Decoding anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation in Asparagus officinalis peel coloration: Insights from integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses.

Asparagus is a key global vegetable crop with significant economic importance. Purple asparagus, rich in anthocyanins, stands out for its nutritional value. Despite its prominence, the molecular mechanisms driving purple peel coloration in asparagus remain unclear. This study focuses on three asparagus varieties with distinct peel colors to analyze anthocyanins in both the metabolome and transcriptome, unraveling the regulatory mechanisms. Our findings identify 30 anthocyanins, categorized into five major anthocyanin aglycones across diverse asparagus peel colors. Notably, among the 30 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), 18 anthocyanins displayed significantly up-regulated expression in the 'Purple Passion' variety. Key contributors include Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside and Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is most abundant in 'Purple Passion', while Petunidin-glucoside-galactoside is the least. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) displayed 21 structural genes in anthocyanin synthesis, with F3H, DFR, ANS, and one of three UFGTs showing significantly higher expression in the 'Purple Passion' compared to 'Grande' and 'Erasmus'. Additionally, transcription factors (TFs), including 38 MYB, 33 bHLH, and 13 bZIP, also display differential expression in this variety. Validation through real-time qPCR supports the idea that increased expression of anthocyanin structural genes contribute to anthocyanin accumulation. Transient overexpression of AoMYB17 in tobacco further showed that it had the vital function of increasing anthocyanin content. This study sheds light on the mechanisms behind anthocyanin coloration in three distinct asparagus peels. Therefore, it lays the foundation for potential genetic enhancements, aiming to develop new purple-fleshed asparagus germplasms with heightened anthocyanin content.

Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of Asparagus officinalis in response to varying levels of salt stress.

BACKGROUND: Salt stress is a major abiotic factor that affects the distribution and growth of plants. Asparagus officinalis is primarily resistant to salt stress and is suitable for cultivation in saline-alkali soil. RESULTS: The study integrated the morphology, physiological indexes, and transcriptome of A. officinalis exposed to different levels of NaCl, with the aim of understanding its biological processes under salt stress. The findings indicated that exposure to salt stress led to decreases in the height and weight of A. officinalis plants. Additionally, the levels of POD and SOD, as well as the amounts of MDA, proline, and soluble sugars, showed an increase, whereas the chlorophyll content decreased. Analysis of the transcriptome revealed that 6,203 genes that showed differential expression at different salt-stress levels. Various TFs, including FAR1, MYB, NAC, and bHLH, exhibited differential expression under salt stress. KEGG analysis showed that the DEGs were primarily associated with the plant hormone signal transduction and lignin biosynthesis pathways. CONCLUSION: These discoveries provide a solid foundation for an in-depth exploration of the pivotal genes, including Aux/IAA, TCH4, COMT, and POD, among others, as well as the pathways involved in asparagus's salt stress responses. Consequently, they have significant implications for the future analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying asparagus's response to salt stress.

Screening and Preliminary Identification of Asparagus officinalis Varieties under Low-Temperature Stress.

To meet the large demand for Asparagus officinalis in the spring market and improve the economic benefits of cultivating asparagus, we explored the molecular mechanism underlying the response of A. officinalis to low temperature. First, "Fengdao No. 1" was screened out under low-temperature treatment. Then, the transcriptome sequencing and hormone detection of "Fengdao No. 1" and "Grande" (control) were performed. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in screening out key candidate genes, while hormone analysis indicated that ABA was important for the response to low temperature. The combined analysis indicated that the AoMYB56 gene may regulate ABA in A. officinalis under low temperature. And the phylogenetic tree was constructed, and subcellular localisation was performed. From these results, we speculated that the AoMYB56 gene may regulate ABA in A. officinalis. The results of this research provide a theoretical basis for the further exploration of low-temperature response in A. officinalis.

Structural identification and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of a pectin-arabinoglucuronogalactan complex, AOPB-1-1, isolated from Asparagus officinalis.

