Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of an Attitude toward Artificial Intelligence Scale (AIAS-4) among Peruvian Nurses.

BACKGROUND: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into various aspects of daily life has sparked growing interest in understanding public attitudes toward this technology. Despite advancements in tools to assess these perceptions, there remains a need for culturally adapted instruments, particularly in specific contexts like that of Peruvian nurses. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the AIAS-4 in a sample of Peruvian nurses. METHODS: An instrumental design was employed, recruiting 200 Peruvian nurses. The Attitude toward Artificial Intelligence in Spanish (AIAS-S), a cultural and linguistic adaptation of the AIAS-4, involved data analysis using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and invariance tests. RESULTS: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed a unidimensional factor structure with an excellent model fit (χ2 = 0.410, df = 1, p = 0.522, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.00, SRMR = 0.00). The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.94, ω = 0.91). Tests of invariance from configural to strict confirmed that the scale is stable across different demographic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The AIAS-S proved to be a psychometrically solid tool for assessing attitudes toward AI in the context of Peruvian nurses, providing evidence of validity, reliability, and gender invariance. This study highlights the importance of having culturally adapted instruments to explore attitudes toward emerging technologies in specific groups.

Construcción y validación de un cuestionario sobre actitudes hacia la higiene de manos / Construction and validation of a questionnaire on attitudes towards hand hygiene

INTRODUCCIÓN: La higiene de manos es la medida más eficaz para prevenir las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud. Las actitudes hacia esta práctica tan sencilla, influyen en el grado de adherencia. OBJETIVO: Desarrollar y validar un instrumento para evaluar las actitudes hacia la higiene de manos en estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio observacional y de corte transversal. Una vez construido el instrumento se realizó la validez de contenido mediante el juicio de expertos. Para la validez de constructo se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio. Posteriormente se calculó la confiabilidad, que incluyó la consistencia interna y la estabilidad del cuestionario. RESULTADOS: Participaron 313 estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería de ocho universidades de Argentina. Se calculó el Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0,720) y se obtuvo una prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett significativa (x2 = 831,2; = 0,000). El análisis factorial exploratorio determinó la existencia de un único factor. El modelo explicó el 54% de la varianza. Se utilizó la implementación mejorada de la estimación Bayesiana EAP integrada en el programa FACTOR, que fue de 0,85 y se realizó test-retest utilizando análisis de correlación que arrojó un r = 0,64 (p ≤ 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario sobre actitudes hacia la higiene de manos (CAHM) presenta una adecuada validez y confiablidad, por lo que puede ser utilizado para indagar sobre este factor predisponente de adherencia hacia la higiene de manos.

BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene is the most effective measure to prevent health care-associated infections. Attitudes towards this simple practice influence the level of adherence. AIM: To develop and validate an instrument for the evaluation of attitudes towards hand hygiene in nursing students. METHOD: An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out. Once the instrument was constructed, content validity was carried out through expert judgment. For construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was performed. Subsequently, the analysis of construct validity and reliability was calculated, which included the internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire. RESULTS: 313 Nursing undergraduate students from 8 universities in Argentina participated. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0.720) was calculated, and a significant Bartlett sphericity test was obtained (x2 = 831.2; = 0.000). The exploratory factor analysis determined the existence of a single factor. The model explained 54% of the variance. The improved implementation of the Bayesian EAP estimation integrated in the FACTOR program was used, which was 0.85; and test-retest was also performed using correlation analysis that yielded r = 0.64 (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Questionnaire on attitudes towards hand hygiene (CAHM) has adequate validity and reliability, so it can be used to investigate this predisposing factor of adherence to hand hygiene.

Hepatitis B vaccine among healthcare workers: factors associated with the dimensions of the Health Belief Model / Vacina para hepatite B entre trabalhadores da saúde: fatores associados às dimensões do Modelo de Crenças em Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between the dimensions of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and complete vaccination for hepatitis B among healthcare workers (HCW). Methods: Cross-sectional epidemiological study with HCW in Primary Health and Medium Complexity Care. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to test the association between the outcome variable (complete vaccination for hepatitis B based on self-report) and the variables of the HBM dimensions. Prevalence ratio (PR) and its respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Results: 453 HCW participated. The prevalence of complete vaccination for hepatitis B was 56.9%. In the final analysis model, the following variables were associated with complete vaccination for hepatitis B: chances of having hepatitis B (PR=1.73) - related to the susceptibility dimension; disease severity (PR=0.74) - related to severity; reduced risk of absenteeism (PR=1.29) - related to benefits; not spending time to get vaccinated (PR=1.41) and not worrying about Events Supposedly Attributable to Vaccination or Immunization (PR=1.43) - related to barriers. Conclusions: The completeness of the hepatitis B vaccination schedule, reported by the investigated HCW, reveals the prevalence is below the target established by the Ministry of Health, which follows the national scenario of low coverage presented for other age groups. Understanding the risk perception and severity of hepatitis B can contribute to increasing the prevalence of vaccination for this infection.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre as dimensões do Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (MCS) e a vacinação completa para hepatite B entre trabalhadores da saúde (TS). Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal com TS da Atenção Primária à Saúde e Média Complexidade. Realizaram-se análises uni e bivariada a fim de testar a associação entre a variável desfecho (vacinação completa para hepatite B a partir do autorrelato) e as variáveis das dimensões do MCS. Foram calculadas razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 453 TS. A prevalência de vacinação completa para hepatite B foi de 56,9%. No modelo final de análise, estiveram associadas à vacinação completa para hepatite B as variáveis: chance de pegar hepatite B (RP=1,73) - relativa à dimensão de suscetibilidade; gravidade da doença (RP=0,74) - relativa à dimensão de gravidade; diminuição do risco de absenteísmo (RP=1,29) - relativa à dimensão de benefícios; não dispêndio de tempo para se vacinar (RP=1,41) e não preocupação acerca de eventos atribuíveis à vacinação ou imunização (RP=1,43) - relativas à dimensão de barreiras. Conclusão: A completude do esquema vacinal para hepatite B, referida pelos TS investigados, revela uma prevalência abaixo da meta estabelecida pelo Ministério da Saúde, a qual acompanha o cenário nacional de baixas coberturas apresentado para outras faixas etárias. A compreensão sobre percepção de risco e gravidade da hepatite B pode contribuir para o aumento da prevalência de vacinação para essa infecção.

Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding skin cancer among health sciences students in Turkey: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding skin cancer are important for reducing the future impact of the disease. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated university students' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about skin cancer and examined the variables influencing their attitudes and beliefs about the disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences at Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. METHOD: A total of 960 students participated in this study. Data were collected using the Student Introduction Form, Fitzpatrick Skin Type Scale, Skin Cancer and Sun Knowledge Scale (SCSKS), and Health Belief Model Scale for Skin Cancer (HBMSSC). RESULTS: The mean SCSKS score of the participants was 14.91 ± 4.23. The mean HBSSC scores of the participants were 23.58 ± 7.79 for perceived susceptibility, 14.79 ± 4.59 for perceived severity, 20.64 ± 6.60 for perceived benefits, 15.93 ± 4.09 for perceived barriers, and 21.78 ± 7.14 for self-efficacy. The mean SCSKS total scores of the university students were significantly and positively correlated with the HBMSSC subdimensions. Gender explained 1.58 of the variance in perceived benefits and 1.65 of the variance in self-efficacy, whereas the SCSKS score explained most other variables. CONCLUSION: The students' knowledge of skin cancer and sun protection was moderate. Their attitudes and beliefs regarding skin cancer were unexpected. This study identified students' knowledge of skin cancer and sun protection as the most important variables for improving their attitudes and beliefs about skin cancer.

Parental presence during invasive pediatric procedures: what does it depend on? / A presença dos pais durante procedimentos pediátricos invasivos: depende de quê? / Presencia de los padres durante procedimientos pediátricos invasivos: ¿De qué depende?

Abstract Objective: family-centered care during invasive procedures has been endorsed by many professional health care organizations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health professionals' attitudes towards parental presence during their child's invasive procedure. Method: pediatric healthcare providers (divided in professional categories and range of ages) from one of the Spain's largest hospitals were asked to complete a questionnaire and write free-text comments. Results: 227 responded the survey. Most (72%) participants, in their answers, reported that parents are sometimes present during interventions, although there were differences between professional categories in this respect. The procedures in which the parents were present were those considered "less invasive" (96% of cases), while only 4% were present in those considered "more invasive". The older the professional, the less necessary parental presence was considered. Conclusion: the attitudes towards parental presence during pediatric invasive procedure are influenced by the professional category, the age of the healthcare provider and the invasiveness of the procedure.

Resumo Objetivo: o atendimento centrado na família durante procedimentos invasivos tem sido endossado por muitas organizações profissionais de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as atitudes dos profissionais de saúde em relação à presença dos pais durante o procedimento invasivo realizado em seus filhos. Método: os prestadores de serviços de saúde pediátricos (divididos em categorias profissionais e faixa etária) de um dos maiores hospitais da Espanha foram solicitados a preencher um questionário e escrever comentários de texto livre. Resultados: a pesquisa foi respondida por 227 pessoas. A maioria (72%) dos participantes, em suas respostas, relatou que os pais algumas vezes estão presentes durante as intervenções, embora houvesse diferenças entre as categorias profissionais a esse respeito. Os procedimentos em que os pais estavam presentes eram aqueles considerados "menos invasivos" (96% dos casos), enquanto apenas 4% estavam presentes naqueles considerados "mais invasivos". Quanto mais velho o profissional, a presença dos pais foi considerada menos necessária. Conclusão: as atitudes em relação à presença dos pais durante o procedimento pediátrico invasivo são influenciadas pela categoria profissional, a idade do prestador de serviço de saúde e a invasividade do procedimento.

Resumen Objetivo: la atención centrada en la familia durante procedimientos invasivos ha sido respaldada por muchas organizaciones profesionales dedicadas al cuidado de la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las actitudes de los profesionales de la salud con respecto a la presencia de los padres durante los procedimientos invasivos realizados en niños. Método: a los prestadores de atención médica en Pediatría (divididos en categorías profesionales y rangos de edad) de uno de los hospitales más importantes de España se les solicitó que respondieran un cuestionario y redactaran comentarios de texto libre. Resultados: un total de 227 profesionales respondieron la encuesta. En sus respuestas, la mayoría (72%) de los participantes informó que, en ocasiones, los padres están presentes durante las intervenciones, aunque se registraron diferencias entre las distintas categorías profesionales al respecto. Los procedimientos en los que los padres estuvieron presentes se consideraron como "menos invasivos" (96% de los casos), mientras que solamente el 4% estuvo presente en los considerados "más invasivos". A mayor edad de los profesionales, menos necesaria se consideró la presencia de los padres. Conclusión: las actitudes con respecto a la presencia de los padres durante procedimientos pediátricos invasivos se vieron influenciadas por la categoría profesional, la edad del prestador de salud y la invasividad de los procedimientos.

The effect of interventional program underpinned by health belief model on awareness, attitude, and performance of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections: A randomized controlled trial study / Efecto de un programa de intervención basado en el modelo de creencias en salud sobre el conocimiento, la actitud y el desempeño del personal de enfermería en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias. Ensayo controlado aleatorizado / Efeito de um programa de intervenção baseado no modelo de crenças em saúde no conhecimento, atitude e atuação da equipe de enfermagem na prevenção de infecções hospitalares. Teste controlado e aleatório

Objective. The present study examined the effect of an interventional program underpinned by the Health Belief Model (HBM) on nurses' awareness, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomialinfections.Methods. This randomized controlled trial study was performed on 60 clinical nurses in lar, Iran. Nurses were selected using the simple random sampling method and assigned to two experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Data collection tool included the valid and reliable questionnaire was developed by Soleimani et al. The research intervention consisted of five 90-min sessions based on the health belief model in preventing hospital infection for experimental group. Before the intervention, immediately and two months after the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaire. The control group received no intervention. Results. Data analysis showed that the differences between the two groups was statistically significant immediately and two months after the intervention (p<0.05). In experimental group the changes in the mean score of knowledge, attitude and performance of nurses before, immediately and two months after the intervention were significant (p<0.05), but in the control group, only the changes in the mean score of performance were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion. The results showed that the HBM-based intervention is effective in promoting nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomialinfections. hence, periodical and in-service HBM-based training programs on preventing nosocomialinfections are recommended to be held for nurses.

Objetivo. El presente estudio examinó el efecto de un programa de intervención basado en el modelo de creencias en salud (Health Belief Model -HBM-, en inglés sobre el conocimiento, la actitud y el desempeño de las enfermeras en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias. Métodos. Este ensayo controlado aleatorizado se realizó en 60 enfermeras clínicas de lar, Irán. Las enfermeras fueron seleccionadas mediante el método de muestreo aleatorio simple y asignadas a dos grupos experimental (n=30) y de control (n=30). La herramienta para la recogida de datos incluyó el cuestionario válido y fiable desarrollado por Soleimani et al.La intervención consistió en cinco sesiones de 90 minutos basadas en el modelo de creencias de salud para prevenir la infección intrahospitalaria en el grupo experimental. Antes de la intervención, inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención, los dos grupos completaron el cuestionario. El grupo de control no recibió ninguna intervención. Resultados. El análisis de los datos mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos en los momentos inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención (p<0.05). En el grupo experimental, los cambios en la puntuación media de conocimientos, actitudes y rendimiento de las enfermeras se observaron en los momentos de antes, inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención (p<0.05); mientras que en el grupo de control solamente los cambios en la puntuación media de desempeño fueron significativos (p<0.05). Conclusión. Los resultados mostraron que la intervención basada en HBM fue eficaz para promover el conocimiento, la actitud y el rendimiento de las enfermeras en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalaria, por lo que se recomienda impartir a las enfermeras programas de formación periódicos y en servicio basados en HBM sobre la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias.

