Efficiency of assertiveness training on the stress, anxiety, and depression levels of college students (Randomized control trial).

BACKGROUND: The significance of assertiveness in promoting mental health is well acknowledged. To investigate the impact of assertiveness training on lowering anxiety, stress, and depression among college students at a private university in Cairo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, three questionnaires were used: demographic, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), and Rathus Assertiveness Schedule. Students were randomly allocated to either a group that underwent assertiveness training (experimental group) or a control group. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was utilized with a pre- and post-assessment. The training program is an adapted version of DBT skills training. The training program includes mindfulness, assertiveness, and problem-solving skills through eight 90-min group sessions. RESULTS: There were (n = 50) students in the experimental group compared with (n = 50) the control group. Assertiveness group, in comparison with control group, resulted in significantly greater reductions in stress as shown in DASS scores (the effect size, d = 0.52, P < .000), anxiety (the effect size, d = 0.30, P < .000), depression (the effect size, d = 0.21, P < .000), and total scores of DASS (the effect size, d = 0.45, P < .000). Assertiveness group, in comparison with control group, resulted in significantly greater increase in assertiveness as shown in RAS scores (the effect size, d = 0.38, P < .000). CONCLUSION: It is possible that increasing an individual's level of assertiveness might be a helpful strategy for reducing feelings of anxiety, stress, and depression.

Associations of Implicit and Explicit Sexual Double Standard Endorsement and Sexual Assertiveness with Sexual and Interactional Competence in Emerging Adults.

In this study, among emerging adults, we investigated the interrelationships of explicit and implicit measures of sexual assertiveness (SA) and sexual double standard endorsement (SDS) on the one hand, and different aspects of sexual and interactional competence (SAIC) on the other hand, using Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) of cross-sectional data. Participants were 159 sexually active, heterosexual individuals in the Netherlands between 18 and 25 years. No exclusion criteria were used. The Sexual Competence and Interaction Competence in Youth and lifetime number of sexual partners were used to measure SAIC. Explicit SA was measured using the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness, while Explicit SDS was assessed using the Scale for the Assessment of Sexual Standards in Youth. Two implicit association tests were performed to measure implicit SA and SDS. Participants accessed these computerized reaction time tasks via a secure online data collection platform. Results showed a strong association between the latent factors of sexual attitudes and SAIC. Greater SA and lower SDS were associated with a greater competence level. No gender effects were found.

Psychological Factors Affecting Assertiveness in Subjects with Parkinson's Disease.

Background/Objectives: Assertiveness, defined as the positive affirmation of oneself, encompasses the ability to refuse requests, express anger, disagree or oppose others, show affection, and uphold personal beliefs without causing conflict. Deficits in assertive behavior are often linked to pathological changes in the basal ganglia and prefrontal dopaminergic systems, commonly observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), and are predictive of poor clinical outcomes. Psychological factors such as mood alterations and cognitive dysfunction may also impact assertiveness. This study investigated the psychological factors influencing assertiveness in individuals with PD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 160 patients with PD attending a movement disorders outpatient clinic. The participants underwent assessment using a battery of standardized neuropsychological tests to evaluate cognitive function, assertiveness, mood, dysarthria, and quality of life (QoL). Results: All dimensions of assertiveness correlated with depression and anxiety. Individuals experiencing mood disturbances may struggle to express themselves assertively. Similarly, some dimensions of assertiveness correlated also with the QoL, indicating that, overall, well-being affects assertive behavior. Gender emerged as a significant influencer of assertiveness across all dimensions. Specifically, in subjects with PD, the male gender was associated with lower scores in assertiveness compared to women. No significant correlations were found between assertiveness and dysarthria. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of adopting a holistic approach to PD management, addressing not only motor symptoms but also psychological challenges which patients may encounter in their daily lives.

Exploring the relationships between dominance behavioral system, mentalization, theory of mind and assertiveness: analysis in a non-clinical sample.

