Diet-related inflammation is positively associated with atherogenic indices.

Current evidence suggests that non-traditional serum lipid ratios are more effective than traditional serum lipid parameters in predicting vascular diseases, and both of them are associated with dietary patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and atherogenic indices using traditional serum lipid parameters (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c)) and non-traditional serum lipid ratios (atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's index-I (CRI_I), Castelli's index-II (CRI_II), the lipoprotein combination index (LCI), and the atherogenic coefficient (AC)). Basic information from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases cohort study was utilized in the present cross-sectional observational study. The study included 8870 adults aged 35-65 years. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to measure DII. We compared the distributions of outcomes by DII score groups using multivariable linear regression. The difference between DII score groups was evaluated by the Bonferroni test. The mean ± SD DII was - 2.5 ± 1.43, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 44%. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES), participants in the highest quartile of DII had a greater risk for CRI_I (ß = 0.11, CI 0.05, 0.18), CRI_II (ß = 0.06, CI 0.01, 0.11), LCI (ß = 0.11, CI 288.12, 8373.11), AC (ß = 0.11, CI 0.05, 0.17) and AIP (ß = 0.06, CI 0.02, 0.10). Moreover, according to the adjusted logistic regression model, the risk of dyslipidemia significantly increased by 24% (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.41), 7% (OR: 1.07, 95% CI 0.94, 1.21) and 3% (OR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.91, 1.16) in Q4, Q3 and Q2 of the DII, respectively. Finally, diet-related inflammation, as estimated by the DII, is associated with a higher risk of CRI-I, CRI-II, LCI, AC, and AIP and increased odds of dyslipidemia.

Levels of sCD163 in women rheumatoid arthritis: Relationship with cardiovascular risk markers.

AIM: The soluble scavenger receptor differentiation antigen 163 (sCD163), a monocyte/macrophage activation marker, is related to cardiovascular mortality in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate their relationship between serum levels of sCD163 with cardiovascular risk indicators in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 80 women diagnosed with RA. The cardiovascular risks were determined using the lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, and QRISK3 calculator. For the assessment of RA activity, we evaluated the DAS28 with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). The serum levels of sCD163 were determined by the ELISA method. Logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve were used to assess the association and predictive value of sCD163 with cardiovascular risk in RA patients. RESULTS: Levels of sCD163 were significantly higher in RA patients with high sensitivity protein C-reactive to HDL-c ratio (CHR)≥0.121 (p=0.003), total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio>7% (p=0.004), LDL-c/HDL-c ratio>3% (p=0.035), atherogenic index of plasma>0.21 (p=0.004), cardiometabolic index (CMI)≥1.70 (p=0.005), and high DAS28-ESR (p=0.004). In multivariate analysis, levels of sCD163≥1107.3ng/mL were associated with CHR≥0.121 (OR=3.43, p=0.020), CMI≥1.70 (OR=4.25, p=0.005), total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio>7% (OR=6.63, p=0.044), as well as with DAS28-ESR>3.2 (OR=8.10, p=0.008). Moreover, levels of sCD163 predicted CHR≥0.121 (AUC=0.701), cholesterol total/HDL ratio>7% (AUC=0.764), and DAS28-ESR>3.2 (AUC=0.720). CONCLUSION: Serum levels of sCD163 could be considered a surrogate of cardiovascular risk and clinical activity in RA.

Comportamiento alimentario e indicadores aterogénicos en pandemia por COVID-19 en trabajadores de campamento de hidrocarburos / Eating behavior and atherogenic indicators in the COVID-19 pandemic in hydrocarbon camp workers

Introducción: El confinamiento obligatorio o voluntario durante la pandemia por COVID-19, ha modificado la ingesta de alimentos e incrementó el estilo de vida sedentario; aumentando el riesgo aterogénico en la población. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el comportamiento alimentario y los indicadores aterogénicos durante el periodo pandémico por COVID-19 en trabajadores de un campamento de hidrocarburos. Materiales y métodos: Investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, diseño observacional, descriptivo de asociación cruzada, retrospectivo. La muestra final de estudio estuvo conformada por 85 trabajadores de la empresa de hidrocarburos Compañía Operadora de Gas del Amazonas (COGA), en Perú; durante el periodo enero a diciembre del 2021. Se incluyó en el estudio a trabajadores adultos de ambos sexos, con registro de información en los exámenes médicos ocupacionales. El comportamiento alimentario se recolectó a través de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (EFCA) semicuantitativo; el perfil bioquímico se obtuvo de los exámenes de salud ocupacional determinando el Índice de Castelli, índice TG/HDL, índice Kannel. Para evaluar la asociación entre las variables se utilizó la prueba Chi cuadrado. Resultados: El 63.5% de los trabajadores evaluados presentó riesgo cardiovascular; los indicadores de Castelli de 40,0% y Kannel 41,2%; se encuentran dentro de un rango de riesgo; siendo menor al 50% de los entrevistados; el indicador de TG/HDL fue 63.5% con riesgo cardiovascular. Asimismo, el 60% presentó un comportamiento alimentario no saludable. Al evaluar la asociación entre el comportamiento alimentario y los indicadores aterogénicos se obtuvo un valor p<0.05. Conclusión: El comportamiento alimentario tiene asociación con los indicadores aterogénicos en trabajadores de un campamento de hidrocarburos, aumentando el riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores con un comportamiento no saludable.(AU)