Objetivo. Examinar o efeito de um programa de intervenção baseado no Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (MBH) no conhecimento, atitude e desempenho dos enfermeiros na prevenção de infecções hospitalares. Métodos. Este ensaio clínico randomizado foi conduzido em 60 enfermeiras clínicas de lar, Irã. Os enfermeiros foram selecionados pelo método de amostragem aleatória simples e distribuídos em dois grupos experimental (n=30) e controle (n=30). O instrumento de coleta de dados incluiu o questionário válido e confiável desenvolvido por Soleimani et al. A intervenção consistiu em cinco sessões de 90 minutos baseadas no modelo de crenças em saúde para prevenir infecção hospitalar no grupo experimental. Antes, imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção, ambos os grupos responderam ao questionário. O grupo controle não recebeu nenhuma intervenção. Resultados.A análise dos dados mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção (p<0.05). No grupo experimental foram observadas alterações na pontuação média de conhecimentos, atitudes e desempenho dos enfermeiros antes, imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção (p<0.05); enquanto no grupo controle apenas as alterações na pontuação média de desempenho foram significativas (p<0.05). Conclusão.Os resultados demonstraram que a intervenção baseada no HBM foi eficaz na promoção do conhecimento, atitude e desempenho dos enfermeiros na prevenção de infecções hospitalares, pelo que se recomenda proporcionar aos enfermeiros este tipo de programas de formação em serviço baseados no HBM.

Cultura de seguridad del paciente en el personal sanitario del Centro de Salud de Canoa

Fundamento: la calidad y seguridad en la atención de los pacientes es obligación técnica y ética de los prestadores de los servicios a través de la transparencia de los procesos y resultados de las acciones realizadas por los referidos sistemas de salud. Objetivo: determinar la cultura de la seguridad del paciente en el personal sanitario del Centro de Salud Canoa. Métodos: s e realizó un estudio mixto de corte trasversal, descriptivo; la población estuvo compuesta por 19 profesionales de la salud y 379 usuarios que han asistido desde el mes de agosto del 2021 hasta julio del 2022 a la unidad operativa. La técnica utilizada fue una encuesta de nueve preguntas cerradas y la observación con una guía de observación. Resultados: se evidenció que la mayoría de los profesionales de salud cumplen con los protocolos de preparación y administración de medicamentos. Todos los participantes preparan y administran los medicamentos por sí mismos, y el 94,7 % administra el medicamento correcto con la dosis adecuada, verificando la fecha de caducidad y brindando educación al paciente y su familia. Sin embargo, el 42,1 % de los profesionales evaluados no verifica los antecedentes alérgicos antes de administrar un medicamento. Conclusiones: el estudio permitió identificar muchas debilidades en cultura de seguridad del paciente en el personal sanitario del centro de salud de Canoa. Por ello, establecer estrategias de mejora en calidad de atención, en la comunicación, les permitirá reducir los riesgos de eventos adversos y fomentar una cultura de seguridad en el personal sanitario.

Foundation: the quality and safety in patient care is the service providers' technical and ethical obligation through the processes and results transparency of the actions carried out by the aforementioned health systems. Objective: to determine the patient safety's culture in the health staff of the Canoa Health Center Methods: a mixed cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out, the population was made up of 19 health professionals and 379 users who have attended the operating unit from August 2021 to July 2022. The technique used was a nine closed questions survey and observation with an observation guide. Results: it was evidenced that the health professionals vast majority fulfill with the protocols for the medications preparation and administration. All participants prepare and administer the medications themselves, and 94.7% administer the correct medication with the proper dosage, checking the expiration date and providing education to the patient and the family. However, 42.1% of the evaluated professionals do not verify the allergic history before administering a medication. Conclusions: the study made it possible to identify many weaknesses in the health staff's culture of patient safety of the Canoa health center. Therefore, establishing strategies to improve the quality of care, in communication, will allow them to reduce the risks of adverse events and promote a culture of safety in health staff.

Propiedades psicométricas de una escala para evaluar las actitudes de enfermería hacia el cuidado al final de la vida en Colombia: la escala FATCOD-S / Psychometric Properties of a Scale to Assess Nursing Attitudes Toward Care at the End of Life in Colombia: The FATCOD-s Scale / Propriedades psicométricas de uma escala para avaliar as atitudes da enfermagem em relação aos cuidados no fim da vida na Colômbia: a escala FATCOD-s

Introducción: el personal de enfermería afronta el cuidado de personas con enfermedades que amenazan la vida. Este artículo examina las propiedades psicométricas de una escala que evalúa actitudes ante el cuidado en fin de vida (fATCOD-S) en profesionales de enfermería que atienden a pacientes oncológicos y busca determinar la relación entre sus actitudes y sus características sociodemográficas y relacionadas con el entrenamiento. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo de diseño transversal. Los participantes trabajaban en servicios oncológicos de tres instituciones sanitarias de Medellín (Colombia) y hacían parte de un grupo de interés académico. Se empleó el fATCOD-S, y se recogieron variables socio- demográficas y relacionadas con la formación. Se analizaron los componentes principales, así como la confiabilidad, y se obtuvieron estadísticos descriptivos y comparativos. Resultados: 83 participantes con una mediana de edad de 34 años (RIQ: 7), de los cuales el 96.3 % eran mujeres; el 51.2 % laboraban en hospitalización; el 31.7 % tenían menos de dos años en el servicio, y el 35.4 %, con dos a cinco años de experiencia cuidando pacientes oncológicos. El fATCOD-S mostró propiedades psicométricas robustas y el puntaje promedio obtenido fue de 87.6 (desviación estándar: 8.2). Actitudes más favorables hacia la familia y la experiencia de morir se relacionaron con el entrenamiento y la experiencia profesional. Conclusión: las actitudes de los profesionales de enfermería hacia el cuidado en fin de vida tienden a ser muy favorables y se asocian con el tipo de entrenamiento y la experiencia profesional.

Introduction: Nursing staff must cope with the complexities of caring for people with life-threatening illnesses. This study aimed to examine the psychometric characteristics of the Colombian version of the Frommelt Scale (fATCOD-S) and determine the relationship between fATCOD-S scores and sociodemographic and training-related variables. Materials and methods: Nursing professionals working oncological services of three healthcare institutions in Medelln (Colombia) and those participating in an academic interest group were invited to participate in this quantitative cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic and training-related variables were collected, and fATCOD-S was administered. A principal component analysis was conducted, and Cronbach's alpha was obtained. Descriptive and comparative statistics were also obtained. Results: Overall, 83 nurses were enrolled, with a median age of 34 (interquartile range, 7) years. Among them, 96.3% were women, 51.2% worked in hospitals, 31.7% worked <2 years in the service, and 35.4% had 2­5 years of experience in caring for patients with cancer. fATCOD-S showed solid psychometric properties, and its total average score was 87.6 (standard deviation 8.2). Positive attitudes toward family and experiences with dying were related to training and professional experience. Conclusions: The attitudes of the participating nursing professionals toward palliative care for patients at the end of life tend to be very positive and are associated with their type of training and professional experience. Academic nursing programs should encourage training in caring attitudes toward dying, which in time fosters the wellbeing of the staff and their patients.

