Fractura de astrágalo asociado a fractura del cuboides en un niño de 9 años: reporte de caso / Talar fracture associated with cuboid fracture in a 9-year-old boy: case report / Fratura do tálus associada à fratura do cubóide em menino de 9 anos: relato de caso

Introducción: El astrágalo tiene una anatomía única y juega un papel fundamental en la función del tobillo y pie. Las fracturas de astrágalo se consideran una urgencia ortopédica especialmente las fracturas de cuello desplazadas, debido al alto riesgo de necrosis avascular. Sin embargo, estas son raras en los niños con una prevalencia estimada del 0,008% de todas las fracturas pediátricas. Las fracturas del cuello del astrágalo se asocian con una alta tasa de complicaciones, entre las más importantes se destacan la artrosis postraumática y la necrosis avascular. Éstas están relacionadas principalmente con el grado de desplazamiento inicial del cuello del astrágalo y la incidencia puede ser del 100%. Objetivos: Los objetivos del presente trabajo son demostrar la evolución de un paciente con una patología poco frecuente, con una asociación lesional no reportada hasta el momento y realizar una revisión bibliográfica del tema. Material y métodos: Se evaluó de forma retrospectiva un paciente de sexo masculino de 9 años con una luxo-fractura de cuello de astrágalo de pie izquierdo asociado a una fractura de cuboides. Se evaluaron los resultados clínicos radiológicos y funcionales luego de 3 años de evolución. Resultados: En nuestro caso se realizó reducción abierta y fijación percutánea. Se logró una excelente consolidación ósea sin complicaciones y con buena funcionalidad del tobillo luego de 3 años de seguimiento. Se realizó la escala AOFAS obteniendo una puntuación de 93/100. No presentó limitaciones en cuanto al dolor, con un total de 40 puntos, no mostró limitaciones en cuanto a la función, con un total de 45 puntos. Observamos una leve desaxación en valgo del retropie, asintomático, con un total de 8 puntos. Conclusiones: Las fracturas del astrágalo son raras en la población pediátrica pero pueden ocasionar complicaciones graves. En nuestro caso observamos una fractura grave, con una asociación lesional no descrita hasta el momento, que presentó muy buena evolución, con una consolidación ósea, sin complicaciones y con buen resultado funcional a los 3 años de la cirugía. Al tratarse de una patología muy poco frecuente y rara, la bibliografía revisada es en general de baja evidencia científica y se basa en su mayoría en reporte de casos clínicos, excepto una revisión sistemática con bajo numero de pacientes.

Introduction: The talus has a unique anatomy and plays a fundamental role in the function of the ankle and foot. Talar fractures are considered an orthopedic emergency, especially displaced neck fractures, due to the high risk of avascular necrosis. However, these are rare in children with an estimated prevalence of 0.008% of all pediatric fractures. Talar neck fractures are associated with a high rate of complications, the most important of which include post-traumatic osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis. These are mainly related to the degree of initial displacement of the talar neck and the incidence can be 100%. Objectives: The objectives of this work are to demonstrate the evolution of a patient with a rare pathology, with an injury association not reported so far and to carry out a bibliographic review of the topic. Material and methods: A 9-year-old male patient with a talar neck fracture dislocation of the left foot associated with a cuboid fracture was retrospectively evaluated. Clinical, radiological and functional results were evaluated after 3 years of evolution. Results: In our case, open reduction and percutaneous fixation were performed. Excellent bone union was achieved without complications and with good ankle functionality after 3 years of follow-up. The AOFAS scale was performed, obtaining a score of 93/100. It did not present limitations in terms of pain, with a total of 40 points, it did not show limitations in terms of function, with a total of 45 points. We observed a slight valgus dexation of the hindfoot, asymptomatic, with a total of 8 points. Conclusions: Talar fractures are rare in the pediatric population but can cause serious complications. In our case we observed a serious fracture, with an injury association not described until now, which presented a very good evolution, with bone consolidation, without complications and with good functional result 3 years after surgery. As it is a very infrequent and rare pathology, the literature reviewed is generally of low scientific evidence and is based mostly on clinical case reports, except for a systematic review with a low number of patients.