Introduction: The dominance behavioral system, a fundamental aspect of human behavior, orchestrates the drive for dominance, regulates dominant-subordinate dynamics, and shapes responses to perceived power dynamics. While the existing literature extensively delves into the components of this system, scant attention is paid to its interplay with mentalization, theory of mind, and assertiveness. Moreover, gender disparities in dominance behaviors are largely studied in terms of biological variables (levels of testosterone) and clinical populations. This study aims to understand the relationships between activation strategies of the dominance behavioral system, mentalization processes, theory of mind abilities, and levels of social discomfort in assertive communication. Moreover, to identify gender differences in the dominance behavioral system in a non-clinical sample. Methods: Our sample was composed of 67 students from a non-clinical population. They claimed the absence of any psychological, neurological, or developmental disorders. Results: A regression analysis was performed, and we found that levels of mentalization predict levels of hyperactivation of dominance behavioral system, but no significant results for the deactivation levels of the system were found. Moreover, no gender differences were found in levels of activations of the dominance behavioral system. Conclusion: These findings underscore the pivotal role of mentalization abilities in interpersonal dynamics, emphasizing the need for individuals to navigate social interactions adeptly. Furthermore, our research unveils implications for individual well-being and psychopathology, urging further investigation into how these dimensions intersect with various psychological disorders. By discerning the intricate mechanisms at play, we can develop targeted therapeutic interventions tailored to specific behavioral patterns, ultimately enhancing psychological resilience and fostering healthier social relationships in a non-clinical population.

Teen dating violence: predictive role of sexism and the mediating role of empathy and assertiveness based on gender.

Background: Despite efforts to prevent dating violence among adolescents, it remains a major problem with multiple negative consequences. Sexist beliefs, empathy, and assertiveness influence teen dating violence (TDV) with potential gender differences. Objectives: (1) Determine gender disparities in TDV perpetration and victimization, including relational, verbal-emotional, and physical aspects, as well as roles; (2) Analyze gender variations in sexism, empathy, assertiveness, and their relationship with TDV; (3) Establish a predictive model of sexism in TDV with empathy and assertiveness as mediators for both genders. Participants and setting: A sample of 862 secondary school students (50.2% females, 49.8% males; mean age: 14.1 years) from diverse regions in Spain participated. Methods: TDV was measured using the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI) in a cross-sectional study. Sexism, empathy, and assertiveness were assessed using the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and Assertiveness Inventory for Students Questionnaire (AISQ), respectively. Results: Females exhibited higher TDV perpetration, specifically verbal-emotional TDV. Males showed more relational TDV and hostile sexism, while no benevolent sexism differences were observed. Mediation models demonstrated sexism, assertiveness, and empathy as individual predictors of TDV, with varying mediation effects. Personal distress partially mediates the link between sexism and TDV perpetration or victimization in males, while practical personal ability mediates between sexism and TDV perpetration in females. Conclusion: Sexism predicts both perpetration and victimization in TDV, linked to empathy and assertiveness. Notably, specific dimensions of empathy and assertiveness mediate the connection between sexism and TDV, displaying gender-specific patterns. Preventive measures should consider personal distress in male perpetrators/victims and practical personal ability in female perpetrators.

The "Chemsex" Phenomenon and Its Relationship with Psychological Variables in Men Who Have Sex with Men.

Chemsex is described as the use of psychoactive substances during sexual activity to sustain, enhance, disinhibit, or facilitate the sexual experience. It preferentially concerns men who have sex with men. The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between participation in chemsex and the psychological variables impulsivity, sexual assertiveness, and hypersexuality. The sample was composed of 137 Spanish men. A total of 104 participants reported that they had engaged in chemsex, with ages ranging from 19 to 42 years (M = 31.41, SD = 4.83). A total of 33 participants reported that they had never participated in chemsex sessions. The participants were contacted and recruited at social centers, LGBT associations, and key informants. Results showed that men who participated in chemsex reported higher impulsivity, higher hypersexuality, and lower sexual assertiveness than those who have never participated in it. The frequency of participation in chemsex, as well as the number of substances consumed, was positively and significantly correlated with dimensions of impulsivity and hypersexuality. This frequency and this consumption were negatively and significantly correlated with sexual assertiveness. Findings showed significant differences in the psychological variables based on the number of consumed substances (polydrug use/consumption of one substance) and the time of consumption (before, during or before and during sex). In conclusion, the study demonstrates the existence of a clear relationship between the experience of chemsex and psychological factors such as being an impulsive person, presenting hypersexual behavior, and/or having low sexual assertiveness.

Developing bullying prevention guidelines for nurse interns' and its effects on their assertiveness.