Asparagus officinalis L. is a horticultural crop that contains a variety of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory effects. Aqueous extracts of A. officinalis can noticeably improve the learning and memory function of model mice. Herein, a pectin-arabinoglucuronogalactan complex (AOPB-1-1) with a relative molecular weight of 90.8 kDa was isolated from A. officinalis. The repeating structural unit of AOPB-1-1 was identified through monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis, uronic acid reduction, partial acid hydrolysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AOPB-1-1 contains the rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) domain of pectin polysaccharides (PPs) and arabinoglucuronogalactan (AGG) regions. The backbone of the AGG region is composed of →3,6)-ß-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-ß-D-Glcp-(1→ residues substituted at the 4-position to the →4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→ residues of the RG-I main chain. The anti-neuroinflammatory activity of AOPB-1-1 suggests that it can significantly reduce the content of inflammatory cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inhibit the expression of inflammatory genes including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6, and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Furthermore, its inhibitory effects on TNF-α and IL-6 levels were even better than those of minocycline. The significant anti-neuroinflammatory activity of AOPB-1-1 suggests its applicability as a therapeutic option for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The quality evaluation of 30 Asparagus officinalis L. varieties.

Asparagus, a vital economic contributor, is a well-liked vegetable grown around the globe, and some secondary metabolites in its spear are beneficial to human health. Asparagus spears possess a significant quantity of nutrients and phytochemicals; however, the difference in these chemical compositions among various varieties has not been sufficiently studied. This work aimed to detect the chemical compositions of 30 varieties of asparagus and to assess them by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the contents of these chemical compositions varied in varieties. Selenium (Se, 1.12-2.9 µg/100 g dry-weight [DW]) was abundant in asparagus, with an average dry matter content of 8.25%. Free amino acids (5.60-9.98 g/100 g DW) and polyphenols (6.34-8.67 mg/g DW) were both present in high amounts, along with flavonoids (4.218-8.22 mg/g DW) and protodioscin (0.44-1.96 mg/g DW). Correlation analysis, PCA, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of asparagus. Atlas, Appolo, Jinggang 111, Jingke 2, and WS-1 were the top five varieties with comprehensive scores. This study provided valuable data for the breeding, quality improvement, processing, and utilization of asparagus varieties in the future.

Quality Evaluation of Asparagus officinalis by Profile of Amino Acids and Mineral Elements in Different Parts Combined with Chemometrics Methods.

Asparagus officinalis has a homologous value in medicine and vegetables. Its immature stem, commonly called asparagus, is a central edible part. Asparagus skin and leaf also contain rich nutrients. However, these parts are often discarded. This study investigated amino acid and mineral elements in immature stem, skinless asparagus, asparagus skin, and leaf. Their quality was further evaluated by chemometrics methods such as principal component analysis and neural network analysis. The results showed amino acid content was high in immature stem and skinless asparagus and low in leaf, whereas the mineral elements were in four parts. Quality evaluation results showed four parts were divided into three grades. Immature stem and skinless asparagus were grouped into cluster 1 with the best quality as high-quality raw materials in food and health-care products. Meanwhile, three AA (Cys, His, Arg) and two mineral elements (Na, Cr) were identified as quality evaluation iconic substances.

Profiles of phenolics and their synthetic pathways in Asparagus officinalis L.

The synthetic pathways of some phenolics compounds in asparagus have been reported, however, the diversified phenolics compounds including their modification and transcription regulation remains unknown. Thus, multi-omics strategies were applied to detect the phenolics profiles, contents, and screen the key genes for phenolics biosynthesis and regulation in asparagus. A total of 437 compounds, among which 204 phenolics including 105 flavonoids and 82 phenolic acids were detected with fluctuated concentrations in roots (Rs), spears (Ss) and flowering twigs (Fs) of the both green and purple cultivars. Based on the detected phenolics profiles and contents correlated to the gene expressions of screened synthetic enzymes and regulatory TFs, a full phenolics synthetic pathway of asparagus was proposed for the first time, essential for future breeding of asparagus and scaled healthy phenolics production using synthetic biological strategies.

A Review of the Pro-Health Activity of Asparagus officinalis L. and Its Components.

The genus Asparagus comprises about 300 species, including A. curilus, A. filicinus, A. reacemosus, and A. officinalis L. A particularly well-known member of the genus is Asparagus officinalis L., also known as "the king of vegetables". Consuming A. officinalis makes an excellent contribution to a healthy diet. Modern studies have shown it to have a diuretic effect and promote defecation; it also demonstrates high levels of basic nutrients, including vitamins, amino acids and mineral salts. Moreover, it is rich in fiber. Asparagus contains large amounts of folic acid (10 cooked shoots provide 225 micrograms, or almost 50% of the daily requirement) and vitamin C (10 cooked shoots provide 25 mg). The present review describes the current literature concerning the pro-health properties of various parts of A. officinalis L., with a particular focus on its spears. It is based on studies identified in electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge, Sci Finder, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. The data indicate that the various parts of A. officinalis, especially the spears, contain many bioactive compounds. However, although the extracts and chemical compounds isolated from A. officinalis, especially saponins, appear to have various biological properties and pro-health potential, these observations are limited to in vitro and animal in vivo models.