Introdução: O tálus possui anatomia única e desempenha papel fundamental na função do tornozelo e do pé. As fraturas do tálus são consideradas uma emergência ortopédica, principalmente as fraturas deslocadas do colo, devido ao alto risco de necrose avascular. No entanto, estas são raras em crianças, com uma prevalência estimada de 0,008% de todas as fraturas pediátricas. As fraturas do colo do tálus estão associadas a uma alta taxa de complicações, sendo as mais importantes a osteoartrite pós-traumática e a necrose avascular. Estas estão relacionadas principalmente ao grau de deslocamento inicial do colo do tálus e a incidência pode ser de 100%. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste trabalho são demonstrar a evolução de um paciente com patologia rara, com associação de lesão até o momento não relatada e realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema. Material e métodos: Foi avaliado retrospectivamente um paciente do sexo masculino, 9 anos de idade, com fratura luxação do colo do tálus do pé esquerdo associada a fratura do cuboide. Os resultados clínicos, radiológicos e funcionais foram avaliados após 3 anos de evolução. Resultados: No nosso caso foi realizada redução aberta e fixação percutânea. Excelente consolidação óssea foi alcançada sem complicações e com boa funcionalidade do tornozelo após 3 anos de acompanhamento. Foi realizada a escala AOFAS, obtendo pontuação de 93/100. Não apresentou limitações em termos de dor, com um total de 40 pontos, não apresentou limitações em termos de função, com um total de 45 pontos. Observamos leve dexação em valgo do retropé, assintomática, com total de 8 pontos. Conclusões: As fraturas do tálus são raras na população pediátrica, mas podem causar complicações graves. No nosso caso observamos uma fratura grave, com associação de lesão até então não descrita, que apresentou evolução muito boa, com consolidação óssea, sem complicações e com bom resultado funcional 3 anos após a cirurgia. Por se tratar de uma patologia muito pouco frequente e rara, a literatura revista é geralmente de baixa evidência científica e baseia-se maioritariamente em relatos de casos clínicos, exceto uma revisão sistemática com um número reduzido de doentes.

Evaluation and management of osteochondral lesions of the talus in skeletally immature patients / Evaluación y tratamiento de las lesiones osteocondrales del astrágalo en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros

Abstract: Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are defined as damage to the talar cartilage, with pathological changes in the underlying bone. They include a group of injuries that involve juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) and osteochondral fractures of the talus. The etiology of OLT remains not fully clarified but is more common in young and active patients. Treatment strategies for OLTs in skeletally immature populations depend on the magnitude of symptoms, lesion morphology (stability and overlying cartilage integrity), size, nature of the lesion (traumatic versus JOCD), ankle stability, lower extremity alignment, and previous treatment. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of OLTs in skeletally immature patients.

Resumen: Las lesiones osteocondrales del astrágalo (OLT) se definen como lesiones del cartílago talar, con cambios patológicos en el hueso subyacente. Incluyen un grupo de lesiones que implican osteocondritis disecante juvenil (JOCD) y fracturas osteocondrales del astrágalo. La etiología de las OLT aún no está totalmente aclarada, pero son más frecuentes en pacientes jóvenes y activos. Las estrategias de tratamiento de las OLT en poblaciones esqueléticamente inmaduras dependen de la magnitud de los síntomas, la morfología de la lesión (estabilidad e integridad del cartílago suprayacente), el tamaño, la naturaleza de la lesión (traumática frente a JOCD), la estabilidad del tobillo, la alineación de la extremidad inferior y el tratamiento previo. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar una visión general de las pruebas actuales para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los OLT en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros.

Representación gráfica del aporte vascular intraóseo y extraóseo del astrágalo. Anatomía ilustrada / Graphic Representation of Intraosseous and Extraosseous Talus Blood Supply. Illustrated Anatomy

Introducción: La anatomía vascular del astrágalo ha sido motivo de investigación por parte de muchos autores, la complejidad de su análisis ha llevado a que no siempre sea fácil de comprender. Sus características anatómicas hacen que algunas áreas sean más susceptibles de sufrir daños y compromisos vasculares tras lesiones traumáticas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la vascularización del astrágalo, tanto a nivel intraóseo como extraóseo, para obtener una representación gráfica que permita fácilmente conocer su red de irrigación vascular. Material y métodos: Se han realizado las disecciones y los análisis de 19 piezas anatómicas de cadáver humano. Quince de esas piezas se han seccionado en diferentes planos, y se han preparado utilizando la técnica de Spalteholz modificada con inyección de látex con tinta azul y negra para visualizar la red vascular. Además, el estudio se ha complementado con una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre el tema. Resultados: Los hallazgos han permitido concluir que la arteria tibial posterior aporta la irrigación más importante al cuello y cuerpo del astrágalo a través de la arteria del canal tarsiano y la rama deltoidea. La arteria tibial anterior se divide en la arteria dorsal del pie para la cabeza y el cuello, y la arteria tarsal lateral que a través de las anastomosis origina la arteria del seno del tarso. La arteria peronea perforante, procedente de la arteria peronea, crea una anastomosis intraósea para el cuerpo y el proceso posterior. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos han permitido elaborar una representación ilustrada de las áreas de irrigación propias y comunes, que permite comprender de forma gráfica y sencilla la vascularización intraósea y extraósea del astrágalo.(AU)