BACKGROUND: Bullying is a serious problem that has short and long term negative consequences for nurse interns. Bullying prevention guidelines have a great impact on reducing the incidence of bullying among nurse interns. AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of developing bullying prevention guidelines on nurse interns' assertiveness levels. METHODS: A methodological study design was used to conduct the study at Ain Shams University Hospitals in Cairo Governorate, Egypt. The study subjects consisted of all nurse interns enrolled in the 2022-2023 internship year and their number 121 nurse interns. The data were collected using four tools: the Bullying Knowledge Questionnaire, the Negative Act Questionnaire Revised (NAQ-R), the Individual Bullying Behaviors in Clinical Practice Survey, and the Assertiveness Inventory. RESULTS: The scores for total bullying knowledge and assertiveness after the implementation of the prevention guidelines were significantly increased (91.4% and 86.3%, respectively) among those who were exposed to bullying than among those with pretest scores of (34.7% and 11.8% respectively) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Bullying prevention guidelines significantly reduced nurse interns bullying and improved their assertiveness. The study recommended the dissemination and generalization of the developed bullying prevention guidelines in different training settings.

The role of psychological resilience and aggression in injury prevention among martial arts athletes.

Introduction: For martial artists, the ability to manage reactions in the face of adversity and bounce back after a stressful event can have major impact on performance. The scope of the research is to investigate martial artists' level of resilience and aggression (Go-ahead, Foul play, and Assertiveness factors), what is specific to athletes and who have suffered from moderate and/or severe injuries (in terms of resilience and three factors of aggression examined), and test the possibility that a psychological variable under investigation can predict athletes' injury severity. Materials and methods: A total sample of 154 athletes from striking combat sports-SC (karate, taekwondo, kickboxing, and boxing), grappling combat sports-GC (judo and BJJ), and mixed martial artists (MMA) participated in the research. For assessing resilience, the Romanian adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) was used, and for aggression, the Romanian adaptation of Makarowski's Sports Aggression Questionnaire was used. An injury report form was also created and applied to athletes. Results: The post-hoc tests (after running a single-factor multivariate analysis of variance) revealed significant differences for resilience and Foul (violent) play between the sports disciplines analyzed. A significant positive correlation was found between athletes' injury severity and assertiveness in SC and between injury severity and resilience in GC. Through the t-test for independent samples, it was highlighted that the average value for Foul (violent) play is significantly higher in athletes who have suffered mild, moderate, and/or severe injuries compared with martial arts athletes who have suffered from only mild/minor injuries. A binomial logistic regression was also performed to verify to what extent Foul play predicts athletes' injury severity. Conclusion: A low level of Foul (violent) play is linked with a decreased likelihood of moderate and/or severe injuries in martial arts athletes. The study findings suggest that resilience, foul play, and assertiveness have an important role in injury prevention among martial artists.

How do victims of bullying develop depression? Testing interpersonal style to explain the victimization-depression link.

This study tested to what extent the relation between bullying victimization and future symptoms of depression could be explained by victims being more hostile and less assertive than non-involved individuals. Data came from waves 2-4 of the Dutch TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Participants' bullying experiences were assessed at age 13, interpersonal style at age 16, and depression symptoms at age 19. Mediation analyses were performed primarily on 274 self-reported victims and 1498 non-involved peers. Self-reported victims had an increased risk for depression symptoms. About a third of that risk could be explained by victims' hostile style, which was also higher than those of non-involved peers. Although victims also reported lower levels of assertiveness than non-involved peers, this interpersonal style did not mediate the link between bullying victimization and depression. Our findings suggest that high hostility, but not low assertiveness, partly explains the increased depression risk of self-reported victims. Therefore, interventions could focus on addressing hostility, to help reduce the likelihood that adolescents who have experienced bullying victimization will have more interpersonal conflicts and mental health problems in the future. Supplementary materials also include analyses for bullies and bully-victims, and for peer-reported measures.

The role of sexual self-esteem, sexual desire, and sexual assertiveness in the female sexual function.

BACKGROUND: Sexual function plays a very important role in the sexual health of people, and the determination of their related factors reflects the importance of paying attention to sexual function in the cultural context. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to the role of sexual self-esteem, sexual desire, and sexual assertiveness in the female sexual function. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 592 married women of reproductive age referring to comprehensive health centers in Rasht city (North of Iran) and eligible for the inclusion criteria were selected by cluster random sampling. The data collection tools were demographic information form, Halbert's Sexual Rights Questionnaires, Women's Sexual Self-Esteem (short form), Halbert's Sexual Desire, and Female Sexual Function Index. Data analysis was done with descriptive and inferential statistical tests at a significant level (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation of sexual assertiveness, sexual desire, and sexual self-esteem scores were 56.79 ± 18.24, 49.12 ± 26.04, and 98.52 ± 6.11, respectively. Sexual assertiveness (p < 0.01, r = 0.13), sexual desire (p < 0.001, r = 0.178), sexual self-esteem (p < 0.01, r = 0.34) of the participants with the total score, and all areas of female sexual function had a significant positive correlation. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, there is a direct and statistically significant relationship between sexual assertiveness, sexual desire, the adaptability of sexual self-esteem, and family income with sexual function in participants. However, the unemployment of the spouse had a negative effect on the female sexual function.