Introdução: a equipe de enfermagem se depara frequentemente com o cuidado de pessoas com doenças que ameaçam a vida. Este estudo examina as propriedades psicométricas de uma escala para avaliar as atitudes de profissionais de enfermagem que cuidam de doentes oncológicos terminais (fATCOD-S) e procura determinar a relação entre as suas atitudes e as suas características sociodemográficas e forma- tivas. Materiais e métodos: estudo quantitativo, delineamento transversal. Os participantes trabalhavam em serviços oncológicos em três instituições de saúde de Medellín (Colômbia) e faziam parte de um grupo de interesse acadêmico. Foi utilizado o fATCOD-S, coletadas variáveis sociodemográficas e relacionadas ao treinamento. Foi realizada uma Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), bem como uma análise de confiabilidade e estatísticas descritivas e comparativas foram obtidas. Resultados: n = 83, mediana de idade 34 anos (IQR: 7), 96,3% mulheres, 51,2% trabalhavam em internação, 31,7% tinham menos de dois anos no serviço e 35,4% com experiência de dois a cinco anos no atendimento a pacientes oncológicos. O fATCOD-S apresentou propriedades psicométricas robustas e a pontuação média obtida foi de 87,6 (DP 8,2). Atitudes mais favoráveis em relação à família e à experiência de morrer relacionaram-se à formação e à experiência profissional. Conclusão: as atitudes dos profissionais de enfermagem face aos cuidados de fim de vida tendem a ser muito favoráveis e estão associadas ao tipo de formação e experiência profissional. Os programas acadêmicos devem promover sua capacitação nesses aspectos, com vistas a favorecer o bem-estar de funcionários e pacientes

Analysis of Barriers to Public and Private Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs in Patients with Low and High Adherence.

INTRODUCTION: Participants in cardiac rehabilitation programs have low adherence to their sessions, which makes extremely important to recognize the barriers that cause non-adherence, identifying whether the type of service and level of adherence influence these barriers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study, in which 220 individuals (66.80±11.59 years) of both genders who are members of public and private exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs participated. The volunteers were divided according to the level of adherence, considering patients with low adherence (PLA) those with < 70% of attendance and high adherence (PHA) those with > 70%. Then, initial evaluation, Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale, analysis of socioeconomic level, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Mini-Mental State Examination were applied. RESULTS: Higher total barriers were found in PLA in the public service compared to PHA in the private service (P=0.023). In the subscale "perceived need", PHA in the public service showed higher values than PLA and PHA in the private service (P≤0.001). The "access" barrier was higher for PHA in the public service when compared to PHA in the private service (P=0.024). PHA in the public service exhibited a higher barrier regarding questions about distance, transportation problems, cost, and time constraints. CONCLUSION: The public program presents higher barriers in the questions and categories compared to the private program, mainly the PHA. Furthermore, there are differences in the profile of the participants regarding socioeconomic and anxiety levels, treatment time, ethnicity, and city where they live.

Actitud y Conducta frente a la cuarta dosis de vacuna COVID-19 en personal de salud de la Región Lambayeque-2022

Introducción: Doce médicos y siete enfermeros murieron en la Región Lambayeque por COVID-19, aun así se observa negativa por vacunarse con la cuarta dosis. Objetivo: Determinar la actitud y conducta frente a la cuarta dosis de vacuna contra la COVID-19 en el personal de salud de Lambayeque. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal, en 371 trabajadores de salud, seleccionados a través de muestreo no probabilístico en bola de nieve, compartimos la encuesta virtual sobre actitud y conducta con respuestas en escala Likert continuo "acuerdo". Resultados: Edad promedio 40 años, 53,4% laboraban en EsSalud, 43,1% eran médicos, 27,7% con comorbilidades destacando la Hipertensión Arterial, Obesidad y Diabetes Mellitus; 74% rechazó vacunarse, el 51,8% tiene actitud neutra y el 48,3% conducta inestable frente a la vacunación. Conclusiones: La actitud y conducta a la vacunación es neutra e inestable respectivamente, se asocia al sexo y tienen una baja tasa de vacunación efectiva.

Introduction: Twelve doctors and seven nurses died in the Lambayeque Region due to COVID-19, even so, a refusal to be vaccinated with the fourth dose is observed. Objective: To determine the attitude and behavior towards the fourth dose of vaccine against COVID-19 in Lambayeque health personnel. Materials and methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study, in 371 health workers, selected through non-probabilistic snowball sampling, we shared the virtual survey on attitude and behavior with responses on the continuous Likert scale "agree". Results: average age 40 years, 53.4% ​​worked in EsSalud, 43.1% were doctors, 27.7% with comorbidities, highlighting Arterial Hypertension, Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. 74% refused to be vaccinated. 51.8% have a neutral attitude and 48.3% unstable conduct against vaccination. Conclusions: The attitude and behavior towards vaccination is neutral and unstable respectively, it is associated with sex and has a low effective vaccination rate.

O álcool na atenção primária à saúde: atitude dos profissionais de saúde quanto ao consumo e uso prejudicial de álcool e o alcoolismo / Alcohol in primary health care: attitude of health professionals regarding the consumption and harmful use of alcohol and alcoholism

Resumo Avaliaram-se fatores associados às atitudes de profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) quanto ao consumo e uso prejudicial de álcool e o alcoolismo dos usuários, além de suas percepções sobre possíveis mudanças no consumo de álcool durante a pandemia de covid-19. Trata-se de pesquisa avaliativa feita no interior de São Paulo em 2020. Analisaram-se características sociodemográficas sobre o consumo de álcool e a atitude com os usuários. Dos 94 profissionais do município, 65 participaram, sendo 67,7% deles com experiência no tema. A maioria (80%) não modificou seu consumo durante a pandemia, mas 50,8% deles perceberam aumento no consumo pelos usuários. Identificaram-se atitudes positivas em relação a ser do sexo masculino (p=0,014) e ter cor da pele branca (p=0,020), residir sozinho (p=0,047) e maior consumo pelos profissionais (p=0,037). Atuar na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) associou-se com atitudes mais positivas (p=0,029). Concluiu-se que características pessoais influenciam na atitude, assim como o tipo de serviço. Há muito o que avançar em relação às atitudes dos profissionais de saúde para que ofereçam assistência adequada aos usuários que consomem álcool. Porém, a disseminação de conhecimento específico sobre a doença e a pessoa que faz uso de álcool parece ser uma das principais estratégias de enfrentamento deste importante agravo à saúde.