Renal-protective effect of Asparagus officinalis aqueous extract against lead-induced nephrotoxicity mouse model.

Lead is one of the cursed substances that threaten all human life. Lead poisoning can occur through food or water contaminations and it is hard to be detected. This incognito metal accumulates over time and resides in the liver, kidneys, and brain tissues leading to serious medical conditions, affecting organ functions, causing failure, kidney tubule degeneration, and destroying neuronal development. However, known metal chelators have bad negative effects. Asparagus officinalis (AO) is a promising herb; its root extract exhibited antioxidant, antiapoptotic, protective, and immunomodulatory activities. Inspired by those reasons, this study investigated to which extent Asparagus extract affected male mice's renal toxicity caused by lead acetate (LA) and antioxidant defense system. This work screened for its nephroprotective activity in four mouse groups: negative and positive control, LA group with renal injury, and diseased but pretreated mice with AO extract (AOE). Kidney index and kidney function biomarkers were evaluated. Antioxidant activities, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also tested. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 ß (IL-1ß), and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), renal pro-apoptotic protein (Bax), antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 levels were evaluated. The results showed that LA administration induced oxidative stress, renal inflammation, apoptosis, and renal histopathological alteration. However, due to its antioxidant activities, AOE was found to restrain oxidative stress, therefore preventing inflammation and apoptosis. Collectively, AOE perfectly clogged lead poisoning sneaking, stopped the bad deterioration, and succeeded to protect kidney tissues from toxicity, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the WRKY Gene Family in Asparagus officinalis.

In recent years, the related research of the WRKY gene family has been gradually promoted, which is mainly reflected in the aspects of environmental stress and hormone response. However, to make the study of the WRKY gene family more complete, we also need to focus on the whole-genome analysis and identification of the family. In previous studies, the whole WRKY gene family of Arabidopsis, legumes and other plants has been thoroughly studied. However, since the publication of Asparagus officinalis genome-wide data, there has never been an analysis of the whole WRKY gene family. To understand more broadly the function of the WRKY gene family, the whole genome and salt stress transcriptome data of asparagus were used for comprehensive analysis in this study, including WRKY gene family identification, phylogenetic tree construction, analysis of conserved mods and gene domains, extraction of cis-acting elements, intron/exon analysis, species collinearity analysis, and WRKY expression analysis under salt stress. The results showed that a total of 70 genes were selected and randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes and one undefined chromosome. According to the functional classification of Arabidopsis thaliana, the WRKY family of asparagus was divided into 11 subgroups (C1-C9, U1, U2). It is worth considering that the distribution rules of gene-conserved motifs, gene domains and introns/exons in the same subfamily are similar, which suggests that genes in the same subfamily may regulate similar physiological processes. In this study, 11 cis-acting elements of WRKY family were selected, among which auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and other hormone-regulated induction elements were involved. In addition, environmental stress (such as drought stress and low-temperature response) also accounted for a large proportion. Interestingly, we analyzed a total of two tandem duplicate genes and 13 segmental duplication genes, suggesting that this is related to the amplification of the WRKY gene family. Transcriptome data analysis showed that WRKY family genes could regulate plant growth and development by up-regulating and down-regulating gene expression under salt stress. Volcanic maps showed that 3 and 15 AoWRKY genes were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated in NI&NI+S and AMF&AMF+S, respectively. These results provide a new way to analyze the evolution and function of the WRKY gene family, and can provide a reference for the production and research of asparagus.

Nutritional Composition Profiles and Quality Evaluation of Different Cultivars of Asparagus Officinalis with Potential as Functional Foods and Health-Care Products.

Asparagus officinalis is a health-care vegetable with homology value of medicine and food. The quality of A. officinalis is greatly different from various cultivars. It is essential to reveal the relationship between the variety and quality. This study investigated six nutritional compositions in ten A. officinalis cultivars, including amino acid, mineral substance, carbohydrate, vitamin C, protein and total sugar. Five chemometrics methods were further employed to evaluate their quality. The results consistently showed that ten varieties were divided into three grades as nutritional composition differences. HuaMiaoF1, JinGuan and FeiCuiMingZhu were grouped into cluster3 with the best quality, and Atlas and Jersey Giant were grouped into cluster1 with the lowest quality. Therefore, HuaMiaoF1, JinGuan and FeiCuiMingZhu can be suggested as good raw materials for medicine, food and health-care products industries. Meanwhile, the comprehensive application of five chemometrics methods was confirmed as a reliable methodology for quality evaluation of A. officinalis.