Exploring levels of empathy and assertiveness in final year physiotherapy students during clinical placements.

Empathy and assertiveness are two essential soft skills for any healthcare professional's competence and ethical development. It has been shown that empathy can be influenced throughout the training of a future healthcare professional, particularly during the clinical placement period. This research aims to assess fourth-year physiotherapy students' empathic and assertive development before and after clinical placement. A longitudinal observational study was conducted with fourth-year physiotherapy students during the academic year 2022/2023. A preliminary assessment of empathy and assertiveness levels was carried out before the start of the clinical placement and at the end of the placement using the Individual Reactivity Index to assess empathy and the Rathus Test to assess assertiveness. The results show a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in both the empathy subscales of perspective-taking and empathic-concern between the pre- and postassessment, as well as an inverse correlation between the empathy subscale of personal distress and assertiveness. It is concluded that students show adequate results in empathy and assertiveness. However, there is some influence of clinical practice on the development of empathy, and future intervention studies need to be considered. Furthermore, students with higher levels of assertiveness have lower levels of personal distress, suggesting that assertiveness is closely related to empathy.

Distress as a Function of Social Exclusion and Assertiveness among Homosexual/Bisexual People.

Homosexual (lesbian or gay) and bisexual (i.e., LGB) people tend to suffer from social exclusion and thus distress. To prevent or relieve distress, the people's assertiveness about justice and rights is an advocated means, but its effectiveness is uncertain, considering possible conflict with social exclusion. To clarify the effectiveness, this study analyzed data collected from 189 Chinese LGB adults in Hong Kong, which is a special administrative region of China generally Westernized and liberal to sexual orientation. Controlling for prior distress reported, the analysis showed that distress was lower when assertiveness was higher or social exclusion experienced was lower. However, distress was higher when both assertiveness and social exclusion experienced were higher. The higher distress implies a conflict between assertiveness and social exclusion to raise distress. It also implies the need to avoid conflict when promoting assertiveness and eliminating social exclusion to prevent distress in LGB people.

A Scoping Review of Assertiveness Therapy for Reducing Bullying Behavior and Its Impacts Among Adolescents.

Bullying is a global problem in adolescents which has increased every year. One of the factors in the occurrence of bullying is the ability of interpersonal skills. This ability can build good relationships with assertive between adolescents and can prevent bullying. The purpose of this study is to describe assertiveness therapy for reducing bullying behavior and its impacts among adolescents. The method used in this study is scoping review. The search strategy used is PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews through three databases namely PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The authors used inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria in the selection of articles. The major keywords used in the article search were bullying, assertiveness therapy, and adolescents. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative. The results showed that there were 10 articles that discussed assertive therapy. All articles show that assertiveness therapy can reduce bullying behavior and its impact significantly, such as reducing the impact of anxiety and increasing self-esteem. Assertiveness therapy methods carried out in the form of education, games, and role play. Education is carried out online and offline. Educational media is provided directly and through media such as educational videos which can be accessed at any time. Gender and cultural approaches are important aspects in the implementation of assertive therapy. Assertive therapy can improve interpersonal skills, social skills, empathy and assertiveness so that it can reduce bullying behavior and its impacts in adolescents. Then, this data becomes the basis for nurses to carry out assertive therapy as an effort to prevent and reduce bullying behavior in adolescents.

Whither dominance? An enduring evolutionary legacy of primate sociality.

This article discusses dominance personality dimensions found in primates, particularly in the great apes, and how they compare to dominance in humans. Dominance traits are seen in virtually all primate species, and these dimensions reflect how adept an individual is at ascending within a social hierarchy. Among great apes, dominance is one of the most prominent personality factors but, in humans, dominance is usually modeled as a facet of extraversion. Social, cultural, and cognitive differences between humans and our closest ape relatives are explored, alongside humanity's hierarchical and egalitarian heritage. The basic characteristics of dominance in humans and nonhuman great apes are then described, alongside the similarities and differences between great apes. African apes live in societies each with its own hierarchical organization. Humans were a possible exception for some of our history, but more recently, hierarchies have dominated. The general characteristics of high-dominance humans, particularly those living in industrialized nations, are described. Dominance itself can be subdivided into correlated subfactors: domineering, prestige, and leadership. Various explanations have been posed for why dominance has declined in prominence within human personality factor structures, and several possibilities are evaluated. The value of dominance in personality research is discussed: dominance has links to, for instance, age, sex, aggression, self-esteem, locus of control, stress, health, and multiple socioeconomic status indicators. The piece concludes with recommendations for researchers who wish to assess dominance in personality.