Introduction: Mandatory or voluntary confinement duringthe COVID-19 pandemic has modified food intake and in-creased the sedentary lifestyle; increasing the atherogenicrisk in the population. Objective: Determine the association between eating be-havior and atherogenic indicators during the COVID-19 pan-demic period in workers at a hydrocarbon camp. Materials and methods: Research with a quantitative approach, observational design, descriptive cross-association retrospective. The final study sample was made up of 85workers from the hydrocarbon company Compañía Operadorade Gas del Amazonas (COGA), in Peru; during the periodJanuary to December 2021. Adult workers of both sexes wereincluded in the study, with information recorded in occupaional medical examinations. Eating behavior was collectedthrough a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire(EFCA). The biochemical profile was obtained from occupa-tional health examinations by determining the Castelli index,TG/HDL index, and Kannel index. To evaluate the associationbetween eating behavior and atherogenic indicators, the non-parametric Chi square statistical test was used.Results: 63.5% of the evaluated workers presented car-diovascular risk; the Castelli and Kannel indicators with 40.0%and 41.2%; respectively, they are within a risk range; beingless than 50% of those interviewed; The TG/HDL indicatorwas 63.5% with cardiovascular risk. Likewise, 60.0% pre-sented unhealthy eating behavior. When evaluating the asso-ciation between eating behavior and atherogenic indicators, ap value <0.05 was obtained. Conclusion: Eating behavior has an association withatherogenic indicators in workers at a hydrocarbon camp; in-creasing cardiovascular risk in those who exhibited unhealthybehavior.(AU)

Sex Differences in the Atherogenic Risk Index in Healthy Mexican Population and Its Relationship with Anthropometric and Psychological Factors.

Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality; however, the association of this variable with a wide range of personal and psychological variables has not been researched. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare lipid levels and anthropometric measures between sexes and to determine the association between personal and psychological variables with the atherogenic risk index (ARI). An adult population which auto-reported as healthy was invited to participate via social media and in person. They filled out a questionnaire with personal and psychological variables; in addition, the body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured, and a blood sample was obtained to determine serum lipids. A total of 172 participants were included, from which 92 (53.49%) were women; both sexes were comparable in age and most sociodemographic values. Men showed significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ARI, and lower levels of HDL cholesterol. The men also showed higher values of WHR than the women. In the bivariate analysis, ARI showed the highest correlation with WHR (r = 0.664) in the men and with BMI (r = 0.619) in the women. In the multivariate analysis, the quality of food intake was negatively correlated with ARI in the global and women's samples, and the psychological variables of assertiveness and positive relations with others were negatively correlated with ARI in women, while purpose in life was negatively correlated with ARI in men. In conclusion, the higher levels of serum lipids and ARI in men can be explained by the higher values of WHR in this sex. Behavioral and psychological variables could be protective factors for high ARI.

Higher atherogenic risk in schoolchildren is associated with MTMR9 rs2293855 gene polymorphism and genetic score.

Childhood dyslipidaemia is associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, so evaluating whether an individual has a genetic predisposition to this pathology is of great importance for early action of prevention and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the FTO (rs9939609), MC4R (rs17782313) and MTMR9 (rs2293855) polymorphisms, the obesity-related genetic risk score and atherogenic risk in Brazilian children. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 544 children aged 4-9 years in the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The single nucleotide polymorphisms rs9939609, rs17782313 and rs2293855, were identified by the system TaqMan SNP genotyping and the obesity-related genetic risk score was determined. The lipid profile (serum total cholesterol [TC], high density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, triglycerides) was analysed and the atherogenic indices (Castelli I and II indices), atherogenic coefficient (AC), lipoprotein combined index (LCI) and plasma atherogenic index (PAI) were calculated. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied, obtaining data on the sociodemographic, economic and lifestyle characteristics of the children. Weight and height measurements were performed in all children, and body composition was evaluated by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). 55.5% of the sample had dyslipidaemia, while 28.5% of the sample had at least one polymorphism and 2.2% had three polymorphisms. Children with the AG/AA genotypes in the rs2293855 polymorphism had lower HDL cholesterol levels and higher TC/HDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios and AC. Those with one or more polymorphisms (rs9939609, rs17782313 and rs2293855) in the genetic risk score had lower HDL cholesterol levels and higher TC/HDL cholesterol ratios, AC, LCI and PAI. In conclusion, the risk allele of the rs2293855 polymorphism and a higher obesity-related genetic risk score were positively associated with higher atherogenic risk in Brazilian children.

Relationship between Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia and Lipid Triad and Scales That Assess Insulin Resistance.