Host range and molecular and ultrastructural analyses of Asparagus virus 1 pathotypes isolated from garden asparagus Asparagus officinalis L.

Asparagus samples were examined from growing areas of Germany and selected European as well as North, Central and South American countries. Overall, 474 samples were analyzed for Asparagus virus 1 (AV1) using DAS-ELISA. In our survey, 19 AV1 isolates were further characterized. Experimental transmission to 11 species belonging to Aizoaceae, Amarantaceae, Asparagaceae, and Solanaceae succeeded. The ultrastructure of AV1 infection in asparagus has been revealed and has been compared with the one in indicator plants. The cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein, a core factor in viral replication, localized within the cytoplasm and in systemic infections adjacent to the plasmodesmata. The majority of isolates referred to pathotype I (PI). These triggered a hypersensitive resistance in inoculated leaves of Chenopodium spp. and were incapable of infecting Nicotiana spp. Only pathotype II (PII) and pathotype III (PIII) infected Nicotiana benthamiana systemically but differed in their virulence when transmitted to Chenopodium spp. The newly identified PIII generated amorphous inclusion bodies and degraded chloroplasts during systemic infection but not in local lesions of infected Chenopodium spp. PIII probably evolved via recombination in asparagus carrying a mixed infection by PI and PII. Phylogeny of the coat protein region recognized two clusters, which did not overlap with the CI-associated grouping of pathotypes. These results provide evidence for ongoing modular evolution of AV1.

The garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) mitochondrial genome revealed rich sequence variation throughout whole sequencing data.

Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a horticultural crop with high nutritional and medical value, considered an ideal plant for sex determination research among many dioecious plants, whose genomic information can support genetic analysis and breeding programs. In this research, the entire mitochondrial genome of A. officinalis was sequenced, annotated and assembled using a mixed Illumina and PacBio data. The garden asparagus circular mitochondrial genome measures 492,062 bp with a GC value of 45.9%. Thirty-six protein-coding genes, 17 tRNA and 6 rRNA genes were annotated, among which 8 protein-coding genes contained 16 introns. In addition, 254 SSRs with 10 complete tandem repeats and 293 non-tandem repeats were identified. It was found that the codons of edited sites located in the amino acids showed a leucine-formation trend, and RNA editing sites mainly caused the mutual transformation of amino acids with the same properties. Furthermore, 72 sequence fragments accounting for 20,240 bp, presentating 4.11% of the whole mitochondrial genome, were observed to migrate from chloroplast to mitochondrial genome of A. officinalis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the closest genetic relationship between A. officinalis with onion (Allium cepa) inside the Liliaceae family. Our results demonstrated that high percentage of protein-coding genes had evolutionary conservative properties, with Ka/Ks values less than 1. Therefore, this study provides a high-quality garden asparagus mitochondrial genome, useful to promote better understanding of gene exchange between organelle genomes.

Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Activities of Asparagus officinalis L. and Analysis of Its Phytochemical Content by LC/MS/MS.

In the study, water, ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, and acetone extracts of Asparagus officinalis L. were obtained by maceration. DPPH⋅, ABTS⋅+ , FRAP, and CUPRAC methods determined the antioxidant capacities of all extracts. Moreover, the in vitro effects of extracts on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase (CA)-I, CA-II and α-Glycosidase were investigated. At a 10 µg/ml concentration, the extract with the highest Fe3+ reduction capacity was ethanol (AE), and the extract with the highest Cu2+ reduction capacity was acetone (AA). AE for AChE (IC50 =21.19 µg/ml) and α-Glycosidase (IC50 : 70.00 µg/ml), methanol (AM) for BChE (IC50 =17.33 µg/ml), CA-I and II (IC50 =79.65 and 36.09 µg/ml, respectively) showed the most potent inhibition effect. The content analysis of acetone extract was performed with LC/MS-MS, the first three phytochemicals found most were p-Coumaric acid, rutin, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (284.29±3.97, 135.39±8.19, and 102.06±5.51 µg analyte/g extract, respectively).

Steroidal saponin profiles and their key genes for synthesis and regulation in Asparagus officinalis L. by joint analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics.

