Proximity television and audiences: tensions in the media territory / Televisión de proximidad y audiencias: tensiones en el territorio mediático

RESUMEN Objetivo: Las audiencias locales que se sitúan fuera de las capitales y de las grandes urbes deben conformarse con la información y contenidos televisivos nacionales, perdiendo la conexión con sus territorios debido al marcado centralismo de los medios capitalinos. Este artículo caracteriza las tensiones de las audiencias locales del norte de Chile en relación con su televisión local, también denominada de proximidad. Materiales y métodos: La metodología es cualitativa, realizándose grupos focales con las audiencias de seis comunas de la región de Coquimbo que tuviesen televisoras locales operativas y que declarasen ver periódicamente medios locales. Resultados: Entre los hallazgos se destaca el interés y el requerimiento de la ciudadanía por las noticias locales en un claro sentido de proximidad y cercanía con su territorio, detectando además otras demandas sociales, políticas, culturales y educativas de las audiencias que podrían ser canalizadas por las televisoras locales. Se evidencia un distanciamiento y crítica hacia contenidos sensacionalistas de la televisión nacional, siendo el centralismo informativo una de las razones para la poca empatía hacia estos medios de comunicación. A juicio de los participantes, las tensiones entre lo local y lo capitalino no solo se aprecian a nivel país, sino también entre capitales regionales, provincias y comunas, siguiendo la división político-administrativa de Chile. Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una marcada preferencia por el contenido de proximidad, lo que se explica en parte por el alejamiento y crítica que se declara hacia los medios de cobertura nacional. Se plantean como tensiones la falta de espacios de comunicación y promoción del diálogo social que les permita a las audiencias ser escuchadas por sus actores políticos locales y regionales, desaprovechando el interés de la televidencia local por contenidos de proximidad que les permitan crecer, desarrollarse y lograr una mayor participación ciudadana en el ecosistema medial chileno.

ABSTRACT Objective: Media centralism and the lack of attention to the preferences and demands of local audiences is an obvious reality that must be faced by those who live outside large cities and capitals, understanding that there are audiences that demand local content, but that must settle for aprogrammingproduced from and for the capital, even more so when it comes to the Chilean television system. This article characterizes the tensions of local audiences in northern Chile in relation to their local television, also called proximity. Materials and methods: The study carried out a qualitative methodology, since it seeks to understand human behavior in a given territory and historical moment. The data collection was carried out using the technique of focus groups in order to explain and deepen the situations of people as local audiences and their feelings and thoughts on various problems. The focus groups discussed their local television and their link with national television considering the informational centralism and political centralism within the Coquimbo Region. The sample corresponds to the audience of cities belonging to urban and rural communes of the Coquimbo Region, in Chile, where there are local television media and that have declared their intention to migrate to digital television. The cities that are part of the study are: Andacollo, La Serena, Los Vilos, Illapel and Salamanca. For recruitment, the snowball method was used, with a total of 52 participants. All the participants were over 18 years of age with a residence of more than 10years in the city. There was gender balance. Six focus groups were held in neighborhood offices in each city. The sessions were recorded and later transcribed, being systematized using the Atlas.tisoftware, version 9. Resulted: The results are described through three categories of analysis, regarding the opinions of the audiences: 1) Local information 2) National television: positive and negative aspects and 3) Information centralism and media demands. 1 ) Local information as a center of interest: Audiences place local news among their preferences. In each focus group, the informative genre of these media was highly valued and required. It represents a fundamental demand when evaluating local television positively. 2) Link with national television coverage: Along with the preference for local news, there is also an unfavorable opinion towards national news and towards the journalistic routines of the capital television stations whose coverage privileges the events that occurred in the Metropolitan Region in the information guidelines, often falling into sensationalism, especially when it comes to police court facts. 3) Information centralism and media demands: in the opinion of the participants, the tensions between the local and the capital are not only appreciated at the country level, but also between regional capitals, provinces and communes, following the political-administrative division of Chile. Conclusions: Regarding the characteristics of local television consumption, a first conclusion was the confirmation of the interest and consumption of local audiences in content that addresses issues related to their environment, an issue that is in line with previous studies on communication and local television. Similar to national television consumption, local news represented the preferred content. If there is a fire or a traffic accident in the city, audiences want to see it on their local television and, hopefully, live or as instantly as possible. This is informative content that does not compete in any case with national television, as it deals with local news events. Unless something out of the ordinary happens, whose connotation is national and in this case -the fewest times- the city, province or region makes news and appears nationally. A very important link was detected between local audiences with their own territories. The link was verified through two factors: a) the expectations of seeing local content not only on themes about their cities, but also from geographically broader places, such as communes, provinces or the Coquimbo Region itself; b) a large part of the social demands that underlie the opinions of the audiences surroundfeelings of belonging, desire for decentralization and local development. The need for representation of local audiences is verified, that is, seeing their territories on the screen, feeling reflected on national TV through their cultural, territorial, geographical, touristic, or other particularities is the cause that is associated Local (non-capital) audiences arepart of a marginalized sector from a political and economic point of view. In this sense, there is a glimpse of a disconnection between the political/public world that promotes actions that should benefit the community, but that fail to reach potential users in a good way. In the same line of discussion, social demands for access to public information that benefits them and brings them closer to local political actors are detected. Know and understand the territorial public policies that result in a better quality of life. These social/political demands are intermingled with the media needs that could be channeled into more spaces to debate, talk and express their opinions to participate in the local public debate.