BACKGROUND: Atherogenic dyslipidaemia (AD) and lipid triad (LT) are characterised by high triglyceride levels together with low HDL and normal or high LDL cholesterol and are favoured by a persistent state of insulin resistance (IR), which increases the release of free fatty acids from abdominal adipose tissue. This alteration in the lipid profile favours the accelerated development of atherosclerosis, which is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in all countries in the developed and developing world. One of the elements that plays a major role in the genesis of AD is IR. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between variables that assess atherogenic risk (AD and LT) and scales that assess the risk of presenting insulin resistance. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 418,343 workers was conducted to evaluate atherogenic dyslipidaemia and lipid triad; a relationship with three insulin resistance risk scales (Triglycerides/HDL, TyG index, METS-IR) was established. The usefulness of IR risk scales for predicting AD and LT was calculated by applying ROC curves, obtaining the area under the curve (AUC) and cut-off points with their sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index. Multivariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of high-risk values for insulin resistance with all of the scales is much higher in people with AD and LT compared to those without. The ROC curves present us with an AUC with the three insulin resistance risk scales for the two dyslipidaemias studied with figures ranging between 0.856 and 0.991, which implies that the results are good/very good. CONCLUSIONS: A relationship between atherogenic dyslipidaemia and the three insulin resistance risk scales assessed is revealed, with higher IR mean values and prevalence in people with atherogenic dyslipidaemia and lipid triad. The three scales make it possible to adequately classify the presence of AD and LT. The highest AUC is presented by the triglycerides/HDL scale, with a result close to 1. METS-IR is the most recommended formula to estimate insulin resistance.

Association of adverse childhood experiences with lipid profiles and atherogenic risk indices in a middle-to-older aged population.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have been associated with poor later life health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Limited research investigating potential underlying biological mechanisms linking ACE to CVD exists, particularly regarding lipid biomarkers. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the associations between childhood adversity and unfavourable lipid profiles and derived atherogenic risk indices in a middle-to-older aged population. Methods: This cross-sectional study includes 1820 participants from the Mitchelstown cohort (49% male) in Ireland. Participants' self-reported history of childhood adversity (overall and by subtypes household dysfunction, abuse and neglect) were assessed through a validated 10-item ACE questionnaire. Lipid profiles were determined and atherogenic risk indices including Castelli's Risk Index 1 and 2 (CRI-I and CRI-II), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) and Atherogenic Index Plasma (AIP) were generated. Logistic regression analysed ACE associations with unfavourable lipid outcomes, controlling for potential confounders. Results: ACE history (reported by 23% of sample), in particular childhood exposure to household dysfunction, was associated with later-life non-optimal TG and HDL-C concentrations and atherogenic risk indices CRI-II and AC in age and sex-adjusted models (all p < 0.05). In fully adjusted models, adults reporting ACE or exposure to household dysfunction were approximately twice as likely to have pro-atherogenic CRI-II relative to adults with no ACE (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.19-2.92, p = 0.006 and OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.33-3.61, p = 0.002, respectively). Sex-stratified analysis demonstrated sex-specific associations. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that ACEs are common among older adults in Ireland and are associated with unfavourable lipid profiles and derived atherogenic risk indices.

Leptin-reactive antibodies are distinctly correlated with body composition parameters and metabolic risk indexes in children and adolescents.

Studies have demonstrated the presence of low-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs) directed to leptin, a key hormone of the neuroendocrine axis that regulates appetite and metabolism, in adult healthy subjects, patients with obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present exploratory study, IgG leptin-reactive antibodies were analyzed for the first time in children and adolescents according to body mass index (BMI) and were correlated with biochemical profile (lipid profile, insulin, glucose, and leptin) and metabolic risk indexes [homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment for ß-cell function (HOMA-ß), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)]. One hundred and thirty-six participants were included (children n = 63, adolescents n = 73). An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was performed to measure IgG anti-leptin antibodies (free, total, and immune complexes). In adolescents, free and total IgG anti-leptin antibodies levels were higher in groups with overweight or obesity than in normal-weight group (P < 0.01), while in children, the total fractions were lower in groups with overweight and obesity than in normal weight (P < 0.02). Immune complexes percentage showed opposite correlations with BMI in children (r = 0.4004, P = 0.0473) and adolescents (r = -0.3983, P = 0.0133). IgG anti-leptin antibodies were also correlated with HOMA-IR in children (r = -0.4569, P = 0.0217) and adolescents (r = -0.3589, P = 0.0316), and with AIP (r = -0.3608, P = 0.0261) in adolescents. Our data suggest that the production and affinity of IgG anti-leptin antibodies can be affected by age, body composition, and metabolic conditions; additionally, in normal conditions, IgG anti-leptin antibodies may have a protective role in insulin resistance and cardiovascular events.

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with obesity and atherogenesis in adolescent boys.

PURPOSE: We investigated the relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level with obesity and atherosclerosis in Japanese adolescents. METHODS: We examined 492 children (247 boys and 245 girls) aged 12-13 years. The serum 25(OH)D level was compared among underweight, healthy weight, and overweight children. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was performed to examine the relationships between the 25(OH)D level and body mass index (BMI), plasma lipids, and blood pressure and to compare the latter between the normal (≥20 ng/mL) and low (<20 ng/mL) 25(OH)D groups. Further, we performed a multiple regression analysis to assess the effect on the 25(OH)D level. RESULTS: The serum 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in overweight (20.5±2.7 ng/mL) than in healthy-weight boys (22.4±3.3 ng/mL) (P=0.004). Spearman correlation coefficients comparing the relationship of the 25(OH)D level with BMI, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and atherogenic index indicated significance in boys (ρ=-0.238 [P<0.0001], ρ=0.197 [P=0.002], and ρ=-0.146 [P=0.022], respectively). In boys, the multiple regression analysis results showed that BMI had negative and HDL-C had positive effects on the 25(OH)D level. The first was higher and the latter was lower in boys with low 25(OH)D level than in those with normal levels, respectively (P<0.05). No significant correlations were detected in girls. CONCLUSION: Low serum 25(OH)D level was associated with obesity and increased atherogenic risk in adolescent boys only. This sex difference was probably mediated by body composition, sun exposure, estrogen, and adiponectin, which are characteristics of puberty.