Background: The vascular anatomy of the talus attracts intense research being not always easy to understand. The high intraosseous variability together with the anatomical characteristics makes some areas of the talus more prone to vascular compromise. The aim of this study is to describe the vascularization of the talus, both intraosseous and extraosseous. Material and methods: From the literature reviewed, we have developed a graphic scheme that allows easy observation of the irrigation distribution. To this end, nineteen anatomical dissections of human cadaveric feet have been carried out. Fifteen fresh-frozen slices have been cut in different planes and prepared using the modified Spalteholz technique and latex injection with blue and black ink to visualize the vascular network. In addition, the study has been complemented with a comprehensive literature review on this subject. Results: The findings allowed us to conclude that the posterior tibial artery provides the most important blood supply to the neck and body of the talus through the tarsal canal artery and the deltoid branch. The anterior tibial artery splits in the dorsal pedis artery, for the head and neck, and the lateral tarsal artery which throughout anastomoses breeds the tarsal sinus artery. The perforating peroneal artery branches out from the peroneal artery, creating an intraosseous anastomosis for the body and the posterior process. Conclusion: The results obtained have contributed to develop a graphical representation that we present in this study, which allows a simple understanding of the intraosseus and extraosseus vascularization of the talus.(AU)

[Translated article] Graphic representation of intraosseous and extraosseous talus blood supply. Illustrated anatomy / Representación gráfica del aporte vascular intraóseo y extraóseo del astrágalo. Anatomía Ilustrada

Introducción: La anatomía vascular del astrágalo ha sido motivo de investigación por parte de muchos autores, la complejidad de su análisis ha llevado a que no siempre sea fácil de comprender. Sus características anatómicas hacen que algunas áreas sean más susceptibles de sufrir daños y compromisos vasculares tras lesiones traumáticas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la vascularización del astrágalo, tanto a nivel intraóseo como extraóseo, para obtener una representación gráfica que permita fácilmente conocer su red de irrigación vascular. Material y métodos: Se han realizado las disecciones y los análisis de 19 piezas anatómicas de cadáver humano. Quince de esas piezas se han seccionado en diferentes planos, y se han preparado utilizando la técnica de Spalteholz modificada con inyección de látex con tinta azul y negra para visualizar la red vascular. Además, el estudio se ha complementado con una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre el tema. Resultados: Los hallazgos han permitido concluir que la arteria tibial posterior aporta la irrigación más importante al cuello y cuerpo del astrágalo a través de la arteria del canal tarsiano y la rama deltoidea. La arteria tibial anterior se divide en la arteria dorsal del pie para la cabeza y el cuello, y la arteria tarsal lateral que a través de las anastomosis origina la arteria del seno del tarso. La arteria peronea perforante, procedente de la arteria peronea, crea una anastomosis intraósea para el cuerpo y el proceso posterior. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos han permitido elaborar una representación ilustrada de las áreas de irrigación propias y comunes, que permite comprender de forma gráfica y sencilla la vascularización intraósea y extraósea del astrágalo.(AU)

Background: The vascular anatomy of the talus attracts intense research being not always easy to understand. The high intraosseous variability together with the anatomical characteristics makes some areas of the talus more prone to vascular compromise. The aim of this study is to describe the vascularization of the talus, both intraosseous and extraosseous. Material and methods: From the literature reviewed, we have developed a graphic scheme that allows easy observation of the irrigation distribution. To this end, nineteen anatomical dissections of human cadaveric feet have been carried out. Fifteen fresh-frozen slices have been cut in different planes and prepared using the modified Spalteholz technique and latex injection with blue and black ink to visualize the vascular network. In addition, the study has been complemented with a comprehensive literature review on this subject. Results: The findings allowed us to conclude that the posterior tibial artery provides the most important blood supply to the neck and body of the talus through the tarsal canal artery and the deltoid branch. The anterior tibial artery splits in the dorsal pedis artery, for the head and neck, and the lateral tarsal artery which throughout anastomoses breeds the tarsal sinus artery. The perforating peroneal artery branches out from the peroneal artery, creating an intraosseous anastomosis for the body and the posterior process. Conclusion: The results obtained have contributed to develop a graphical representation that we present in this study, which allows a simple understanding of the intraosseus and extraosseus vascularization of the talus.(AU)

[Translated article] Graphic representation of intraosseous and extraosseous talus blood supply. Illustrated anatomy.

BACKGROUND: The vascular anatomy of the talus attracts intense research being not always easy to understand. The high intraosseous variability together with the anatomical characteristics makes some areas of the talus more prone to vascular compromise. The aim of this study is to describe the vascularisation of the talus, both intraosseous and extraosseous. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From the literature reviewed, we have developed a graphic scheme that allows easy observation of the irrigation distribution. To this end, nineteen anatomical dissections of human cadaveric feet have been carried out. Fifteen fresh-frozen slices have been cut in different planes and prepared using the modified Spalteholz technique and latex injection with blue and black ink to visualise the vascular network. In addition, the study has been complemented with a comprehensive literature review on this subject. RESULTS: The findings allowed us to conclude that the posterior tibial artery provides the most important blood supply to the neck and body of the talus through the tarsal canal artery and the deltoid branch. The anterior tibial artery splits in the dorsal pedis artery, for the head and neck, and the lateral tarsal artery which throughout anastomoses breeds the tarsal sinus artery. The perforating peroneal artery branches out from the peroneal artery, creating an intraosseous anastomosis for the body and the posterior process. CONCLUSION: The results obtained have contributed to develop a graphical representation that we present in this study, which allows a simple understanding of the intraosseus and extraosseus vascularisation of the talus.