BACKGROUND: Asparagus officinalis L. is a worldwide cultivated vegetable enrichened in both nutrient and steroidal saponins with multiple pharmacological activities. The upstream biosynthetic pathway of steroidal saponins (USSP) for cholesterol (CHOL) synthesis has been studied, while the downstream pathway of steroidal saponins (DSSP) starting from cholesterol and its regulation in asparagus remains unknown. RESULTS: Metabolomics, Illumina RNAseq, and PacBio IsoSeq strategies were applied to different organs of both cultivated green and purple asparagus to detect the steroidal metabolite profiles & contents and to screen their key genes for biosynthesis and regulation. The results showed that there is a total of 427 compounds, among which 18 steroids were detected with fluctuated concentrations in roots, spears and flowering twigs of two garden asparagus cultivars. The key genes of DSSP include; steroid-16-hydroxylase (S16H), steroid-22-hydroxylase (S22H) and steroid-22-oxidase-16-hydroxylase (S22O-16H), steroid-26-hydroxylase (S26H), steroid-3-ß-glycosyltransferase (S3ßGT) and furostanol glycoside 26-O-beta-glucosidases (F26GHs) which were correlated with the contents of major steroidal saponins were screened, and the transcriptional factors (TFs) co-expressing with the resulted from synthetic key genes, including zinc fingers (ZFs), MYBs and WRKYs family genes were also screened. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the detected steroidal chemical structures, profiles and contents which correlated to the expressions of screened synthetic and TFs genes, the full steroidal saponin synthetic pathway (SSP) of asparagus, including its key regulation networks was proposed for the first time.

Unravelling the seasonal dynamics of the metabolome of white asparagus spears using untargeted metabolomics.

INTRODUCTION: The white asparagus season lasts 4 months while the harvest period per field is 8 weeks. Different varieties are better suited for harvesting early or late in the season. Little is known of the dynamics of secondary metabolites of white asparagus during the production season. OBJECTIVE: Characterization of the metabolome of white asparagus spears covering volatile and non-volatile composition in relation to quality aspects. METHODS: Eight varieties, harvested repeatedly during two consecutive seasons were analysed following an untargeted metabolomics workflow using SPME GC-MS and LC-MS. Linear regression, cluster and network analyses were used to explore the profile dynamics, unravel patterns and study the influence of genotype and environment. RESULTS: The metabolite profiles were influenced by the harvest moment and genetic background. Metabolites that significantly changed over time were distributed across seven clusters based on their temporal patterns. Two clusters including monoterpenes, benzenoids and saponins showed the most prominent seasonal changes. The changes depicted by the other five clusters were mainly ≤ 2-fold relative to the harvest start. Known asparagus aroma compounds were found to be relatively stable across the season/varieties. Heat-enhanced cultivation appeared to yield spears early in season with a similar metabolome to those harvested later. CONCLUSION: The dynamics of the white asparagus metabolome is influenced by a complex relationship between the onset of spear development, the moment of harvest and the genetic background. The typical perceived asparagus flavour profile is unlikely to be significantly affected by these dynamics.

AoSAP8-P encoding A20 and/or AN1 type zinc finger protein in asparagus officinalis L. Improving stress tolerance in transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris.

The full length CDS of an A20 and AN1 type zinc finger gene (named AoSAP8-P), located nearby the male specific Y chromosome (MSY) region of Asparagus officinalis (garden asparagus) was amplified by RT-PCR from purple passion. This gene, predicted as the stress associated protein (SAPs) gene families, encodes 172 amino acids with multiple cis elements including light, stress response box, MYB and ERF binding sites on its promoter. To analyze its function, the gene expression of different organs in different asparagus gender were analyzed and the overexpressed transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris lines were generated. The results showed the gene was highly expressed in both flower and root of male garden asparagus; the germination rate of seeds of the T2 transgenic lines (T2-5-4 and T2-7-1) under the stress conditions of 125 mM NaCl and 150 mM mannitol were significantly higher than the wild type (WT) respectively. When the potted T2-5-4, T2-7-1 lines and WT were subjected to drought stress for 24 days and the leaf discs immerged into 20 % PEG6000 and 300 mM NaCl solution for 48 h respectively, the T2-5-4 and T2-7-1 with AoSAP8-P expression showed stronger drought, salt and osmotic stress tolerance. When compared, the effects of AoSAP8-P overexpression on productive development showed that the flowering time of transgenic lines, were âˆ¼ 9 day earlier with larger but fewer pollens than its WT counterparts. However, there were no significant differences in anthers, stigmas and pollen viability between the transgenic lines and WT. Our results suggested that, the AoSAP8-P gene plays a role in improving the stress resistance and shortening seeds generation time for perianal survival during the growth and development of garden asparagus.