Atherogenic and cardiovascular risks of women on combined oral contraceptives: A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Although combined oral contraceptive (COC) is commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa, data on its cardiovascular disease risk remains scanty. The study aimed to determine serial serum lipid profiles and cardiovascular disease risks among COC-users. METHODS: This is a prospective, comparative multicentered study conducted at four health facilities in Nigeria. Participants were new users of contraceptives; 120 each of women initiating COCs (group I) and those initiating other forms of nonhormonal contraceptives (group II) were recruited and monitored over a 6-month period. Serial lipid profile, blood pressure, and atherogenic risk for cardiovascular diseases were measured at recruitment (start) and scheduled follow-up clinic visits at 3 months and 6 months for all participants. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS (version 21.0) and P value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In all, 225 participants (111 COC-users, 114 nonCOC-users) that completed the study were aged 18 to 49 years. There was a statistically significant increase in the diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.001), Low Density Lipoprotein- Cholesterol (P = 0.038) and higher atherogenic risk (P = 0.001) among COC-users compared to nonCOC-users. The serial total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, High Density Lipoprotein, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index were higher among COC-users but were not statistically significant compared to nonCOC-users. CONCLUSION: Alterations in lipid profile and increased short-term atherogenic risk for cardiovascular disease were reported among the COC-users in this study. Serial lipid profile and atherogenic risk assessment for cardiovascular diseases are recommended for monitoring of COC-users.

Enfermedad arterial de miembros inferiores detectada por Eco-doppler en pacientes asintomáticos / Lower limb arterial disease detected by Echo-doppler in asymptomatic patients

Introducción: La enfermedad arterial de miembros inferiores es un marcador de riesgo coronario, causa de invalidez y muerte en quienes la padecen, su identificación temprana puede atenuar estos efectos. Objetivo: Identificar la enfermedad arterial de miembros inferiores no diagnosticada a través de Eco-Doppler en pacientes con factores de riesgo aterogénicos. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal que incluyó a 100 pacientes de 40 años o más, fumadores, diabéticos y/o hipertensos, sin diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial de miembros inferiores, a quienes se le realizó Eco-Doppler de miembro inferior. Resultados: Se identificaron lesiones compatibles con EAMI en 69 por ciento de los estudiados, cuya edad media fue de 64,81 ± 10,12 años, y discreto predominio del sexo masculino. Las arterias más afectadas fueron la tibial posterior y la pedia con 43 por ciento y 39 por ciento respectivamente, las medidas de asociación mostraron OR (IC 95 por ciento) de 4,15 para la diabetes mellitus, 1,63 para el tabaquismo seguido de la hipertensión arterial con 0,27. Conclusiones: Seis de cada diez pacientes presentaron lesiones ateroscleróticas identificables por Eco-Doppler, predominaron las del sector tibial posterior y pedio en fumadores y diabéticos, estos últimos tuvieron cuatro veces más riesgo de padecer la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Arterial disease of the lower limbs is a marker of coronary risk, causing disability and death in those who suffer from it. Early detection can mitigate these effects. Objective: To identify undiagnosed lower limb arterial disease through Echo-Doppler in patients with atherogenic risk factors. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 100 patients aged 40 years or older, smoking habits history, and diabetic and / or hypertensive patients, with no diagnosis of arterial disease in the lower limbs, who underwent Eco-Doppler of the lower limb. Results: EAMI compatible lesions were identified in 69 percent of those studied, whose mean age was 64.81 ± 10.12 years, and a discrete male predominance. The most affected arteries were the posterior tibial and pediatric arteries in 43 percent and 39 percent respectively, the association measures showed OR (95 percent CI) of 4.15 for diabetes mellitus, 1.63 for smoking followed by arterial hypertension with 0.27. Conclusions: Six out of ten patients showed atherosclerotic lesions identifiable by Echo-Doppler, those of the posterior tibial sector and pedium predominated in smokers and diabetics, the latter had four times the risk of suffering from the disease(AU)