Graphic Representation of Intraosseous and Extraosseous Talus Blood Supply. Illustrated Anatomy. / Representación gráfica del aporte vascular intraóseo y extraóseo del astrágalo. Anatomía ilustrada.

BACKGROUND: The vascular anatomy of the talus attracts intense research being not always easy to understand. The high intraosseous variability together with the anatomical characteristics makes some areas of the talus more prone to vascular compromise. The aim of this study is to describe the vascularization of the talus, both intraosseous and extraosseous. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From the literature reviewed, we have developed a graphic scheme that allows easy observation of the irrigation distribution. To this end, nineteen anatomical dissections of human cadaveric feet have been carried out. Fifteen fresh-frozen slices have been cut in different planes and prepared using the modified Spalteholz technique and latex injection with blue and black ink to visualize the vascular network. In addition, the study has been complemented with a comprehensive literature review on this subject. RESULTS: The findings allowed us to conclude that the posterior tibial artery provides the most important blood supply to the neck and body of the talus through the tarsal canal artery and the deltoid branch. The anterior tibial artery splits in the dorsal pedis artery, for the head and neck, and the lateral tarsal artery which throughout anastomoses breeds the tarsal sinus artery. The perforating peroneal artery branches out from the peroneal artery, creating an intraosseous anastomosis for the body and the posterior process. CONCLUSION: The results obtained have contributed to develop a graphical representation that we present in this study, which allows a simple understanding of the intraosseus and extraosseus vascularization of the talus.

Anatomical study of surgical approaches to the talus. / Estudio y descripción anatómica de vías de abordaje del astrágalo.

Descriptive anatomical study of the different surgical approaches to the talus with photographic documentation using a 3-dimensional technique. The objective of this study is to evaluate macroscopic reference points, anatomical planes, structures at risk, field of visualization and possible applicability of each approach to help decision-making at the time of surgical planning in the event of a fracture of the talus. Eighteen fresh specimens and two specimens injected with black latex through the popliteal artery were dissected, performing each surgical approach twice with photographic documentation. This study highlights the need for correct pre-surgical planning to choose the best approach in each case and the importance of a combined approach in the vast majority of cases to achieve a correct reduction.

Secondary reconstruction of pseudoarthrosis of the astragalus body after undiagnosed fracture. / Reconstrucción secundaria de seudoartrosis del cuerpo del astrágalo tras fractura no diagnosticada.

Pseudoarthrosis is a complication that occurs in up to 12% of astragalus fractures. In this situation, 2main treatment options are considered: arthrodesis and secondary reconstruction. In this text we present the case of a patient who suffered this complication after not being diagnosed with the fracture he suffered and opted for secondary reconstruction with good results. Fracture nonunion affects up to 12% of patients suffering a talar fracture. Classically, most authors proceed to joint arthrodesis when facing such complication. A more recent approach consists on secondary reconstruction of the nonunion. In this paper we present the case of a reconstructed talar nonunion after an unnoticed talar body fracture with encouraging results.

Fractura del tubérculo medial de la apófisis posterior del astrágalo / Medial tubercle's fracture of posterior process of talus

OBJETIVO Mostrar una fractura infrecuente del tubérculo posteromedial del astrágalo diagnosticado y tratado de manera aguda mediante osteosíntesis con tornillo Acutrak® (2014 Acumed® LLC). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Varón de 28 años, que acude a Urgencias tras torcedura de tobillo con dolor al mover tobillo y hallux y tumefacción en cara interna. En Urgencias pasó desapercibida. En consulta a la semana refería sensación de que se le engancha el primer dedo con la flexoextensión. Se observa fractura del tubérculo medial de la apófisis posterior del astrágalo con desplazamiento >3mm y clínica de posible interposición del flexor hallucis longus. Se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico con tornillo Acutrak®. Se inmovilizó con férula 3 semanas y descarga 6 semanas. RESULTADOS A los 8 meses balance articular completo, sin dolor ni limitación para las ABVD y sin clínica de atrapamiento del flexor del hallux. Como complicación aguda, se verificó infección de herida quirúrgica que se trató con antibióticos. DISCUSIÓN Ese tipo de fracturas son infrecuentes. El mecanismo lesional suele ser dorsiflexión-pronación. Es importante un diagnóstico temprano y para ello es necesario una alta sospecha diagnóstica. Para su diagnóstico, son necesarias radiografías anteroposterior y lateral y si no se visualiza la lesión, proyección oblicua con 30°- 40° de rotación externa. En casos agudos resulta de utilidad la TAC y en casos crónicos la RM. CONCLUSIÓN Aunque generalmente el tratamiento es conservador, en ocasiones puede ser necesario la cirugía mediante osteosíntesis o exéresis del fragmento cuando la fractura provoca impingement.