Abstract Factors associated with the attitudes of Primary Health Care (PHC) professionals regarding the consumption and harmful use of alcohol and the users' alcoholism were evaluated, in addition to their perceptions about possible changes in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an evaluative study conducted in the interior of São Paulo in 2020. Sociodemographic characteristics regarding alcohol consumption and attitude towards users were analyzed. A total of 65 of the 94 professionals in the municipality participated, with 67.7% of them having experience in the subject. Most (80%) did not change their consumption during the pandemic, but 50.8% noticed an increase in consumption by users. Positive attitudes towards being male (p=0.014) and having white skin color (p=0.020), living alone (p=0.047) and higher consumption by professionals (p=0.037) were identified. Acting in the Family Health Strategy (Estratégia Saúde da Família - ESF) was associated with more positive attitudes (p=0.029). In conclusion, personal characteristics influence the attitude, as well as the type of service. There is much to be done regarding the attitudes of health professionals to offer adequate care to users who consume alcohol. However, disseminating specific knowledge about the disease and the alcohol user seems to be one of the main coping strategies for this important health problem.

Unwillingness to prescribe PrEP by health care professionals of specialized HIV/AIDS services in Northeastern Brazil / Disposição para oferta de PrEP por profissionais de saúde de serviços especializados em HIV/aids no Nordeste do Brasil / Resistencia de los profesionales de la salud de los servicios especializados en VIH/SIDA a indicar la PrEP en el Nordeste de Brasil

This study aimed to analyze factors associated with the unwillingness to prescribe pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by health care professionals of specialized HIV/AIDS services. This is a cross-sectional study with 252 health care professionals in 29 specialized care services (SCSs) in HIV/AIDS in 21 municipalities in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The inclusion criterion was that the professional had worked for at least six months in the service. Sociodemographic, occupational, and behavioral data were collected using a questionnaire. Logistic regression was performed with an estimation of crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The unwillingness to prescribe PrEP was 15.2% (95%CI: 10.8-19.6). The factors associated with unwillingness to prescribe PrEP were non-prescription of HIV self-tests for key populations (adjustedOR = 5.4; 95%CI: 1.3-22.4) nor post-exposure prophylaxis (adjustedOR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.3-3.1), location of the SCS in the state capital (adjustedOR = 3.9; 95%CI: 1.4-10.2), and SCSs without PrEP offer (adjustedOR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.8); professionals who have not reported the need to conduct training and courses (adjustedOR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.8), or training with more experienced professionals (adjustedOR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.8), was associated with a lower proportion of unwillingness to prescribe PrEP. Our results indicate that health care professionals' contextual, organizational, and training factors can contribute to PrEP indication. We suggest expanding ongoing training in combined HIV prevention among health care professionals and increasing the availability of PrEP in health services.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar fatores associados a não disposição para oferta de profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) por profissionais de saúde de serviços especializados em HIV/aids. Este é um estudo transversal, realizado com 252 profissionais de saúde de 29 serviços de atenção especializada (SAEs) em HIV/aids em 21 municípios do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Para ser incluído no estudo, o profissional precisava estar trabalhando há pelo menos seis meses no serviço. Dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais e comportamentais foram coletados por meio de questionário. Foi realizada regressão logística, com estimativa de razão de chances (OR) bruta e ajustada, com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A relutância em prescrever PrEP foi de 15,2% (IC95%: 10,8-19,6). Os fatores associados à relutância em prescrever PrEP foram a não prescrição de autotestes de HIV para populações-chave (ORajustada = 5,4; IC95%: 1,3-22,4) nem profilaxia pós-exposição (ORajustada = 2,00; IC95%: 1,3-3,1), localização do SAE na capital do estado (ORajustada = 3,9; IC95%: 1,4-10,2) e SAE sem oferta de PrEP (ORajustada = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,8); profissionais que não relataram a necessidade de realizar treinamentos e cursos (ORajustada = 1,3; IC95%: 1,1-1,8) ou treinamento com profissionais mais experientes (ORajustada = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-3,8) foram associados a uma menor proporção de relutância em prescrever PrEP. Nossos resultados indicam que os fatores contextuais, organizacionais e de treinamento dos profissionais de saúde podem contribuir para a indicação da PrEP. Sugerimos expandir o treinamento existente em prevenção combinada ao HIV entre os profissionais de saúde e aumentar a disponibilidade de PrEP nos serviços de saúde.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores asociados con la resistencia de los profesionales de la salud de los servicios especializados en VIH/SIDA a prescribir la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP). Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con 252 profesionales de la salud de 29 servicios de atención especializada (SAE) en VIH/SIDA en 21 municipios del estado de Bahía, Brasil. Los criterios de inclusión en el estudio fueron tener experiencia laboral de al menos seis meses en el servicio. Los datos sociodemográficos, ocupacionales y conductuales se recogieron mediante cuestionario. Se realizó regresión logística, con estimaciones de odds ratios (OR) cruda y ajustada, con los respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La resistencia a prescribir PrEP fue del 15,2% (IC95%: 10,8-19,6). Los factores asociados con la resistencia a prescribir la PrEP fueron no prescribir autopruebas de VIH para poblaciones clave (ORajustada = 5,4; IC95%: 1,3-22,4) ni la profilaxis posexposición (ORajustada = 2,00; IC95%: 1,3-3,1), ubicación del SAE en la capital del estado (ORajustada = 3,9; IC95%: 1,4-10,2) y SAE sin oferta de PrEP (ORajustada = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,8); los profesionales que no reportaron la necesidad de hacer capacitación y cursos (ORajustada = 1,3; IC95%: 1,1-1,8) o capacitación con profesionales con mayor experiencia (ORajustada = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-3,8) se asociaron con una menor proporción de resistencia a prescribir PrEP. Los resultados indican que los factores contextuales, organizativos y formativos de los profesionales de la salud pueden contribuir a la indicación de la PrEP. Se recomienda que se amplíe la capacitación existente sobre prevención combinada del VIH entre los trabajadores de la salud y aumente la disponibilidad de PrEP en los servicios de salud.