Development and validation of the Symptomatic Transdiagnostic Test (S2T).

INTRODUCTION: The categorical approach in psychiatry has received many criticisms. Modern research tends to develop a transdiagnostic approach. However, transdiagnostic works lack an overall understanding and focus mainly on anxiety and depression. The aim of the present study was to develop an easy to use tool to evaluate multiple dimensions opening the way for further research in the transdiagnostic approach. This will allow researchers to quickly assess the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions on multiple psychopathological dimensions. METHOD: First, we identified the main symptoms of psychopathology in a sample of mental healthcare workers. Second, we developed the Symptomatic Transdiagnostic Test (S2T) to assess the main symptoms of psychopathology. Third, we evaluated its psychometric properties (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency) in three non-clinical samples and one clinical sample. RESULTS: The 66-item S2T included eleven factors referring to: i) negative thoughts and mood; ii) psycho-traumatic and maladaptive symptoms; iii) addiction symptoms; iv) disturbed eating behavior; v) disturbed perception and behavior; vi) panic and agoraphobia; vii) emotional lability; viii) dejection; ix) neurodevelopmental manifestations; x) anxiety and xi) psychic hyperactivity. We found a high internal consistency for the general scale (α=0.96) and the subscales. We found a good concurrent validity. As expected, we found higher levels of symptoms within the clinical population as compared to the non-clinical samples, except for addiction symptoms and disrupted eating behavior. We found negative associations between the symptomatic dimensions and psychological skills. CONCLUSION: The S2T is a relevant tool for clinicians and researchers to assess the psychopathological profile. The main psychopathological symptoms are negatively related to the psychological skills.

The role of legitimizing the social hierarchy in the impact of status on perceived assertiveness and competence.

The present research aimed to examine how perceivers' system-justifying beliefs moderate the way they evaluate high- versus low-status targets on assertiveness and competence. In three experimental studies, we manipulated a target's hierarchical position within his company's organization. Participants rated the target on traits reflecting assertiveness and competence. Their system-justifying beliefs were assessed in an ostensibly unrelated study. Results consistently showed that participants inferred assertiveness from the target's hierarchical position regardless of system justification, whereas the relationship between social status and competence was consistently moderated by system-justifying beliefs: only participants high in system justification ascribed more competence to the high-status target than to the low-status target. These findings are in line with the hypothesis suggesting that inferring competence from high-status positions could rely on the tendency to justify social inequalities, whereas inferring assertiveness would not.

Voice, silence, perceived impact, psychological safety, and burnout among nurses: A structural equation modeling analysis.

BACKGROUND: The organizational studies' literature suggests that employees' expressions of voice and silence may be distinct concepts with different predictors. Organizational researchers also argue that both employees' voice and silence are related to burnout; however, these relationships have not been adequately examined in the healthcare context. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationships among nurses' perceived impact, psychological safety, voice behaviors, and burnout using a theoretical model. Voice behaviors were conceptualized as voice and silence. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, correlational study design was employed. SETTINGS: Study data were collected in 34 general hospitals in South Korea. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1255 registered nurses providing direct care to patients were included in this study. METHODS: Using a convenience sampling method, a web-based survey was conducted to obtain data. All variables were measured using standardized instruments. A structural equation modeling analysis was employed to test a hypothesized model positing that perceived impact and psychological safety have both direct and indirect effects on nurse burnout through voice and silence. The response rate was 72.8 %. RESULTS: The findings supported the hypothesized model. Both perceived impact and psychological safety were positively related to expressions of voice, but both were negatively associated with silence. We also found that perceived impact was more strongly associated with voice than with silence, while psychological safety had a stronger impact on silence than on voice. Furthermore, voice reduced burnout, while silence increased it. Finally, perceived impact reduced burnout through voice (ß = -0.10, 95 % confidence interval [-0.143, -0.059]) and silence (ß = -0.04, 95 % confidence interval [-0.058, -0.014]), and psychological safety also decreased burnout through voice (ß = -0.04, 95 % confidence interval [-0.057, -0.016]) and silence (ß = -0.07, 95 % confidence interval [-0.101, -0.033]). Additional analyses revealed that prohibitive voice and silence significantly mediated the associations between psychological safety and burnout and perceived impact and burnout, but the mediating role of promotive voice was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to recognize that voice and silence are distinct concepts. Moreover, to reduce nurse burnout, nurse managers and hospital administrators should develop separate strategies for promoting nurses' perceived impact and psychological safety, as their influences on voice and silence differ. REGISTRATION: Not applicable. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Voice and silence both influence nurse burnout. Separate strategies should be applied to voice and silence, as they are different concepts.