The Importance of Crowd Support and Team Quality to Home Advantage in Brazilian Soccer League First Division.

Our aims in the present study were to analyze home advantage (HA) and number of goals scored in consideration of the presence or absence of crowd support and the influence of team quality during the last 11 seasons of the Brazilian Soccer League first division. We analyzed data from 4162 matches played in the Brazilian Soccer League in seasons 2012-2022 (3563 matches with an audience and 599 matches without an audience). We calculated HA by comparing the number of points won at home as a percentage of the total number of points gained, and we also recorded the number of goals scored by home and away teams. For analyses, we divided the teams based on home and away matches, with and without crowds, and we classified teams into three ability groups, based on the points scoring percentage of the team at the end of the season. There was a HA in all seasons analyzed (i.e., home teams won more than 50% of the total points won at home); but in matches in empty stadiums, the HA was reduced significantly, compared to matches with crowd support (66.6% with crowd vs. 57.2% without crowd, p < 0.05). The number of goals in all seasons was higher for home teams than for away teams; however, away teams scored more goals in empty stadiums than in stadiums with crowd support (p < 0.05). The HA was greater in matches with crowd support than in matches without crowd support (p < 0.01), independent of the team's ability level; but, top teams scored more goals than weaker teams (p < 0.01). In conclusion, in the Brazilian Soccer League, the HA and number of goals scored were affected by the presence or absent of an audience in the stadiums. While top teams scored more goals than weaker teams, the HA was lower without than with crowds, independent of team quality.

Participatory process for marine spatial planning: perception of Mar del Plata's residents on offshore hydrocarbon exploration in the North Argentina Basin (Argentina).

Offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation are activities developed internationally in the advance of the energy industry. Conflicts generated by incompatibility with others or with social actors, make the approach from Marine Spatial Planning necessary. In Argentina, although it is a process that has been developing since the middle of the 20th century, it was not until 2014 when the National Government promoted the activity. The North Argentine Basin (NAB) constitutes a hydrocarbon exploration area that was delimited in 2018 by Resolution 65/2018. This activity in the NAB has given rise to conflicts between intervening social actors, which was manifested in the Public Hearing (AP1/21) held in July 2021. That is why the objective of this work was to analyze the results of the AP1/21 and contrast them with the opinion of Mar del Plata's residents. For this, 682 semi-open surveys were carried out, where they were asked about the activity and the AP1/21. As a result, it was obtained that 373 people were expressed in favor (4%) and against (96%) of the project. Topics such as climate change, energy planning, and disagreement with the steps of the participatory process and the environmental impact study were presented. In the case of the surveys, opinions similar to those expressed in the audience were found, corroborating results and conclusions between both processes. In summary, the work allowed us to know not only the opinion of Mar del Plata's population but also the type of information available on the economic activity analyzed. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11852-022-00896-x.