OBJECTIVE Show an infrequent fracture of the posteromedial tubercle of the talus diagnosed and treated acutely by Acutrak® screw (2014 Acumed® LLC) osteosynthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A 28-year-old man attended the Emergency Department after spraining his ankle with pain when moving his ankle and hallux and swelling on the internal face. In the ER it went unnoticed. A week later in the clinic, he refered to the sensation that the first finger is hooked with the flexion extension. A fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is observed with a displacement of > 3 mm and clinical signs of possible interposition of the hallucis longus . Surgical treatment with Acutrak® screw was made. He was immobilized with a splint for 3 weeks and discharge for 6 weeks. RESULTS At 8 months complete joint balance, without pain or limitations for BADL and without hallux flexor entrapment symptoms. As an acute complication, surgical wound infection that was treated with antibiotics. DISCUSSION These types of fractures are rare. The injury mechanism is usually dorsiflexion-pronation. Early diagnosis is important and a high diagnostic suspicion is required. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs are necessary for its diagnosis and if the lesion is not visualized, oblique projection with 30°- 40° external rotation. CT is useful in acute cases and MRI in chronic cases. CONCLUSION Although the treatment is conservative, surgery may sometimes be necessary by means of osteosynthesis or excision of the fragment when the fracture causes impingement.

Talus fractures. Functional results for polytraumatized patients. / Fracturas de astrágalo. Resultados funcionales en pacientes politraumatizados.

Talar fractures are uncommon lesions (0.1-0.9%) and have a high rate of complications. One of the situations in which a fracture of the talus can occur is in the context of polytrauma which may further compromise the functional prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the functional results in patients with talar fractures whether or not they occurred in the context of polytrauma. Observational study on a retrospective cohort of 24 patients operated in our centre (2008-2016). They were grouped according to whether they were polytraumatized (ISS>16) or not (ISS≤16). Review of sociodemographic, radiographic, functional variables (VAS pain scale and FADI -Foot and Ankle Disability Index-) and the onset of complications such as arthrosis, arthrodesis or avascular necrosis. Review of 25 talar fractures in 24 patients with a mean age of 38 years (19-75) and a mean follow-up of 4.2 years (0.5-9). According to the ISS, 44% of patients (11) were polytraumatized and 56% (14) were not. The average score according to the FADI scale was 62 points for the polytraumatized patients and 76.9 for the non-polytraumatized patients. The pain according to the VAS scale was 5.8 points in the group of polytraumatized patients and 4.3 in the non-polytraumatized patient group. Regarding complications, 64% of the polytraumatized patients and 43% of the non-traumatized patients had a complication. 36% of the polytraumatized patients had clinical and radiological signs of subtalar arthrosis compared to 35% of the non-traumatized patients, of whom 27% underwent arthrodesis compared to 28% of the non-traumatized patients. 27% of the polytraumatized patients were diagnosed with avascular necrosis as opposed to 0% of the non-polytraumatized patients.

Diagnosis and treatment of hindfoot osteoid osteoma: A therapeutic method for each case. / Diagnóstico y tratamiento de los osteomas osteoides del retropié: un método terapéutico para cada caso.

OBJECTIVES: 1) to set a reminder of the diagnostic approach to osteoid osteomas (OOs) of the foot; 2) to define the indications of treatment for hindfoot OOs. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 5 OOs were checked (3 cases located in the talus and two cases in calcaneus). The diagnosis was established by clinical and imaging data. In all cases, a calcified nidus was identified on CT, perilesional bone oedema on MRI and focal scintigraphic uptake. Two cases were treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and 3 cases with surgical resections: two open surgeries and one arthroscopic surgery. Clinical and oncological outcomes were evaluated at the end of the follow-up. RESULTS: No complications were reported. The clinical outcome was excellent in all cases. One patient was initially treated with open surgery and then subsequently with RFA due to failure of the procedure. There were no recurrences after an average follow-up time of 4 years and 8 months (range, 1-12 years). DISCUSSION: Hindfoot OOs are uncommon and their diagnosis is based on clinical data in conjunction with characteristic imaging findings. Their treatment choices depend on the location of the nidus and relationships with nearby anatomical structures. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of an OO of the hindfoot can be ensured when the epidemiological, clinical and imaging data are compatible with this pathological entity. RFA is indicated for intracortical or cancellous cases in which the nidus is more than 1cm off the skin and significant neurovascular structures. For all other cases an open surgical resection or arthroscopic resection would be the first choice.