Protective effects of Asparagus officinalis (asparagus) against lead toxicity in mice.

One of the most prevalent harmful heavy metals is lead (Pb). It is generally recognized to be harmful to the testicles. Asparagus officinalis has many saponins, flavonoids, and other phenolics with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The effects of A. officinalis (asparagus) aqueous extract (AOAE) on testicular damage caused by lead acetate (PbAc) were investigated in this study. In this way, 20 mg/kg PbAc was injected intraperitoneally 2 h after mice were administered 400 mg/kg AOAE orally for 14 days. In the biochemical analysis of testicular tissue, PbAc decreased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant molecules in testicular tissue, while increasing lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, inflammatory markers [nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1 ß), IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)], and apoptotic-related proteins. Additionally, PbAc was discovered to reduce sperm motility and increase the percentage of dead sperm. However, due to its antioxidant qualities, AOAE has been found to reduce oxidative stress, therefore protecting against inflammation and apoptosis. It also allowed the AOAE sperm parameters to restore to their previous values in the control group. According to the findings, AOAE could be a natural substance that could be used to treat Pb-induced testicular toxicity; this protection may be attributed to its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. However, this study warrants further works to explore in detail the underlying mechanisms of the alleviating effects of AOAE against Pb-induced toxicity and which of its active ingredients is responsible for this protection.

Asparagus officinalis combined with paclitaxel exhibited synergistic anti-tumor activity in paclitaxel-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cells.

PURPOSE: Although paclitaxel is a promising first-line chemotherapeutic drug for ovarian cancer, acquired resistance to paclitaxel is one of the leading causes of treatment failure, limiting its clinical application. Asparagus officinalis has been shown to have anti-tumorigenic effects on cell growth, apoptosis, cellular stress and invasion of various types of cancer cells and has also been shown to synergize with paclitaxel to inhibit cell proliferation in ovarian cancer. METHODS: Human ovarian cancer cell lines MES and its PTX-resistant counterpart MES-TP cell lines were used and were treated with Asparagus officinalis and paclitaxel alone as well as in combination. Cell proliferation, cellular stress, invasion and DMA damage were investigated and the synergistic effect of a combined therapy analyzed. RESULTS: In this study, we found that Asparagus officinalis combined with low-dose paclitaxel synergistically inhibited cell proliferation, induced cellular stress and apoptosis and reduced cell invasion in paclitaxel-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. The combined treatment effects were dependent on DNA damage pathways and suppressing microtubule dynamics, and the AKT/mTOR pathway and microtubule-associated proteins regulated the inhibitory effect through different mechanisms in paclitaxel-sensitive and -resistant cells. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the combination of Asparagus officinalis and paclitaxel have potential clinical implications for development as a novel ovarian cancer treatment strategy.

Effects of Asparagus officinalis on immune system mediated EAE model of multiple sclerosis.

Background: About 5 to 10 percent of the population in developed countries are affected by autoimmune diseases. One of the most important autoimmune disease with high prevalence rate is Multiple sclerosis in which there is currently no definitive cure for it, and most medications such as interferons are used only to limit the disease. The present study aims to investigate the effect of using Asparagus Officinalis fractions in an immune system mediated model of multiple sclerosis. Material and Methods: Fractionation was performed by maceration using n-hexane, chloroform, chloroform-methanol (9: 1), n-Butanol and methanol solvents from aerial parts of Asparagus Officinalis. Thin layer chromatography, NMR and phenolic component measurement were done and two fractions were selected for checking in MS induced in vivo model. Results: It was observed that chloroform-methanolic and N-Butanol fractions had higher content of saponin in comparison of other extracts. Also, it was showed that the methanolic and n-Butanol extracts contains the highestportion of glycosylic steroid saponins in comparison to other fractions. Regarding experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) score, Butanolic and methanolic fractions with doses higher that 100mg/kg showed a potent supportive effects as long as locomotor activity protection even in lower dose in comparison to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group. Conclusion: Considering the proved different effects of saponin compounds on the immune system we observed that those fractions altered the circulatory peripheral blood cells and also remit the clinical signs after EAE induction along with enhanced myelin sheath content in the median region of corpus callusom. It could be inferred that this fractions are promising candidates for further investigation as dose-dependent immune system regulating compounds in multiple sclerosis patients.