Jogos olímpicos. Imagens, rituais e representações na era digital / Olympic games. Images, rituals and representations in the digital age / Juegos olímpicos. Imágenes, rituales y representaciones en la edad digital

Este trabalho é um estudo sobre as imagens da televisão argentina na cobertura dos Jogos Olímpicos de Sydney 2000. O corpus é a transmissão pelo canal argentino T&C Sports da cerimônia final dos Jogos Olímpicos. Este trabalho buscou, através da análise qualitativa da informação televisiva na cerimônia de encerramento dos Jogos Olímpicos de Sydney 2000, buscar analisar a construção do evento global e as referências globais e locais. Descrevemos as etapas da cerimônia de encerramento das Olimpíadas de Sydney 2000, destacando a cobertura televisiva dos rituais olímpicos, discursos institucionais, comemorações, representações, os ícones da Austrália e o show e festa (AU)

This work is a study on the images of Argentine television in the coverage of the Olympic Games in Sydney 2000. The corpus is the transmission of T&C Sports of the final ceremony of the Olympic Games. This work sought, through the qualitative analysis of television information at the closing ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, to analyze the construction of the global event and the global and local references. We describe the stages of the closing ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympics, highlighting television coverage of Olympic rituals, institutional speeches, celebrations, performances, Australian icons, and the show and party. The ceremony was a mix of Olympic rituals, speeches, parties, and shows (AU)

Este trabajo es un estudio sobre las imágenes de la televisión argentina en la cobertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Sídney 2000. El corpus es la transmisión de T&C Sports de la ceremonia final de los Juegos Olímpicos. Este trabajo buscó, a través del análisis cualitativo de la información televisiva en la ceremonia de clausura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Sídney 2000, analizar la construcción del evento global y las referencias globales y locales. Describimos las etapas de la ceremonia de clausura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Sídney 2000, destacando la cobertura televisiva de rituales olímpicos, discursos institucionales, celebraciones, actuaciones, íconos australianos y el espectáculo y la fiesta. La ceremonia fue una mezcla de rituales olímpicos, discursos, fiestas y espectáculos (AU).

Jogos olímpicos. Imagens, rituais e representações na era digital / Juegos olímpicos. Imágenes, rituales y representaciones en la edad digital / Olympic games. Images, rituals and representations in the digital age

Este trabalho é um estudo sobre as imagens da televisão argentina na cobertura dos Jogos Olímpicos de Sydney 2000. O corpus é a transmissão pelo canal argentino T&C Sports da cerimônia final dos Jogos Olímpicos. Este trabalho buscou, através da análise qualitativa da informação televisiva na cerimônia de encerramento dos Jogos Olímpicos de Sydney 2000, buscar analisar a construção do evento global e as referências globais e locais. Descrevemos as etapas da cerimônia de encerramento das Olimpíadas de Sydney 2000, destacando a cobertura televisiva dos rituais olímpicos, discursos institucionais, comemorações, representações, os ícones da Austrália e o show e festa.

Este trabajo es un estudio sobre las imágenes de la televisión argentina en la cobertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Sídney 2000. El corpus es la transmisión de T&C Sports de la ceremonia final de los Juegos Olímpicos. Este trabajo buscó, a través del análisis cualitativo de la información televisiva en la ceremonia de clausura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Sídney 2000, analizar la construcción del evento global y las referencias globales y locales.Describimos las etapas de la ceremonia de clausura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Sídney 2000, destacando la cobertura televisiva de rituales olímpicos, discursos institucionales, celebraciones, actuaciones, íconos australianos y el espectáculo y la fiesta. La ceremonia fue una mezcla de rituales olímpicos, discursos, fiestas y espectáculos.

This work is a study on the images of Argentine television in the coverage of the Olympic Games in Sydney 2000. The corpus is the transmission of T&C Sports of the final ceremony of the Olympic Games. This work sought, through the qualitative analysis of television information at the closing ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, to analyze the construction of the global event and the global and local references. We describe the stages of the closing ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympics, highlighting television coverage of Olympic rituals, institutional speeches, celebrations, performances, Australian icons, and the show and party. The ceremony was a mix of Olympic rituals, speeches, parties, and shows.

The Effects of a Male Audience on Male and Female Mating Behaviour in the Blood-Sucking Bug Rhodnius prolixus.

Social context is a key factor affecting sexual behaviour and cannot be neglected in gregarious species, such as triatomine blood-sucking bugs. Here we study the influence of the social context on the sexual reproductive behaviour of males and females of Rhodnius prolixus Stål. Specifically, we identify and compare the frequencies and sequence of sexual behaviours exhibited by a focal pair in presence or absence of a male audience. We expect that in presence of a male audience females increase their selectiveness level since the risk of losing infertile eggs decreases in presence of more candidates and females can benefit from copulating with a better quality male. Besides, in presence of potential rivals, we expect changes in the sexual behaviour of focal males, associated to a reduction in the risk of sperm competition. As expected, in presence of a male audience, females significantly increased the exhibition of rejection behaviour. Moreover, focal males exhibited shorter latencies to mount the female, longer duration of copula, and differences in their stereotyped behaviour exhibited during copula. We discuss the influence of the social context on the reproductive behaviour of females and males of R. prolixus.

