, the patient re-consulted many times due to discharges of the device associated with palpitations. A comprehensive review of the patient's medical records was performed, finding characteristics that may suggest arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. The Task Force criteria was applied, concluding that, as she met more than 2 major criteria, the patient had a definitive diagnosis of this disease. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Literature review and case report]. / Miocardiopatía/displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho. Revisión de la literatura además de un reporte de caso.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia is an inherited autosomal dominant disease, with an estimated prevalence of 1:2,500 to 1:5,000, being higher in males (3:1). It is characterised histologically by the substitution of cardiomyocytes for fibrous-adipose tissue, which predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias, right ventricular failure, and sudden cardiac death. The main aim of treatment is to reduce the risk of sudden death and improve the quality of life of patients. The case is presented of a 23 year old woman whose clinical symptoms started with palpitations, chest pain with physical activity, syncope, and headache, 6 years ago during her first pregnancy. Due to an increase in symptomatology, a stress test was performed, during which she collapsed with a sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. A cardiac magnetic resonance scan showed dilation, an increase in trabeculae, and decreased function of the right ventricle. A 3-dimensional mapping and ablation was performed, and during the isoproterenol infusion test, a polymorphic ventricular flutter was generated that required electrical cardioversion. The decision was made to implant a dual chamber cardioverter defibrillator and perform stellate ganglion ablation as secondary prevention. After her discharge, the patient re-consulted many times due to discharges of the device associated with palpitations. A comprehensive review of the patient's medical records was performed, finding characteristics that may suggest arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. The Task Force criteria was applied, concluding that, as she met more than 2 major criteria, the patient had a definitive diagnosis of this disease.

Electrocardiographic Markers of Sudden Cardiac Death (Including Left Ventricular Hypertrophy).

Although the electrocardiograph (ECG) was invented more than 100 years ago, it remains the most commonly used test in clinical medicine. It is easy to perform, relatively cheap, and results are readily available. Interpretation, however, needs expertise and knowledge. New data, phenomenon, and syndromes are continually discovered by the ECG. It is important to differentiate between normal and abnormal ECGs first and then try to correlate the findings with clinical pathologies. Furthermore, the ECG is an integral part of the screening model for a variety of conditions such as channelopathies, athletes, preoperative risk profile, and remains the cardiologist's best friend.

Miocardiopatía arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho / Arrytmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

La miocardiopatía arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho es una patología, en la mayoría de los casos de origen genético autosómico dominante caracterizado por el compromiso, tanto morfológico como funcional, del ventrículo derecho en el que se reemplaza el tejido del miocardio normal por tejido fibroadiposo, generando un sustrato arritmogénico. Se debe sospechar en todo paciente joven que presente síncope, taquiarritmia ventricular o paro cardiaco. Su diagnóstico se establece por la sumatoria de criterios que incluyen hallazgos morfológicos, electrocardiográficos y alteraciones funcionales. En la actualidad no hay un tratamiento único establecido; sin embargo, se sigue trabajando en el diagnóstico temprano y el uso de terapias más avanzadas. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura en el contexto de la presentación de un caso clínico diagnosticado en la ciudad de Bucaramanga en un adulto joven de género masculino. MÉD.UIS. 27(3):123-134.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is a pathology, mostly genetic of dominant autosomic pattern characterized by both morphologic and functional compromise of the right ventricle in which normal myocardial tissue its replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue generating an arrhythmogenic substrate. It must be evaluated in all young patients presenting syncope, ventricular tachyarrhythmia or cardiac arrest. Its diagnosis it's established upon the consideration of morphological criteria, electrocardiographic findings and functional alterations. Currently there is not a definite treatment established; however there is ongoing research in early diagnosis and advanced therapies usage. In this article we provide a literature review in the context of a clinical case diagnosed in a male young adult from the city of Bucaramanga in Colombia. MÉD.UIS. 27(3):123-134.

Presentación atípica de miocardiopatía arritmogénica de ventrículo derecho / Atypical presentation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy / ApresentaþÒo atípica de cardiomiopatia arritmogÛnica do ventrículo direito

La miocardiopatía/displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho (DAVD) es una patología de base genética y transmisión autosómica dominante, caracterizada por reemplazo del miocardio normal por tejido adiposo o fibroadiposo, siendo causa importante de muerte súbita en jóvenes. La forma de presentación más relevante es la taquicardia ventricular sostenida o no sostenida, y menos frecuentemente la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). Presentamos un paciente de 53 años que consulta por disnea, constatándose signos de IC en el contexto de una arritmia supraventricular. El ecocardiograma mostró dilatación de cavidades derechas y fue la primera aproximación al diagnóstico de una peculiar presentación de DAVD.(AU)