Prevalencia de alteraciones del metabolismo glucídico en familiares de primer grado de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Prevalence of glucidic metabolism alterations in first- degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus se considera un síndrome heterogéneo con etiología compleja en el que influyen factores genéticos y ambientales. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de alteraciones del metabolismo glucídico y factores de riesgo aterogénicos en familiares de primera línea de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a 120 pacientes adultos, hijos de pacientes diabéticos, en los que no se encontraban antecedentes de alteraciones del metabolismo glucídico, pertenecientes al Policlínico Universitario Héroes del Moncada, del municipio Plaza de la Revolución. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, variables clínicas y relacionadas con los estilos de vida como la tensión arterial, el índice de masa corporal, colesterol, triglicéridos, glucemias (ayunas y posprandial), hábito de fumar, actividad física y hábitos dietéticos. Resultados: Los pacientes tenían una edad promedio de 54,42 años y predominó el sexo femenino. Se detectaron alteraciones del metabolismo glucídico en 28,3 por ciento de los cuales 23,3 por ciento se consideraron prediabéticos y 5 por ciento diabéticos. Los factores de riesgo que predominaron fueron la dieta inadecuada, obesidad abdominal, hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia que fueron más evidentes en los pacientes diagnosticados como diabéticos. Conclusiones: Los familiares de primer grado de pacientes diabéticos pueden presentar una alta prevalencia de alteraciones del metabolismo glucídico y factores de riesgo aterogénicos, aún sin sintomatología evidente, lo que refuerza la necesidad de realizar un diagnóstico temprano para evitar la progresión de la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is considered a heterogeneous syndrome with a complex etiology, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Objective: To identify the presence of alterations of the glucidic metabolism and atherogenic risk factors in first- degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Heroes del Moncada University Polyclinic, in Plaza de la Revolution municipality. The study included 120 adult patients, descendants of diabetic patients. They had no history of alterations of the glucidic metabolism. Sociodemographic, clinical variables were studied, and those related to lifestyles such as blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, triglycerides, (fasting and postprandial) glycaemia, smoking, physical activity and dietary habits. Results: These patients had average age of 54.42 years and the female sex predominated. Alterations of the glucidic metabolism were detected in 28.3 percent, 23.3 percent of them were considered pre-diabetic and 5 percent diabetic. The predominant risk factors were inadequate diet, abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, which was much evident in patients diagnosed as diabetic. Conclusions: The first-degree relatives of diabetic patients may present high prevalence of alterations of glucidic metabolism and atherogenic risk factors, even with no evident symptoms, which reinforces the need of early diagnosis to avoid the progression of the disease(AU)

Factores de riesgos aterogénico y su relación con la lesión carotidea identificada por eco-doppler / Atherogenic risk factors and its relation with carotid lesion identified by eco-doppler

Objetivo: Identificar la asociación entre los factores de riesgo aterogénico y la presencia de la lesión aterosclerótica carotidea. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en 112 pacientes de ambos sexos, mayores de 40 años. Las variables fueron: edad, sexo, tensión arterial, hábito de fumar, diabetes mellitus, obesidad y soplo carotideo. Se realizó un eco-doppler carotideo para identificar la presencia de la lesión. Se aplicó una encuesta a los pacientes y las respuestas se recogieron en un una base de datos para su procesamiento estadístico. Resultados: Hubo predominio del sexo femenino. La edad media de presentación de la lesión fue 72,4 años. El 83 por ciento del total de pacientes presentaba tres y más factores de riesgo; en los portadores de lesión carotidea fueron: hipertensión arterial (65,5 por ciento), tabaquismo (71,1 por ciento), diabetes mellitus (64,3 por ciento) y con más de tres el 52,7 por ciento. El 51,8 por ciento de los pacientes presentaban lesión carotidea y de ellos el 24,1 por ciento con una estenosis carotidea inferior a 50 por ciento y superior a esta cifra el 4,5 por ciento, con mayor frecuencia en mujeres que en hombres (6,7 por ciento vs. 1,9 por ciento). El 18,8 por ciento mostraba un grosor intima medio carotideo mayor o igual a 1 mm, superior en los hombres que en las mujeres (21,2 por ciento vs. 16,7 por ciento). Conclusiones: La asociación de varios factores de riesgo con la presencia de una lesión carotidea demuestra la importancia de detectar el riesgo de desarrollar una enfermedad cerebrovascular en la población(AU)

Objective: To identify the association between the atherogenic risk factors and the presence of the carotid atherosclerotic lesion. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 112 patients of both sexes and older than 40 years old. The variables were: age, sex, blood pressure, smoking habit, diabetes mellitus, obesity and carotid murmur. A carotid echo-doppler was performed to identify the presence of the lesion. A survey was done to the patients and the responses were collected in a database for statistical processing. Results: There was prevalence of female sex. The average age of appearance of the lesion was 72.4 years old. 83 percent of the total number of patients presented three and more risk factors. In the carriers of carotid lesion were: arterial hypertension (65.5 percent), smoking habit (71.1 percent), diabetes mellitus (64.3 percent) and with more than three risk factors: 52.7 percent. 51.8 percent of the patients had carotid injury and 24.1 percent of them had a inferior carotid stenosis to 50 percent, and 4.5 percent was higher than this figure, more often in females than in males (6.7 percent vs. 1.9 percent). 18.8 percent showed an carotid intima - media thickness bigger than or equal to 1 mm, higher in males than in women (21.2 percent vs. 16.7 percent). Conclusions: The association of several risk factors with the presence of carotid lesion demonstrates the importance of detecting the risk of developing a cerebrovascular disease in the population(AU)

Trastornos asociados y factores de riesgo aterogénicos en escolares y adolescentes obesos / Associated disorders and atherogenic risk factors in obese school children and adolescents