Unwillingness to prescribe PrEP by health care professionals of specialized HIV/AIDS services in Northeastern Brazil / Disposição para oferta de PrEP por profissionais de saúde de serviços especializados em HIV/aids no Nordeste do Brasil / Resistencia de los profesionales de la salud de los servicios especializados en VIH/SIDA a indicar la PrEP en el Nordeste de Brasil

This study aimed to analyze factors associated with the unwillingness to prescribe pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by health care professionals of specialized HIV/AIDS services. This is a cross-sectional study with 252 health care professionals in 29 specialized care services (SCSs) in HIV/AIDS in 21 municipalities in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The inclusion criterion was that the professional had worked for at least six months in the service. Sociodemographic, occupational, and behavioral data were collected using a questionnaire. Logistic regression was performed with an estimation of crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The unwillingness to prescribe PrEP was 15.2% (95%CI: 10.8-19.6). The factors associated with unwillingness to prescribe PrEP were non-prescription of HIV self-tests for key populations (adjustedOR = 5.4; 95%CI: 1.3-22.4) nor post-exposure prophylaxis (adjustedOR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.3-3.1), location of the SCS in the state capital (adjustedOR = 3.9; 95%CI: 1.4-10.2), and SCSs without PrEP offer (adjustedOR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.8); professionals who have not reported the need to conduct training and courses (adjustedOR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.8), or training with more experienced professionals (adjustedOR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.8), was associated with a lower proportion of unwillingness to prescribe PrEP. Our results indicate that health care professionals' contextual, organizational, and training factors can contribute to PrEP indication. We suggest expanding ongoing training in combined HIV prevention among health care professionals and increasing the availability of PrEP in health services.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar fatores associados a não disposição para oferta de profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) por profissionais de saúde de serviços especializados em HIV/aids. Este é um estudo transversal, realizado com 252 profissionais de saúde de 29 serviços de atenção especializada (SAEs) em HIV/aids em 21 municípios do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Para ser incluído no estudo, o profissional precisava estar trabalhando há pelo menos seis meses no serviço. Dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais e comportamentais foram coletados por meio de questionário. Foi realizada regressão logística, com estimativa de razão de chances (OR) bruta e ajustada, com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A relutância em prescrever PrEP foi de 15,2% (IC95%: 10,8-19,6). Os fatores associados à relutância em prescrever PrEP foram a não prescrição de autotestes de HIV para populações-chave (ORajustada = 5,4; IC95%: 1,3-22,4) nem profilaxia pós-exposição (ORajustada = 2,00; IC95%: 1,3-3,1), localização do SAE na capital do estado (ORajustada = 3,9; IC95%: 1,4-10,2) e SAE sem oferta de PrEP (ORajustada = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,8); profissionais que não relataram a necessidade de realizar treinamentos e cursos (ORajustada = 1,3; IC95%: 1,1-1,8) ou treinamento com profissionais mais experientes (ORajustada = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-3,8) foram associados a uma menor proporção de relutância em prescrever PrEP. Nossos resultados indicam que os fatores contextuais, organizacionais e de treinamento dos profissionais de saúde podem contribuir para a indicação da PrEP. Sugerimos expandir o treinamento existente em prevenção combinada ao HIV entre os profissionais de saúde e aumentar a disponibilidade de PrEP nos serviços de saúde.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores asociados con la resistencia de los profesionales de la salud de los servicios especializados en VIH/SIDA a prescribir la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP). Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con 252 profesionales de la salud de 29 servicios de atención especializada (SAE) en VIH/SIDA en 21 municipios del estado de Bahía, Brasil. Los criterios de inclusión en el estudio fueron tener experiencia laboral de al menos seis meses en el servicio. Los datos sociodemográficos, ocupacionales y conductuales se recogieron mediante cuestionario. Se realizó regresión logística, con estimaciones de odds ratios (OR) cruda y ajustada, con los respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La resistencia a prescribir PrEP fue del 15,2% (IC95%: 10,8-19,6). Los factores asociados con la resistencia a prescribir la PrEP fueron no prescribir autopruebas de VIH para poblaciones clave (ORajustada = 5,4; IC95%: 1,3-22,4) ni la profilaxis posexposición (ORajustada = 2,00; IC95%: 1,3-3,1), ubicación del SAE en la capital del estado (ORajustada = 3,9; IC95%: 1,4-10,2) y SAE sin oferta de PrEP (ORajustada = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,8); los profesionales que no reportaron la necesidad de hacer capacitación y cursos (ORajustada = 1,3; IC95%: 1,1-1,8) o capacitación con profesionales con mayor experiencia (ORajustada = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-3,8) se asociaron con una menor proporción de resistencia a prescribir PrEP. Los resultados indican que los factores contextuales, organizativos y formativos de los profesionales de la salud pueden contribuir a la indicación de la PrEP. Se recomienda que se amplíe la capacitación existente sobre prevención combinada del VIH entre los trabajadores de la salud y aumente la disponibilidad de PrEP en los servicios de salud.

Normalization of deviance in pediatric hospital: perception of health workers / Normalización de la desviación en hospital pediátrico: percepción de trabajadores de salud / Normalização do desvio em hospital pediátrico: percepção de trabalhadores de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To know the perception of health workers about the phenomenon of normalization of deviance in a pediatric hospital. Method: Exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative study conducted in a public pediatric hospital in northeastern Brazil in 2021. An in-depth interview was applied to 21 health workers, submitted to Thematic Categorical Content Analysis in the MAXQDA® Software. Results: 128 context units emerged from the content analysis. These data were presented in three analytical categories, which address conceptions about normalization of deviance, examples and contributing factors. The omission of the practice of hand hygiene and the correct use of personal protective equipment,and turning off alarms stand out as the main deviance perceived by health workers. As contributing factors, human factors and organizational factors prevailed. Conclusion: Workers perceive the normalization of deviance as negligence, recklessness, and violations of good practices, with consequences for patient safety.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de los trabajadores de la salud sobre el fenómeno de la normalización de la desviación en un hospital pediátrico. Método: Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y cualitativo realizado en un hospital pediátrico público en el noreste de Brasil en 2021. Se aplicó una entrevista en profundidad a 21 trabajadores de la salud, sometidos al Análisis de Contenido Categórico Temático en el Software MAXQDA®. Resultados: 128 unidades de contexto surgieron del análisis de contenido. Estos datos se presentaron en tres categorías analíticas, que abarcan conceptos sobre la normalización de la desviación, ejemplos y factores contribuyentes. La omisión de la práctica de la higiene de manos y el uso correcto de los equipos de protección personal y el apagado de alarmas se destacan como las principales desviaciones percibidas por los trabajadores de la salud. Como factores contribuyentes prevalecieron los factores humanos y los factores organizacionales. Conclusión: Los trabajadores perciben la normalización de la desviación como negligencia, imprudencia y violación de las buenas prácticas, con consecuencias para la seguridad del paciente.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de trabalhadores de saúde sobre o fenômeno da normalização do desvio em um hospital pediátrico. Método: Estudo exploratório, descritivo e qualitativo realizado em hospital público pediátrico do nordeste brasileiro em 2021. Aplicou-se entrevista em profundidade a 21 trabalhadores de saúde, submetida à Análise de Conteúdo Categorial Temática no Software MAXQDA®. Resultados: Emergiram 128 unidades de contexto da análise de conteúdo. Esses dados foram apresentados em três categorias analíticas, as quais abordam concepções sobre normalização do desvio, exemplos e fatores contribuintes. Destacam-se a omissão da prática de higienização das mãos e do uso correto dos equipamentos de proteção individual, e o desligamento de alarmes como principais desvios percebidos pelos trabalhadores de saúde. Como fatores contribuintes, preponderaram os fatores humanos e os fatores organizacionais. Conclusão: Os trabalhadores percebem a normalização do desvio como negligência, imprudência e violações de boas práticas, com consequências para a segurança do paciente.