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC) is a genetic-based disorder, autosomal dominant transmission, in which normal myocardium is replaced by adipose or fibroadipose tissue. It is thus one of the main causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young people. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) are common symptoms of this disorder. Heart failure (HF) is a less frequent symptom. This is a clinical case of a 53-year-old patient presenting dyspnea and signs of HF in a context of supraventricular arrhythmia. Echocardiogram showed dilation of right cavities. This was the first approximation towards a diagnosis of this peculiar manifestation of ARVC.(AU)

A cardiomiopatia/displasia arritmogÛnica do ventrículo direito (DAVD) é uma doenþa de base genética e transmissÒo autoss¶mica dominante, caracterizada pela substituiþÒo do miocárdio normal por tecido adiposo ou fibroadiposo, sendo uma importante causa de morte súbita em pessoas jovens. O estilo mais significativo é a taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou nÒo sustentada, e menos freq³entemente insuficiÛncia cardíaca (IC). Relatamos um caso clínico de um paciente de 53 anos de idade consultando para dispnéia, apresentando sinais de IC no contexto de arritmia supraventricular. O ecocardiograma revelou dilataþÒo de cÔmaras direitas e foi a primeira abordagem para o diagnóstico de uma forma incomum de apresentaþÒo de DAVD.(AU)

Presentación atípica de miocardiopatía arritmogénica de ventrículo derecho / Atypical presentation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy / Apresentação atípica de cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito

La miocardiopatía/displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho (DAVD) es una patología de base genética y transmisión autosómica dominante, caracterizada por reemplazo del miocardio normal por tejido adiposo o fibroadiposo, siendo causa importante de muerte súbita en jóvenes. La forma de presentación más relevante es la taquicardia ventricular sostenida o no sostenida, y menos frecuentemente la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). Presentamos un paciente de 53 años que consulta por disnea, constatándose signos de IC en el contexto de una arritmia supraventricular. El ecocardiograma mostró dilatación de cavidades derechas y fue la primera aproximación al diagnóstico de una peculiar presentación de DAVD.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC) is a genetic-based disorder, autosomal dominant transmission, in which normal myocardium is replaced by adipose or fibroadipose tissue. It is thus one of the main causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young people. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) are common symptoms of this disorder. Heart failure (HF) is a less frequent symptom. This is a clinical case of a 53-year-old patient presenting dyspnea and signs of HF in a context of supraventricular arrhythmia. Echocardiogram showed dilation of right cavities. This was the first approximation towards a diagnosis of this peculiar manifestation of ARVC.

A cardiomiopatia/displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (DAVD) é uma doença de base genética e transmissão autossômica dominante, caracterizada pela substituição do miocárdio normal por tecido adiposo ou fibroadiposo, sendo uma importante causa de morte súbita em pessoas jovens. O estilo mais significativo é a taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou não sustentada, e menos freqüentemente insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Relatamos um caso clínico de um paciente de 53 anos de idade consultando para dispnéia, apresentando sinais de IC no contexto de arritmia supraventricular. O ecocardiograma revelou dilatação de câmaras direitas e foi a primeira abordagem para o diagnóstico de uma forma incomum de apresentação de DAVD.

Displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: a case report and review of the literature

La displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho se caracteriza por atrofia y reemplazo fibroso y graso del miocardio, y arritmias ventriculares. Se reporta el caso de una mujer de 54 años que se presentó con choque circulatorio fatal, haciéndose el diagnóstico patológico de displasia arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho. Se discuten las características clínicas, diagnóstico y manejo de esta cardiopatía potencialmente letal y aún poco comprendida

Displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito / Arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

A displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (DAVD) é caracterizada pela substituição dos miócitos por tecido fibrogorduroso. Descrita em 1977, é considerada uma doença cardíaca potencialmente letal ainda pouco entendida. Afeta primariamente o ventrículo direito e tem sido associada a arritmias, insuficiência cardíaca e morte súbita. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o caso clínico de um paciente de 25 anos com síncope associada a extra-sístoles ventriculares e achados de ressonância magnética do coração compatíveis com DAVD.

Arritmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is characterized by the gradual replacement of myocytes by adipose and fibrous tissue. Described in 1977, is considered a potentially lethal cause of cardiac disease poorly understood. This disorder usually involves the right ventricle and has been associated with arrthymia, heart failure, and sudden death. In this paper, we report a case of a 25-years-old patient with syncope associated with ventricular extrasystoles. A magnetic resonance imaging was performed and showed findings that support ARVD diagnose.