Introducción: la obesidad en la edad pediátrica predispone a la enfermedad aterosclerótica precoz en la adultez, independientemente del peso futuro. Objetivo: caracterizar el patrón antropométrico, morbilidad asociada y factores de riesgo aterogénico en obesos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo con 62 pacientes obesos atendidos en la consulta de Endocrinología del Hospital Pediátrico William Soler , entre enero y diciembre de 2016. Fueron analizadas variables demográficas, antropométricas y de riesgo aterogénico por medio de prevalencia (por ciento) y pruebas de hipótesis (significativo: p< 0,05 o coeficiente Eta 1). Resultados: la obesidad fue significativa en escolares y el sexo masculino (p= 0,000). La obesidad abdominal (n= 48/77,4 por ciento) predominó en el sexo femenino (n= 20/90,9 por ciento), y entre los 6 y 10 años (n= 14/63,6 por ciento). La obesidad generalizada tuvo diagnóstico significativamente superior que la obesidad abdominal (p= 0,001) y fue independiente del sexo (Eta= 0,049) y la edad (p= 0,066). La prevalencia de acantosis nigricans (n= 39/62,9 por ciento) fue significativa (p= 0,042). Las alteraciones humorales, clínicas y ecográficas analizadas se manifestaron por encima de 70 por ciento en presencia de obesidad abdominal y la generalizada, ambas asociadas con elevación de proteína C reactiva (p< 0,05), y a su vez, la generalizada con remodelación ventricular izquierda (p= 0,049). Conclusión: la obesidad es distintiva de los escolares y del sexo masculino, pero la de tipo abdominal caracteriza a las niñas; existe una baja prevalencia de factores de riesgo aterogénico en los pacientes estudiados. La adiposidad abdominal y la generalizada implican un incremento de la proteína C reactiva plasmática; se evidencia el remodelado ventricular izquierdo cuando existe obesidad generalizada(AU)

Introduction: obesity in the pediatric age predisposes to early atherosclerotic disease in adulthood, regardless of future weight. Objective: to characterize the anthropometric pattern, associated morbidity and atherogenic risk factors in obese patients. Methods: a descriptive and prospective study was carried out with 62 obese patients attended in the Endocrinology clinic of William Soler Pediatric Hospital, from January to December 2016. Demographic, anthropometric and atherogenic risk variables were analyzed by means of prevalence (percent) and hypothesis testing (significant: p< 0.05 or Eta coefficient 1). Results: obesity was significant in schoolchildren and male sex (p= 0.000). Abdominal obesity (n= 48/77.4 percent) predominated in females (n= 20/90.9 percent), and among 6 and 10 years old (n= 14/63.6 percent). Generalized obesity had a significantly higher diagnosis than abdominal obesity (p = 0.001) and didn´t have relation with sex (Eta= 0.049) and age (p= 0.066). The prevalence of acanthosis nigricans (n= 39 / 62.9 percent) was significant (p= 0.042). The humoral, clinical and ultrasonographic alterations analyzed were above 70 percent in the presence of abdominal and generalized obesity, both associated with elevated C-reactive protein (p< 0.05), and at the same time, the generalized with left ventricular remodeling (p= 0.049). Conclusions: obesity is distinctive among school children and males, but abdominal type characterizes girls. There is a low prevalence of atherogenic risk factors in the patients studied. Abdominal and generalized adiposity imply an increase in plasma C-reactive protein. Left ventricular remodeling is evidenced when there is generalized obesity(AU)

Trastornos asociados y factores de riesgo aterogénicos en escolares y adolescentes obesos / Associated disorders and atherogenic risk factors in obese school children and adolescents

Introducción: la obesidad en la edad pediátrica predispone a la enfermedad aterosclerótica precoz en la adultez, independientemente del peso futuro. Objetivo: caracterizar el patrón antropométrico, morbilidad asociada y factores de riesgo aterogénico en obesos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo con 62 pacientes obesos atendidos en la consulta de Endocrinología del Hospital Pediátrico William Soler , entre enero y diciembre de 2016. Fueron analizadas variables demográficas, antropométricas y de riesgo aterogénico por medio de prevalencia (por ciento) y pruebas de hipótesis (significativo: p< 0,05 o coeficiente Eta 1). Resultados: la obesidad fue significativa en escolares y el sexo masculino (p= 0,000). La obesidad abdominal (n= 48/77,4 por ciento) predominó en el sexo femenino (n= 20/90,9 por ciento), y entre los 6 y 10 años (n= 14/63,6 por ciento). La obesidad generalizada tuvo diagnóstico significativamente superior que la obesidad abdominal (p= 0,001) y fue independiente del sexo (Eta= 0,049) y la edad (p= 0,066). La prevalencia de acantosis nigricans (n= 39/62,9 por ciento) fue significativa (p= 0,042). Las alteraciones humorales, clínicas y ecográficas analizadas se manifestaron por encima de 70 por ciento en presencia de obesidad abdominal y la generalizada, ambas asociadas con elevación de proteína C reactiva (p< 0,05), y a su vez, la generalizada con remodelación ventricular izquierda (p= 0,049). Conclusión: la obesidad es distintiva de los escolares y del sexo masculino, pero la de tipo abdominal caracteriza a las niñas; existe una baja prevalencia de factores de riesgo aterogénico en los pacientes estudiados. La adiposidad abdominal y la generalizada implican un incremento de la proteína C reactiva plasmática; se evidencia el remodelado ventricular izquierdo cuando existe obesidad generalizada(AU)