Analysis of Barriers to Public and Private Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs in Patients with Low and High Adherence

ABSTRACT Introduction: Participants in cardiac rehabilitation programs have low adherence to their sessions, which makes extremely important to recognize the barriers that cause non-adherence, identifying whether the type of service and level of adherence influence these barriers. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study, in which 220 individuals (66.80±11.59 years) of both genders who are members of public and private exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs participated. The volunteers were divided according to the level of adherence, considering patients with low adherence (PLA) those with < 70% of attendance and high adherence (PHA) those with > 70%. Then, initial evaluation, Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale, analysis of socioeconomic level, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Mini-Mental State Examination were applied. Results: Higher total barriers were found in PLA in the public service compared to PHA in the private service (P=0.023). In the subscale "perceived need", PHA in the public service showed higher values than PLA and PHA in the private service (P≤0.001). The "access" barrier was higher for PHA in the public service when compared to PHA in the private service (P=0.024). PHA in the public service exhibited a higher barrier regarding questions about distance, transportation problems, cost, and time constraints. Conclusion: The public program presents higher barriers in the questions and categories compared to the private program, mainly the PHA. Furthermore, there are differences in the profile of the participants regarding socioeconomic and anxiety levels, treatment time, ethnicity, and city where they live.

The effect of interventional program underpinned by health belief model on awareness, attitude, and performance of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections: A randomized controlled trial study.

Objective: The present study examined the effect of an interventional program underpinned by the Health Belief Model (HBM) on nurses' awareness, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomial infections. Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was performed on 60 clinical nurses in lar, Iran. Nurses were selected using the simple random sampling method and assigned to two experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Data collection tool included the valid and reliable questionnaire was developed by Soleimani et al. The research intervention consisted of five 90-min sessions based on the health belief model in preventing hospital infection for experimental group. Before the intervention, immediately and two months after the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaire. The control group received no intervention. Results: Data analysis showed that the differences between the two groups was statistically significant immediately and two months after the intervention (p<0.05). In experimental group the changes in the mean score of knowledge, attitude and performance of nurses before, immediately and two months after the intervention were significant (p<0.05), but in the control group, only the changes in the mean score of performance were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the HBM-based intervention is effective in promoting nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomial infections. hence, periodical and in-service HBM-based training programs on preventing nosocomial infections are recommended to be held for nurses.

Actitudes de los profesionales de la salud mental ante la capacidad y el internamiento no voluntario en anorexia nerviosa: construcción, validación y resultados del cuestionario ACINOVAN / Mental Health Professionals' Attitudes Towards Mental Competency and Involuntary Commitment in Anorexia Nervosa: Construction, Validation and Results of the Acinovan Questionnaire

RESUMEN Introducción: La anorexia nerviosa es un trastorno grave que causa tasas elevadas de morbilidad y mortalidad. La aplicación de una intervención no voluntaria solo es legalmente admisible si el paciente no es competente. Sin embargo, la evaluación de su capacidad puede ser extremadamente compleja. Ello conlleva que la decisión final pueda verse influida por las actitudes individuales del facultativo. Objetivo: Crear y validar empíricamente un cuestionario en español que permita medir la actitud hacia la capacidad y el internamiento no voluntario y comparar entre grupos categóricos. Métodos: Formaron la muestra 338 profesionales de salud mental. Los ítems fueron validados por grupos de expertos. Se realizaron un análisis factorial exploratorio y comparaciones grupales. Resultados: Se obtuvo un modelo de 13 ítems formado por 3 factores: prointervención, ausencia de capacidad y cronicidad. Los profesionales tienden a creer en la ausencia de capacidad y la necesidad de la intervención no voluntaria, así como en la idoneidad diferencial en virtud de la cronicidad. El respaldo previo a intervenciones involuntarias se relacionó significativamente con los factores prointervención y ausencia de capacidad y la formación en bioética, con la cronicidad. Conclusiones: El instrumento resultante es válido y fiable. Puede ser útil a profesionales, pacientes y sociedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anorexia nervosa is a serious disorder that causes high rates of morbidity and mortality. Involuntary treatments are only legally admissible if the patient is not competent. However, assessing their capacity can be really complex. This implies that the final decision might be influenced by the individual attitudes of the physician. Objective: To create and empirically validate a questionnaire in Spanish that makes it possible to measure the attitude towards capacity and involuntary commitment and compare between categorical groups. Methods: The sample consisted of 338 mental health professionals. The items were validated by groups of experts. An exploratory factor analysis and group comparisons were carried out. Results: Favourable evidence was obtained of a 13-item model consisting of three factors: pro-intervention, lack of capacity and chronicity. Professionals tend to believe in the lack of capacity and the need for involuntary interventions, as well as differential suitability due to chronicity. Having ever supported involuntary interventions was significantly related to the pro-intervention and lack of capacity factors, and training in bioethics to chronicity. Conclusions: The resulting instrument is valid and reliable. Its use can be useful to professionals, patients and society.

Factors affecting the tuberculosis program coverage at the first level of care in Honduras / Factores que afectan la cobertura del programa de tuberculosis en el primer nivel de atención en Honduras

Introduction: There is a global consensus that early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can accelerate its control and mitigate its consequences. The gradual increase in the TB mortality rate from 2014 to 2018 in Honduras, the reform of the health system in 2014, and the partial implementation of the "End TB" strategy motivated this study. Objective: To analyze barriers to and facilitators of diagnosis and treatment affecting the national TB program coverage using data from 2015 to 2019 and provide tools for the effective implementation of the "End TB" strategy in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Materials and methods: This was an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study on smear-positive pulmonary TB patients older than 18 years of age. TB notification sheets and medical records from two primary health care facilities were reviewed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with health care providers, patients, and their families. Results: A total of 74.6% of the cases (297/398) did not receive a timely diagnosis; 62.3% (185/297) were men, 80.8% (240/297) were adults, 53.7% (108/297) had less than high school education, 49.2% (123/297) had some occupation, and 98.2% of participants received timely treatment. Identified barriers included low socioeconomic conditions, lack of coordination between public and private health systems, and boundaries set by gangs. Identified facilitators included good care and attitude of the health care personnel and the availability of medications. Conclusions: The lack of opportunity to diagnose the disease affected the coverage of the national TB program due to cultural and health care barriers.