Luxo-fractura de Chopart / Fracture-luxation de l'articulation de Chopart / Chopart luxo-fracture

La articulación de Chopart o transversa del tarso está constituida por la articulación calcaneocuboidea y la astragaloescafoidea. Las lesiones que ocurren en estas articulaciones se conocen como luxo-fractura de Chopart y son extremadamente raras. Entre las causas más frecuentes se encuentran los accidentes en motocicletas y las caídas de altura. El tratamiento es la reducción anatómica y fijación estable. La necrosis avascular del astrágalo, así como la artritis postraumática son las complicaciones más temidas. Con este trabajo se pretende describir la conducta y evolución perioperatoria de dos pacientes con luxo-fractura de Chopart, atendidos en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Militar Central Dr Luis Díaz Soto. Fueron diagnosticados tempranamente y se les realizó reducción abierta más fijación interna con una recuperación en los primeros tres meses. La baja prevalencia de la luxo-fractura de Chopart requiere un diagnóstico adecuado y correcto para lograr un buen resultado clínico(AU)

The Chopart joint or transverse tarsus is constituted by the calcaneocuboid and the astragaloescafoidea joints. The injuries that occur in these joints are known as Chopart luxo-fracture and are extremely rare. Motorcycle accidents and falls from heights are among the most frequent causes of Chopart luxo-fractures. The treatment is the anatomical reduction and stable fixation. The avascular necrosis of the talus, as well as post-traumatic arthritis are the most feared complications. This paper aims to describe the behavior and perioperative evolution of two patients with Chopart luxo-fracture, treated in the Emergency Service at Dr Luis Díaz Soto Central Military Hospital. They were early diagnosed and underwent open reduction and internal fixation. They recovered in the first three months. The low prevalence of Chopart luxo-fracture requires adequate and correct diagnosis to achieve good clinical results(AU)

L'articulation de Chopart, ou médio-tarsienne, est constituée de deux articulations distinctes: l'articulation calcanéo-cuboïdienne et l'articulation astragalo-scaphoïdienne. Les lésions produites dans ces articulations sont connues comme des fractures-luxations de l'articulation de Chopart, et sont assez rares. Parmi les causes les plus fréquentes, on peut trouver les accidents du trafic (surtout, de moto) et les chutes de haut. Le traitement consiste généralement à une réduction anatomique et une fixation stable. La nécrose avasculaire de l'astragale et l'arthrite post-traumatique sont les complications les plus souvent à craindre. Le but de ce travail est de décrire le comportement et l'évolution péri-opératoire de deux patients atteints d'une fracture-luxation de l'articulation de Chopart, et traités au service d'urgence de l'hôpital militaire Dr Luis Díaz Soto. Ils sont rapidement diagnostiqués, et traités par réduction ouverte et fixation interne. Leur récupération est réussie en trois mois. La faible prévalence de la fracture-luxation de l'articulation de Chopart exige un diagnostic précis pour atteindre de bons résultats cliniques(AU)

[Is the Hawkins sign able to predict necrosis in fractures of the neck of the astragalus?]. / ¿Es el signo de Hawkins capaz de predecir la necrosis en las fracturas del cuello astragalino?

OBJECTIVE: To assess if the Hawkins sign can predict whether or not astragalus fractures of the neck will develop avascular necrosis. It is also assessed whether the occurrence of this complication is related to the displacement of the fracture, soft tissue injury, or delay in the reduction or surgery. The results were compared with those found in the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 23 talar neck fractures recorded over a a period of thirteen years. The following variables were analysed: displacement of the fracture, soft tissue injury, delay and type of treatment, complications, observation of the Hawkins sign, and functional outcome. RESULTS: There were 7 type I Hawkins fractures, 11 type II, and 4 type III and 1 type IV. Four cases developed avascular necrosis (2 Hawkins type II and 2 type III). Hawkins sign was observed in 12 cases, of which none developed necrosis. Four cases with negative Hawkins sign developed necrosis. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing the development of avascular necrosis with the displacement of the fracture, soft tissue injury, or delay in treatment. Differences were found when comparing the development of avascular necrosis with the Hawkins sign (P=.03). CONCLUSION: A positive Hawkins sign rules out that the fractured talus has developed avascular necrosis, but its absence does not confirm it.

Luxación subastragalina lateral: presentación de un caso / Lateral subastragalar dislocation: a case report

La luxación subastragalina o aislada del astrágalo es extremadamente rara, provocada por traumatismos de alta energía que ocasionan graves alteraciones en la biomecánica del tobillo con frecuentes complicaciones que ensombrecen el pronóstico, sobre todo la variedad lateral, que en muchas ocasiones necesita de la reducción abierta para restablecer la integridad anatómica del tobillo.Caso clínico: se presenta un paciente de 54 años de edad con luxación subastragalina lateral, sin fracturas asociadas, pero con alteraciones vasculares y neurológicas que se restablecieron después de la reducción cerrada.Conclusiones: se realizó la reducción inmediata y se inmovilizó con un yeso corto por cinco semanas para evitar o reducir el índice de complicaciones tempranas o tardías, que acompañan a este tipo de lesión específicamente en esta variedad, que ofrece los peores resultados debido a la complejidad del daño anatómico (AU)