Interdisciplinaridade em estágio de vivência acadêmica: reconhecimento da atuação profissional no Sistema de Saúde / Interdisciplinarity in an academic experience internship: recognition of professional performance in the Health System / Interdisciplinaridad en prácticas de experiencia académica: reconocimiento de la actuación profesional en el Sistema de Salud

Objetivo: Descrever a experiência de um estágio acadêmico vivenciado por universitários da área da saúde em um município do Baixo Solimões. Síntese dos dados:Trata-se do relato descritivo de um estágio acadêmico extramuro realizado em Manacapuru, Amazonas, ocorrido no período de outubro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020. A realização da atividade teve a participação de acadêmicos de Medicina, Enfermagem e Odontologia e contou com a aplicação de práticas em saúde direcionadas à atuação individual e coletiva. Tendo como público-alvo os pacientes atendidos por uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), os universitários auxiliaram na realização de atendimentos eletivos em suas respectivas áreas de atuação e conduziram atividades de educação em saúde como rodas de conversa, gincanas educativas, palestras interativas e educação continuada à equipe da UBS. Conclusão: As práticas e ações em saúde realizadas no período do estágio extramuro proporcionaram uma integração interdisciplinar satisfatória entre os acadêmicos, possibilitando aos mesmos uma vivência apropriada na atenção básica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Objective: To describe the experience of an academic internship completed by university students in the health field in a municipality in Baixo Solimões. Data synthesis: This is a descriptive report of an extramural academic internship carried out in Manacapuru, Amazonas, from October 2019 to February 2020. The activity was carried out with the participation of medical, nursing and dentistry students and included the application of health practices aimed at individual and collective action. Having as a target audience the patients assisted by a Primary Health Care (PHC) center, the university students helped in carrying out elective care in their respective fields and conducted health education activities such as conversation circles, educational scavenger hunts, interactive lectures and continuing education for the PHC center team. Conclusion: The health practices and actions carried out during the extramural internship enabled a satisfactory interdisciplinary integration among the students and allowed them to have an appropriate experience in primary care in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS).

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de una pasantía académica vivida por universitarios del área de la salud en un municipio del Baixo Solimões. Síntesis de los datos: Se refiere al informe descriptivo de una pasantía académica extramuros realizado en Manacapuru, Amazonas, ocurrido entre octubre de 2019 y febrero de 2020. La realización de la actividad tuvo la participación de académicos de medicina, enfermería y odontología y contó con la aplicación de prácticas en salud direccionadas a la actuación individual y colectiva. Teniendo como público meta los pacientes atendidos por una Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS), los universitarios ayudaron en la realización de atendimientos electivos en sus respectivas áreas de actuación y condujeron actividades de educación y en salud como charlas, juegos educativos, conferencias interactivas y educación continuada para el equipo de la UBS. Conclusión: Las prácticas y acciones en salud realizadas en el período de la pasantía extramuros proporcionaron una integración interdisciplinar satisfactoria entre los académicos, posibilitando a los mismos una experiencia apropiada en la atención básica del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS).

Technological resources for teaching and learning about human anatomy in the medical course: Systematic review of literature.

The consolidation of technology as an alternative strategy to cadaveric dissection for teaching anatomy in medical courses was accelerated by the recent Covid-19 pandemic, which caused the need for social distance policies and the closure of laboratories and classrooms. Consequently, new technologies were created, and those already been developed started to be better explored. However, information about many of these instruments and resources is not available to anatomy teachers. This systematic review presents the technological means for teaching and learning about human anatomy developed and applied in medical courses in the last ten years, besides the infrastructure necessary to use them. Studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were searched in MEDLINE, Scopus, ERIC, LILACS, and SciELO databases, initially resulting in a total of 875 identified articles, from which 102 were included in the analysis. They were classified according to the type of technology used: three-dimensional (3D) printing (n = 22), extended reality (n = 49), digital tools (n = 23), and other technological resources (n = 8). It was made a detailed description of technologies, including the stage of the medical curriculum in which it was applied, the infrastructure utilized, and which contents were covered. The analysis shows that between all technologies, those related to the internet and 3D printing are the most applicable, both in student learning and the financial cost necessary for its structural implementation.