Introduction: obesity in the pediatric age predisposes to early atherosclerotic disease in adulthood, regardless of future weight. Objective: to characterize the anthropometric pattern, associated morbidity and atherogenic risk factors in obese patients. Methods: a descriptive and prospective study was carried out with 62 obese patients attended in the Endocrinology clinic of William Soler Pediatric Hospital, from January to December 2016. Demographic, anthropometric and atherogenic risk variables were analyzed by means of prevalence (percent) and hypothesis testing (significant: p< 0.05 or Eta coefficient 1). Results: obesity was significant in schoolchildren and male sex (p= 0.000). Abdominal obesity (n= 48/77.4 percent) predominated in females (n= 20/90.9 percent), and among 6 and 10 years old (n= 14/63.6 percent). Generalized obesity had a significantly higher diagnosis than abdominal obesity (p = 0.001) and didn´t have relation with sex (Eta= 0.049) and age (p= 0.066). The prevalence of acanthosis nigricans (n= 39 / 62.9 percent) was significant (p= 0.042). The humoral, clinical and ultrasonographic alterations analyzed were above 70 percent in the presence of abdominal and generalized obesity, both associated with elevated C-reactive protein (p< 0.05), and at the same time, the generalized with left ventricular remodeling (p= 0.049). Conclusions: obesity is distinctive among school children and males, but abdominal type characterizes girls. There is a low prevalence of atherogenic risk factors in the patients studied. Abdominal and generalized adiposity imply an increase in plasma C-reactive protein. Left ventricular remodeling is evidenced when there is generalized obesity(AU)

APOA1 and APOB polymorphisms and apolipoprotein concentrations as biomarkers of risk in acute coronary syndrome: Relationship with lipid-lowering therapy effectiveness. / Polimorfismos de los genes APOA1 y APOB y concentraciones de sus apolipoproteínas como biomarcadores de riesgo en el síndrome coronario agudo: relación con la efectividad del tratamiento hipolipemiante.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lipid metabolism alterations contribute to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). rs670, rs5070 and rs693 polymorphisms have shown to modify the risk of cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) plays a major role in reverse cholesterol transport; apolipoprotein B (ApoB) contributes to accumulation of cholesterol in the plaque. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of rs670 and rs5070 polymorphisms of APOA1 and rs693 polymorphism of APOB with ACS and circulating levels of its proteins and find if ApoB/ApoA-I could be implemented as an independent parameter of risk for cardiovascular disease and as a biomarker of lipid-lowering therapy effectiveness in Mexican population. METHODS: Three hundred patients with ACS and 300 control subjects (CS) were included. RESULTS: Neither genotype nor allele frequencies of rs670, rs5070 and rs693 polymorphisms showed statistical differences between groups. Serum levels of ApoA-I (195 vs. 161.4mg/dL; P<.001) and ApoB (167 vs. 136.9mg/dL; P<.001) were significantly higher in CS compared with ACS; however, there was no genetic association. Unstable angina patients showed the highest ApoA-I levels (males: 176.3mg/dL; females: 209.1mg/dL). CONCLUSION: The rs670, rs5070 and rs693 polymorphisms are not genetic susceptibility factors for ACS in Mexican population and had no effect on their apolipoprotein concentrations. In our population, ApoA-I, ApoB and HDL-C could be better biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and could indicate if statins doses reduce atherogenic particles properly.

Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity as a surrogate biomarker of metabolic health status in young nondiabetic obese women.

AIM: We investigated the association of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity with atherogenic risk factors and metabolic health status in young nondiabetic obese women. METHODS & RESULTS: In 140 obese women GGT activity was independently associated with BMI, triglyceride to high-density cholesterol ratio and homeostasis model assessment. Metabolically healthy but obese women had significantly lower GGT activity, associated with a normal insulin sensitivity, favorable lipid profile and apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein AI ratio. GGT activity showed good diagnostic accuracy to distinguish between metabolically healthy but obese and obese women at risk (77.8% sensitivity and 60% specificity). GGT activity >17 U/l can predict atherogenic risk and insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: GGT activity may serve as a potential surrogate biomarker of atherogenic risk and metabolic health status.

Factores de riesgo aterogénico de hipertensión arterial en el anciano / Atherogenic risk factors of hypertension in an elderly

Se realizó un estudio analítico y observacional, de tipo caso-control, no pareado, de 31 ancianos hipertensos esenciales, expuestos a ciertos factores de riesgo aterogénico modificables (casos) y de 62 con características biológicas similares, no hipertensos, pero con el mismo grado de exposición (controles), atendidos en el Grupo Básico de Trabajo No. 2 del Policlínico Universitario "Camilo Torres Restrepo" de Santiago de Cuba, desde febrero de 2013 hasta octubre de 2014, con vistas a determinar la asociación causal entre algunos de estos factores con la ocurrencia de hipertensión arterial en este grupo poblacional. La malnutrición por exceso, el sedentarismo y la dislipidemia fueron los factores de riesgo que más incidieron en la aparición de la enfermedad.

An analytic and observational non-paired case-control study, of 31 essential hipertensive elderly exposed to certain atherogenic modifiable risk factors (cases) and of 62 with similar biological characteristics, non hipertensive, but with the same degree of exhibition (control), assisted in the Work Basic Group No. 2 of "Camilo Torres Restrepo" University Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from February, 2013 to October, 2014, aimed at determining the causal association among some of these factors with the occurrence of hypertension in this population group. The excessive malnutrition, physical inactivity and dyslipemia were the risk factors that had more incidence in the emergence of the disease.