Subastragalar dislocation or isolated from astragalus is extremely rare, caused by high-energy trauma, producing serious disturbances in the biomechanics of the ankle with frequent complications which affect prognosis, mainly the lateral variety, often needing open reduction to restore the anatomical integrity of the ankle. Clinical case: a 54 year-old man patient with a lateral subastragalar dislocation is presented, neurovascular alterations were identified and these were recovered after closed reduction, there were no associated fractures. Conclusions: immediate closed reduction was performed and the ankle joint was immobilized with a short leg cast for 5 weeks in order to avoid or reduce the rate of early and late complications, which accompany this type lesion, mainly in this variety that show the worst results due to the complexity of anatomical damage (AU)

Luxación subastragalina lateral: presentación de un caso / Lateral subastragalar dislocation: a case report

La luxación subastragalina o aislada del astrágalo es extremadamente rara, provocada por traumatismos de alta energía que ocasionan graves alteraciones en la biomecánica del tobillo con frecuentes complicaciones que ensombrecen el pronóstico, sobre todo la variedad lateral, que en muchas ocasiones necesita de la reducción abierta para restablecer la integridad anatómica del tobillo.Caso clínico: se presenta un paciente de 54 años de edad con luxación subastragalina lateral, sin fracturas asociadas, pero con alteraciones vasculares y neurológicas que se restablecieron después de la reducción cerrada.Conclusiones: se realizó la reducción inmediata y se inmovilizó con un yeso corto por cinco semanas para evitar o reducir el índice de complicaciones tempranas o tardías, que acompañan a este tipo de lesión específicamente en esta variedad, que ofrece los peores resultados debido a la complejidad del daño anatómico

Subastragalar dislocation or isolated from astragalus is extremely rare, caused by high-energy trauma, producing serious disturbances in the biomechanics of the ankle with frequent complications which affect prognosis, mainly the lateral variety, often needing open reduction to restore the anatomical integrity of the ankle. Clinical case: a 54 year-old man patient with a lateral subastragalar dislocation is presented, neurovascular alterations were identified and these were recovered after closed reduction, there were no associated fractures. Conclusions: immediate closed reduction was performed and the ankle joint was immobilized with a short leg cast for 5 weeks in order to avoid or reduce the rate of early and late complications, which accompany this type lesion, mainly in this variety that show the worst results due to the complexity of anatomical damage

Tuberculosis como causas de osteomielitis en edad pediátrica: a proposito de un caso de osteomielitis en astrágalo / Tuberculosis as a cause of osteomyelitis in childhood: report of a case of osteomylitis of the talus

La osteomielitis hematógena es frecuente en la metáfisis de los huesos largos en la infancia; siendo esta misma afectación rara en otras localizaciones y más aun, extremadamente rara en el astrágalo, tanto así que se reportan solo unos pocos casos y de manera esporádica en la literatura mundial. En este trabajo presentamos un caso clínico, de una paciente preescolar que presento osteomielitis hematógena de astrágalo cuyo tratamiento médico y quirúrgico representaron y aun representan todo un reto para el ejercicio clínico debido a la dificultad del diagnostico etiológico y tórpida evolución.

Hematogenous osteomyelitis is frequent in the metaphysis of long bones in childhood, being the same affection rare in other locations and even more, extremely rare in the talus, so much so that only a few reported sporadic cases and literature world. We present a clinical case of a patient presenting preschool hematogenous osteomyelitis of the talus which medical and surgical treatment represented and still represent a challenge for clinical practice because of the difficulty of diagnostic and torpid evolution.

Sequelas a longo prazo de fracturas do corpo e colo do astrágalo / Long-term results of body and neck talus fractures

OBJETIVO: As fracturas do colo e corpo do astrágalo são lesões infrequentes. O objectivo deste estudo é avaliar a prevalência de sequelas a longo prazo. MÉTODOS: Foi feita uma análise retrospectiva que incluiu um total de 11 doentes sujeitos a tratamento cirúrgico por fracturas do corpo ou colo do astrágalo entre Janeiro de 1997 e Dezembro de 2005. A avaliação final foi clínica (utilizando a escala AOFAS) e radiológica. RESULTADOS: O seguimento médio foi 58,5 meses. A prevalência de lesões ósseas associadas foi de 60 por cento (6/10). O resultado AOFAS médio foi 72 [19-100] pontos. A necrose avascular e/ou artrose pós-traumática ocorreu em metade dos doentes. A qualidade da redução cirúrgica, as fracturas do corpo e a ausência de alterações degenerativas relacionaram-se com melhores resultados funcionais. As fracturas do colo, a osteonecrose e a presença de artrose pós-traumática conduziram a piores resultados. CONCLUSÃO: Há um grande potencial para sequelas tardias e compromisso funcional devido a artrose e dor crónica após esse tipo de fracturas. A redução anatómica cirúrgica é a melhor hipótese de as evitar, mas não é infalível. A taxa de necrose avascular relaciona-se com o grau de desvio inicial da fractura, mas a sua ocorrência em cada caso específico é imprevisível.

