ABSTRACT
Background: Pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing is increasingly used in clinical practice to optimize drug therapies. This study aims to understand the involvement of clinical pharmacists in PGx testing at tertiary hospitals in China and their self-assessed capacity to deliver such services. Methods: We developed a questionnaire exploring clinical pharmacists' involvement and self-assessed level of capacity of performing PGx tests. A random sample was obtained from the Pharmaceutical Affairs Management Professional Committee of the Chinese Hospital Association. Results: A total of 1005 clinical pharmacists completed the survey. Of these, 996 (99.1%) had heard of PGx tests and 588 (59.0%) had been involved in PGx testing and related services. Some clinical pharmacists (28.9%) provided PGx services at the rate of "1−5 cases/year" while 21.9% of clinical pharmacists provided PGx services at the rate of ">30 cases/year". Clinical pharmacists most frequently provided PGx testing for cardiovascular diseases. "Consult relevant guidelines/literature" (90.1%) was the most frequently used method to familiarize oneself with PGx testing. About 60% of the pharmacists considered themselves to have poor or fair capacity to provide PGx testing and related services. Conclusions: More than half of the pharmacists had been involved in PGx testing and related services. However, pharmacists generally had little confidence in their knowledge level of and capacity to provide PGx-related services.
ABSTRACT
Com o objetivo de verificar a aplicabilidade do Teste IAR em escolares cegos, foram realizados estudos de casos, mediante avaliações de três escolares de oito anos de idade, com cegueira, por retinopatia da prematuridade ou catarata congênita (A.M., D.A.C., T.A.M.), atendidos no Centro de Distúrbios da Audição, Linguagem e Visão (CEDALVI), do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais (HRAC) da USP, Bauru/SP/Brasil. Durante um período de seis meses, os escolares foram avaliados por meio do Instrumento de Avaliação do Repertório Básico para Alfabetização (IAR), adaptado ao Sistema Braille e contando com recursos em relevo. Os resultados da aplicação do IAR mostraram que T.A.M. alcançou 100,0 por cento em acertos em todos os conceitos; A.M. e D.A.C. obtiveram 100,0 por cento de acertos em esquema corporal, lateralidade e verbalização de palavras; D.A.C. apresentou 50,0 por cento nos conceitos posição, tamanho e quantidade; A.M. apresentou 50,0 por cento em discriminação auditiva; D.A.C. apresentou menos de 50,0 por cento de acertos nos conceitos de direção, espaço, forma, discriminação tátil, discriminação auditiva, análise/síntese e coordenação motora fina; A.M. também alcançou menos de 50,0 por cento de acertos nos conceitos de direção, discriminação tátil, análise/síntese e coordenação motora fina. Com relação à aplicabilidade, o teste IAR mostrou-se eficaz para avaliar os escolares cegos, oferecendo instruções úteis para que profissionais e familiares adotem estímulos e estratégias que favoreçam o desenvolvimento dos mesmos.
Three case studies were undertaken in order to assess the applicability of the IAR Test in blind students; three eight year old blind students, whose impairments were caused by retinopathy of prematurity or congenital cataract (A.M., D.A.C., T.A.M.), who went to the Center for Hearing, Language and Vision (Cedalvi) of the Hospital for Craniofacial Anomaly Rehabilitation (HRAC), USP, Bauru/SP/Brazil, participated in the study. During a six month period the students were assessed using the Instrument to Assess Basic Literacy Repertoire (IAR); the instrument was transcribed in Braille, also having raised images when applicable. Results of the IAR application showed that T.A.M. achieved 100 percent accuracy for all concepts; A.M. and D.A.C. achieved 100 percent accuracy for body scheme, laterality and word verbalization; D.A.C. achieved 50 percent for the concepts of position, size and quantity; A.M. achieved 50 percent for hearing discrimination; D.A.C. obtained a rate of less than 50 percent for concepts of direction, space, shape, tactile discrimination, hearing discrimination, analysis/synthesis and fine motor coordination; A.M. also achieved less than 50 percent success rate for direction, tactile discrimination, analysis/synthesis and fine motor coordination concepts. As to applicability, the IAR Test was shown to be effective in assessing blind students; it offers useful orientation to professionals and family members who wish to adopt stimulation and strategies that enhance their development.