Actividad de la enfermedad y riesgo coronario en la artritis reumatoide. Evidencia de relación causal

La alteración simultánea de marcadores inflamatorios y de riesgo coronario en la artritis reumatoide sustenta la hipótesis de actividad autoinmune como causa de riesgo coronario en esta enfermedad. Para analizar la evolución y asociación temporal de los marcadores de actividad de la enfermedad y riesgo coronario: factor reumatoide, proteína C reactiva, C3-C4 complemento, DAS28, lipoproteína(a) e índices aterogénicos se realizó un estudio longitudinal-prospectivo en pacientes portadores de artritis reumatoide atendidos en el servicio de Reumatología del hospital Faustino Pérez de Matanzas. Fueron determinados los marcadores antes mencionados en los momentos: inclusión (sin tratamiento), primer y tercer mes luego de inicio de terapia con fármacos antirreumáticos inductores de remisión. El programa estadístico SPSS, versión 18.0, fue empleado para el procesamiento de los datos. Los marcadores: DAS28, factor reumatoide (en subgrupo seropositivo para este anticuerpo), lipoproteína(a), índice LDL/HDL colesterol e índice aterogénico disminuyeron al mes de comenzar tratamiento [Test de Friedman: (p0,05). Los resultados apoyan el papel causal de la actividad inflamatoria crónica sobre la dislipoproteinemia aterogénica en la artritis reumatoide

The simultaneous alteration of inflammatory and coronary risk's markers on the rheumatoid arthritis support the autoimmunity activity as cause of coronary risk hypothesis in that disease. In order to analyze the evolution and temporary association between the activity and coronary risk markers: rheumatoid factor, c reactive protein, C3-C4 complement, DAS-28, lipoprotein(a) and atherogenic indexes was carried out a longitudinal-prospective study in rheumatoid arthritis patients attended on the Faustino Perez hospital rheumatology's service, Matanzas city. The markers above mentioned was assessmented at: baseline (without treatment), first and third months after of disease modifier anti rheumatic drogs therapy beginning. The 18.0 version SPSS program was used for analyzing results. The DAS-28, rheumatoid factor (in seropositive patients), lipoprotein(a), LDL/HDL cholesterol and atherogenic index markers declined first month after starting treatment [Friedman's Test: (p 0,05). The results support the chronic inflammatory activity's causal role on the atherogenic dislipoproteinemia on the rheumatoid arthritis

Análisis de la situación de salud en el Círculo Infantil “Mis primeros años”. Unión de Reyes, 2013-2014 / Analysis of health situation in the Day Care Center “Mis primeros años.” Unión de Reyes, 2013-2014

Introducción: el análisis de la situación de salud es un elemento básico para la planificación estratégica a nivel local, en tanto permite entender las causas y las consecuencias de los problemas de salud. Objetivo: determinar el estado de salud de los trabajadores y los niños del Círculo Infantil “Mis primeros años”, y abordar los principales problemas encontrados con la participación intersectorial, se realizó este análisis. Materiales y métodos: se ejecutó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, en un círculo infantil del municipio Unión de Reyes, en el curso escolar 2013-2014. El universo estuvo constituido por la totalidad de los trabajadores (34) y niños (62). Se contó con el consentimiento informado de los involucrados. Se trabajó con el sexo, la edad, los factores de riesgo y la dispensarización. Se utilizaron entrevistas estructuradas, el Método de Trillaje, Ranqueo y la matriz DAFO; en el análisis estadístico, frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Presentando los resultados en tablas y gráficos. Resultados: los trabajadores y los niños se encontraron dispensarizados (100%), predominó el grupo II (64,8% en los trabajadores y 82,2% en los niños). Prevaleció la hipertensión arterial entre los trabajadores (35,2%), las infecciones respiratorias (66%) y gastrointestinales en los niños (23%). Los principales problemas identificados estuvieron relacionados con las malas condiciones estructurales del centro. Conclusiones: con la ejecución y cumplimiento de un programa de intervención que implique la participación de todos los sectores se logra mejorar el estado de salud de los trabajadores y los niños del centro.

Background: the analysis of the situation of health is a basic element for the strategic planning at local level, as long as he/she allows to understand the causes and the consequences of the problems of health. Aim: determining the state of the workers' health and the children of the Infantile Circle "My first years", and to approach the main opposing problems with the intersector participation, he/she was carried out this analysis. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive study was executed, in an infantile circle of the municipality Union of Reyes, in the school course 2013-2014. The universe was constituted by the entirety of the workers (34) and children (62). he/she had the informed consent of those involved. One worked with the sex, the age, the factors of risk and the dispensarización. Structured interviews, the Method of Trillaje, Ranqueo and the main DAFO were used; in the statistical analysis, absolute and relative frequencies. Presenting the results in charts and graphics. Results: the workers and the children were dispensarizados (100%), the group prevailed II (64,8% in the workers and 82,2% in the children). the arterial hypertension Prevailed among the workers (35,2%), the breathing infections (66%) and gastrointestinal in the children (23%). The main identified problems were related with the bad structural conditions of the center. Conclusions: with the execution and execution of an intervention program that it implies the participation of all the sectors it is possible to improve the state of the workers' health and the children of the center.