Adolescent Assertiveness Assessment Scale: Evidence of Content Validity / Escala de Habilidades Assertivas para Adolescentes: Evidências de Validade de Conteúdo

Abstract This study aimed to present the process of elaborating the Adolescent Assertiveness Assessment Scale (AAA-S). Based on the analysis of judges, evidence of the validity of the content of the instrument was established, assessing the criteria of relevance, pertinence, and clarity of the items. In addition, a study with a sample of the instrument's target population showed good indices for the comprehensibility of the items (semantic validity). Based on these results, the illustrated version of the instrument was elaborated, which underpins the general scope of the psychometric study on the construct validity and accuracy of AAA-S and sheds light on the development of new studies on the factorial validity of the instrument.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o processo de elaboração da escala de avaliação das Habilidades Assertivas para Adolescentes (EHA-A). A partir da análise de juízes foi possível observar evidências de validade de conteúdo do instrumento, sendo avaliados critérios de pertinência, relevância e clareza dos itens. Além disso, um estudo com uma amostra da população-alvo do instrumento demonstrou bons índices de compreensibilidade dos itens (validade semântica). A partir desses resultados, foi elaborada a versão ilustrada do instrumento, a qual corrobora com o escopo geral da investigação psicométrica acerca da validade de construto e da precisão da EHA-A, lançando luz para o desenvolvimento de novos estudos acerca da validade fatorial do instrumento.

Data on self-esteem among adolescents in India.

A person's total perception of his or her value or worth is referred to as self-esteem. It may serve as a proxy for how much a person "values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes [him or herself]". The study's major goals were to assess adolescents' levels of self-esteem and examine the impact assertiveness training had on those adolescents' self-esteem. The research design selected for the study was pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design". Anon-probability convenience sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 60 adolescents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was the study's primary instrument, a 10-item questionnaire that a person fills out and scores on a 0-3 scale, containing both positive and negative items, is used to measure one's degree of self-esteem. In this case, questions 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 had lower scores than questions 1,3,4,7 and 10. The Likert scale looks like this: Strongly disagree, strongly agree, agree, and disagree. The mean Self-Esteem score prior to the test was 11.33 with a standard deviation of 1.28, whereas the mean Self-Esteem score after the test was 21.16 with a standard deviation of 1.94. The mean difference of 9.83 is significant at 0.001 levels. The 't' value of 33.4 was higher than the table value. This study provides evidence of adolescents' self-esteem has been improved through assertiveness training.

Intervención sobre habilidades sociales mediante un juego de rol: un estudio de diseño mixto con jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual / Social skills intervention through role-playing: a mixed-design study with youth with intellectual disability

Resumen Objetivos. Identificar si existen mejoras en la interacción social de jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual a través del uso de una metodología basada en el juego de rol. Método. Se realizó un estudio de diseño mixto a partir de un programa de intervención breve, de ocho sesiones de duración, con un total de siete participantes. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas como la observación sistemática, la observación directa no sistematizada y la Escala de Autoevaluación de Habilidades Sociales. Resultados. La intervención arrojó resultados modestos. La prueba W de Wilcoxon muestra diferencias significativas a nivel general. Las observaciones evidencian cambios en los comportamientos de los participantes, sobre todo en lo referente a respuestas alternativas a la agresión, la cuales fueron rápidamente sustituidas por estrategias pacíficas y actitudes dialogantes.

Abstract Objectives. The objective of this study was to identify if there are improvements in social interaction in young people with intellectual disabilities, using a methodology based on role playing. Method. A mixed design study based on a brief intervention program of eight sessions, with a total of seven participants, was used. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used for data collection: systematic observation, non-systematized direct observation and the Social Skills Self-Assessment Scale. Results. The intervention yielded modest results. The Wilcoxon W test shows significant differences at the general level. Observations show changes in participants' behaviors, especially in terms of alternative responses to aggression, which were quickly replaced by peaceful strategies and dialogic attitudes.