Introducción. Hay consenso global en que el diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoces de la tuberculosis pueden acelerar su control y mitigar sus consecuencias. En Honduras, la tasa de mortalidad por la enfermedad aumentó gradualmente entre 2014 y 2018, a lo que se suman las reformas en el sistema de salud del 2014 y la implementación parcial de la estrategia "Fin a la TB". Objetivo. Analizar las barreras y los elementos facilitadores del diagnóstico y el tratamiento que afectan la cobertura del programa nacional de tuberculosis, con el fin de brindar herramientas para la implementación efectiva de la estrategia "Fin a la TB" en San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 2015-2019. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio mixto secuencial y explicativo de pacientes mayores de 18 años con tuberculosis pulmonar positivos en la baciloscopia. Se revisaron las fichas de notificación de la enfermedad y las historias clínicas en dos establecimientos de salud de primer nivel y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal de salud, los pacientes y los familiares. Resultados. En el 74,6 % (297/398) de los casos no hubo diagnóstico oportuno. En este grupo, se encontró una mayor proporción de hombres (62,3 %; 185/297) y de adultos (80,8 %; 240/297); predominó un nivel de escolaridad inferior a la secundaria (53,7 %; 108/297); el 49,2 % (123/297) de los pacientes tenía alguna ocupación, y el 98,2 % había recibido tratamiento oportuno. Se detectaron las siguientes barreras: condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, desarticulación del sistema de salud público y privado, y límites fronterizos entre maras y pandillas. Los elementos facilitadores fueron la buena atención y la actitud del personal de salud, y la disponibilidad y reserva de tratamiento. Conclusiones. La falta de oportunidad en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis afectó la cobertura del programa nacional como resultado de las barreras culturales y de atención en salud.

Experiencias de personas trabajadoras de la salud en Ciudad de México durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Health workers experiences in Mexico City during the COVID-19 pandemic

El personal de salud que trabajó en los hospitales COVID-19, durante los primeros meses de la pandemia, experimentó largas jornadas de trabajo, desconocimiento, incertidumbre y miedo. Objetivo: El objetivo fue explorar las experiencias del personal de salud que trabajó en hospitales públicos de Ciudad de México, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Realizamos una investigación cualitativa rápida a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas virtuales (n=30) al personal de primera línea entre mayo y septiembre del 2020. Fue un proceso iterativo de recolección y análisis, codificamos el material y después construimos temas que revisamos en una matriz. Resultados: Presentamos tres temas principales: 1) Miedo al virus: la incertidumbre, la muerte y la preocupación por la familia, fueron una constante. 2) Las acciones realizadas para contención: las personas que experimentaron el programa de apoyo en "Los Pinos" lo vivieron como un programa exitoso y positivo. 3) La atención de su salud mental: el personal de salud vivió falta de atención a la salud mental y la dificultad para utilizar la existente. Conclusiones: Dadas las condiciones, el día a día era compartir y tratar de comprender las emociones entre los equipos, apoyándose entre sí dadas las experiencias difíciles que se vivían. Este estudio se corresponde con otros en México y el mundo que refleja la necesidad de planear y tener normativas claras y no reactivas, así poder disminuir los miedos y la incertidumbre(AU)

Health workers in Mexico City during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced long working hours, ignorance, uncertainty, and fear. Objective, material, and methods: To explore the experiences of health personnel who worked in public hospitals in Mexico City during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted rapid qualitative research through virtual semi-structured interviews (n=30) with frontline staff between May and September 2020. This research was an iterative process of data collection and analysis. We codified the material and then built themes that we reviewed in a matrix. Results: We presented three main themes: 1) Fear of the virus: uncertainty, death, and concern for their families, were a constant for participants. 2) The actions conducted for containment: the people who experienced the support program in "Los Pinos" experienced it as a successful and positive program. 3) Mental health care: the health personnel experienced a lack of attention to their mental health and difficulties to use the existing one. Conclusions: Given the conditions, the day-today was to share and try to understand the emotions among the teams, supporting each other given the difficult experiences that they were living. This study corresponds to others in Mexico and worldwide, showing the need to plan and have clear and non-reactive regulations, to reduce fears and uncertainty(AU)

Factores que afectan la cobertura del programa de tuberculosis en el primer nivel de atención en Honduras / Factors affecting the tuberculosis program coverage at the first level of care in Honduras

Introducción. Hay consenso global en que el diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoces de la tuberculosis pueden acelerar su control y mitigar sus consecuencias. En Honduras, la tasa de mortalidad por la enfermedad aumentó gradualmente entre 2014 y 2018, a lo que se suman las reformas en el sistema de salud del 2014 y la implementación parcial de la estrategia "Fin a la TB". Objetivo. Analizar las barreras y los elementos facilitadores del diagnóstico y el tratamiento que afectan la cobertura del programa nacional de tuberculosis, con el fin de brindar herramientas para la implementación efectiva de la estrategia "Fin a la TB" en San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 2015-2019. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio mixto secuencial y explicativo de pacientes mayores de 18 años con tuberculosis pulmonar positivos en la baciloscopia. Se revisaron las fichas de notificación de la enfermedad y las historias clínicas en dos establecimientos de salud de primer nivel y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal de salud, los pacientes y los familiares. Resultados. En el 74,6 % (297/398) de los casos no hubo diagnóstico oportuno. En este grupo, se encontró una mayor proporción de hombres (62,3 %; 185/297) y de adultos (80,8 %; 240/297); predominó un nivel de escolaridad inferior a la secundaria (53,7 %; 108/297); el 49,2 % (123/297) de los pacientes tenía alguna ocupación, y el 98,2 % había recibido tratamiento oportuno. Se detectaron las siguientes barreras: condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, desarticulación del sistema de salud público y privado, y límites fronterizos entre maras y pandillas. Los elementos facilitadores fueron la buena atención y la actitud del personal de salud, y la disponibilidad y reserva de tratamiento. Conclusiones. La falta de oportunidad en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis afectó la cobertura del programa nacional como resultado de las barreras culturales y de atención en salud.

Introduction: There is a global consensus that early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can accelerate its control and mitigate its consequences. The gradual increase in the TB mortality rate from 2014 to 2018 in Honduras, the reform of the health system in 2014, and the partial implementation of the "End TB" strategy motivated this study. Objective: To analyze barriers to and facilitators of diagnosis and treatment affecting the national TB program coverage using data from 2015 to 2019 and provide tools for the effective implementation of the "End TB" strategy in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Materials and methods: This was an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study on smear-positive pulmonary TB patients older than 18 years of age. TB notification sheets and medical records from two primary health care facilities were reviewed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with health care providers, patients, and their families. Results: A total of 74.6% of the cases (297/398) did not receive a timely diagnosis; 62.3% (185/297) were men, 80.8% (240/297) were adults, 53.7% (108/297) had less than high school education, 49.2% (123/297) had some occupation, and 98.2% of participants received timely treatment. Identified barriers included low socioeconomic conditions, lack of coordination between public and private health systems, and boundaries set by gangs. Identified facilitators included good care and attitude of the health care personnel and the availability of medications. Conclusions: The lack of opportunity to diagnose the disease affected the coverage of the national TB program due to cultural and health care barriers.