Public repudiation acts on YouTube: Amplification and mobilizing effects / Actos de repudio público en youtube: amplificación y efectos movilizantes

RESUMEN Los medios sociales han favorecido la producción y consumo de contenidos sobre asuntos de interés ciudadano como aquellos de reclamo social a las autoridades. Dentro de estos aparece una tipología de videos difundidos en YouTube y otras redes en los que personalidades políticas son increpadas en el espacio público por transeúntes casuales. Estos encuentros espontáneos, registrados en dispositivos móviles y trasladados al entorno Web, sirven, potencialmente, como una forma alternativa de protesta social y, en consecuencia, podrían incitar a la movilización y a la participación ciudadana. Este artículo examina este fenómeno desde el análisis de las propiedades de amplificación y los efectos a nivel de movilización social de una selección de actos de repudio a personalidades políticas de Colombia y Venezuela. A través de una metodología mixta se examinaron cuatro casos en los que se observaron las variables de difusión y viralidad, participación, influencia, continuidad, unidad y movilización, en concordancia con la literatura sobre movimientos sociales en la Web. Los resultados permiten concluir que, a pesar del auge y las cualidades atribuidas a las plataformas sociales, estos contenidos no logran efectos concretos en las audiencias que se traduzcan en acciones más allá de la participación en línea.

ABSTRACT Social media have favored the production and consumption of content on matters of citizen interest, such as those of social claim to authorities. Within these, there is a typology of videos broadcasted on YouTube and other social media networks, in which political personalities are rebuked in public space by casual pedestrians. These spontaneous encounters, recorded on mobile devices and posted on the World Wide Web, potentially serve as an alternative form of social protest and, consequently, could incite citizen mobilization and participation. This article examines this phenomenon from the analysis of the amplification properties and the social mobilization effects of a selection of repudiation acts against political personalities from Colombia and Venezuela. Based on the literature on social movements on the Web, and through the application of a mixed methodology, this study examines the variables of diffusion and virality, participation, influence, continuity, unity and mobilization in four distinctive cases. The results allow us to conclude that, despite the rise and qualities attributed to social platforms, these contents do not reach concrete effects on audiences that are translated into actions beyond online participation.

Avaliação de protótipos expositivos do Museu de Microbiologia do Instituto Butantan

This work consists of the development of the Project "Modernization of the long-term exhibition of the Museum of Microbiology" (Process CNPq 458268/2013-5) evolved since 2014, when was elaborated expository prototypes. These new devices are focus of this research that had as objective the evaluation of the power of attraction and retention of them, taking into consideration the perception of the visitors. The methodology was based timing tracking method and questionnaire. The study was conducted from October to November 2018, with the participation of 50 spontaneous visitors, all over 15 years of age with Brazilian nationality. These participants were observed during the route of the visit and interviewed at the end. The majority profile of the public is family groups, with high school level, taking preference for the devices containing microscopes, models and apparatus that the visitors can interact with. As for the new devices, their characteristics associated to the form of communication and interactivity with the public were related to the greater capacity of attraction and the retention by the visitors. Thus, this study contributed to a better understanding of the interaction of visitors with the exhibition elements. In addition, identifying possibilities for the museum to improve on communication, mediation and interactivity based on reformulations that fulfill the expectations of the visitors, broadening the dialogue with society.

Este trabalho consiste no desdobramento do Projeto "Modernização da exposição de longa duração do Museu de Microbiologia" (Processo CNPq 458268/2013-5) desenvolvido desde 2014, no qual uma das etapas constituía na elaboração de protótipos expositivos (novos aparatos). Estes são os objetos de estudo desta pesquisa que teve como objetivo a avaliação do poder de atração e retenção dos mesmos, levando-se em consideração a percepção dos visitantes. A metodologia teve como base a pesquisa de estudo de público com o uso do método timing tracking e de questionário. O estudo foi conduzido no período de outubro a novembro de 2018, com a participação de 50 visitantes espontâneos, todos acima de 15 anos e de nacionalidade brasileira. Esses participantes foram observados durante o percurso da visita com entrevista ao final. O perfil do público em sua grande maioria foi de visitantes em grupos familiares, com nível escolar elevado, tendo preferência pelos dispositivos contendo microscópios, modelos e de maior interatividade. Quanto aos novos aparatos, as suas características associadas à forma de comunicação e de interatividade com o público estiveram relacionadas à maior capacidade de atração e à retenção pelos visitantes. Assim, este estudo contribuiu para uma melhor compreensão da interação dos visitantes com os elementos expositivos. Além de identificar possibilidades do museu se aperfeiçoar quanto à comunicação, à mediação e à interatividade a partir de reformulações que se adequem às expectativas dos envolvidos, ampliando o diálogo com a sociedade.