OBJECTIVES: Talar neck and body fractures are unusual fractures. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of long term results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out including 11 patients that underwent surgical treatment for body or neck talus fractures between January 1997 and December 2005. Final follow-up examination included a clinical evaluation (AOFAS score) and standard radiographs. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 58.5 months. The prevalence of associated fractures was 60 percent (6/10). Overall AOFAS score averaged 72 [19-100]. Avascular necrosis and posttraumatic arthritis were present in half of the patients. Quality of surgical reduction, body fractures and absence of degenerative changes were correlated with better functional results. Neck fractures, osteonecrosis and posttraumatic arthritis led to inferior results. CONCLUSION: There is a great potential for long term functional impairment due to posttraumatic arthritis and chronic pain in this kind of fracture. Anatomic surgical reduction is the best chance to avoid them but it is not infallible. The avascular necrosis rate correlates with initial fracture displacement, but its occurrence in each specific case is unpredictable.

Fractura Luxación del Talus. Presentación de dos casos / Fracture dislocation of the Talus. Two case reports

Se presentaron dos pacientes con fractura luxación del Talus (Tipo III de Hawkins), posterior a caídas de altura. A ambos pacientes se les realizó reducción abierta y osteosíntesis. Aparecieron complicaciones como la necrosis del Talus y artrosis postraumática del tobillo. Se hace un comentario sobre las principales características del hueso lesionado y se comparan los resultados con la bibliografía revisada. Se presentan imágenes radiológicas(AU)

Two patients with fracture dislocation of the talus (Hawkins type III), before a fall were reported. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed. Complication like osteonecrosis of the talus and posttraumatic arthritis of the ankle appeared. A commentary about talus anatomy and Blood Supply were done, both the results and the references reviews were compared. Radiographics pictures were presented(AU)

Tuberculosis Osteoarticular Primaria: Reaparición de una Patología Olvidada / Primary osteoarticular tuberculosis: the reappearance of a forgotten pathology

Presentamos dos casos de infección tuberculosa osteoarticular primaria, uno en el astrágalo y el otro en la columna vertebral, en pacientes aparentemente sanos y sin antecedentes epidemiológicos. Son casos representativos de la tuberculosis osteoarticular primaria, mostrando un aumento gradual en la última década en nuestro país, en pacientes sin alteraciones inmunológicas y sin antecedentes familiares o de contacto.

2 cases of osteoarticular tuberculosis infection are presented (one in the talus and the other in the spine) in seemingly healthy patients having no epidemic antecedents. These are representative cases of primary osteoarticular tuberculosis, showing a gradual increase over the last decade in Colombia in patients without immunological alterations and having no family antecedents or history of contact.

Análisis descriptivo del hueso astrágalo o talus / Descriptive analysis of astragalus bone or talus

Tipo de estudio: descriptivo-analítico.Objetivo: estudiar las características morfológicas del hueso astrágalo, considerando sus depresiones leves y profundas, así como las superficies salientes y articulares para elaborar una descripción propia.Método: se observaron y analizaron 20 huesos tomados de distintos cadáveres adultos. Se midieron todas las características encontradas del hueso y las descritas por la bibliografía actual.Resultados: se observaron y midieron 17 características que se tabularon y promediaron; por ejemplo la prolongación de 5.9mm de la apófisis externa y la polea astragalina que presentó una extensión anteroposterior promedio de 3,75cm y el diámetro transversal promedio de 2,8cm; estos detalles y otros permitieron elaborar una descripción propia e inédita.Conclusiones: el estudio del hueso permitió establecer características morfológicas diferentes con relación a las descripciones clásicas lo que demuestra que la morfología de la muestra estudiada presenta diferencias debido a las características socioculturales del medio. La elaboración de esta descripción sin antecedentes en nuestra literatura, servirá de ayuda para anatomistas, radiólogos, traumatólogos, rehabilitadores y deportólogos para el manejo de lesiones y de las articulaciones que la rodean. Se concluye que existen diferencias con la descripción clásica producto de la morfología autóctona.

Descriptive-analytical study Objective: To study the morphologic traits of the astragalus bone considering its superficial and deep depressions as well as the articular structures to elaborate a proper description.Method: Twenty bones were collected from different adult cadavers and were studied to describe the characteristics found. Results: Seventeen different structural characteristics were measured to elaborate a proper description. For example: the length of the external apophysis and a pulley like structure with anteroposterior extension of 3.75cm and the cross-sectional diameter an average of 2.8cm.Conclusions: the study of the bone allowed to establish different morphologic characteristics in relation to the classic descriptions. This demonstrates that the differences are due to the socio-cultural environmental characteristics. The elaboration of this description, will serve to support anatomists, radiologist, traumatologist, physiotherapist and sport physicians for the handling of its injury and to structures that surrounds it.