Test of the Deception Hypothesis in Atlantic Mollies Poecilia mexicana-Does the Audience Copy a Pretended Mate Choice of Others?

Animals often use public information for mate-choice decisions by observing conspecifics as they choose their mates and then copying this witnessed decision. When the copier, however, is detected by the choosing individual, the latter often alters its behavior and spends more time with the previously non-preferred mate. This behavioral change is called the audience effect. The deception hypothesis states that the choosing individual changes its behavior to distract the audience from the preferred mate. The deception hypothesis, however, only applies if the audience indeed copies the pretended mate choice of the observed individual. So far, this necessary prerequisite has never been tested. We investigated in Atlantic molly males and females whether, first, focal fish show an audience effect, i.e., alter their mate choices in the presence of an audience fish, and second, whether audience fish copy the mate choice of the focal fish they had just witnessed. We found evidence that male and female Atlantic mollies copy the pretended mate choice of same-sex focal fish. Therefore, a necessary requirement of the deception hypothesis is fulfilled. Our results show that public information use in the context of mate choice can be costly.

Interactive audience response systems in oral and maxillofacial radiology undergraduate lectures.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of audience response systems (ARS) on student participation (SP) during Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (OMR) undergraduate lectures and on final examination scores (FES). Furthermore, an analysis of unanimity assessed the influence of ARS on students' responses. Students' perceptions were also assessed. METHODS: A controlled crossover study was designed. Four lectures covering topics of OMR were each taught with ARS and without ARS (i.e. hand-raising method). SP and FES were compared between ARS and HR groups. Unanimity of answers was analyzed for both groups. Questionnaires assessed students' impressions about ARS. RESULTS: Mean SP of ARS and HR groups were 97.6% and 47.3%, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P<.05). Mean FES for the ARS group (77%) was slightly higher than HR group (75.1%), however, not statistically significant. There was positive correlation between SP and FES. With ARS, only 5.7% of the questions were unanimous, whilst 51.4% were unanimous with HR method. Most students reported that the use of ARS had positive influence on their attention (92%), participation (96%), classmates' participation (82.7%), interest (74.7%), and learning (86.7%). For the five-point scale ratings of the relevance of ARS features, anonymity had an average 3.6, whilst other items received an average 4.6 or higher. CONCLUSIONS: ARS significantly increased participation in OMR lectures; however, an increase in FES could not be associated with ARS by itself. Not taking into consideration which method was used to answer questions posed during lectures, higher participation correlated with higher scores. ARS is well-accepted and students believe that these devices positively influence their performance. Among the recognized advantages of ARS, anonymity was considered the least relevant.

Esporte e TV pública no Brasil: a TV Brasil, a audiência e as transmissões do campeonato brasileiro de futebol da série C / Sport and public TV in Brazil: the TV Brasil, the audience and the broadcasts of Brazilian Série C Championship / Deportes y TV pública en Brasil: TV Brasil, la audiencia y las transmisiones del Campeonato Brasileño de Fútbol de la Série C

A TV Brasil é uma emissora pública que pertence à Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC). Foi criada para implantar o Sistema Público de Comunicação no país. Desde 2013 a emissora transmite partidas do Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol da Série C. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir, à luz de conceitos como audiência, cultura de mídia e valor-notícia, se a emissora cumpre, através do esporte, o papel para o qual foi criada. Para isso, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva, com a análise de documentos internos da emissora e a realização de entrevistas. O estudo pretende contribuir com reflexões a respeito dos processos existentes entre a gestão do esporte e a comunicação pública no Brasil. Assim, procuramos verificar se a emissora cumpre sua missão de formação e fortalecimento da cidadania e da identidade nacional ou se é apenas regida, em seu relacionamento com o esporte, pela ótica comercial da audiência.

TV Brazil is a public broadcaster that belongs to Brazil Communications Company (EBC). It was created to implement the Communication Public System in the country. Since 2013, the station broadcasts Brazilian Série C Championship Football matches. The purpose of this article is to analyze if the issuer meets, through sport, the role for which it was created. For it, we used the concepts of audience, media culture and news value and conducted a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research with the analysis of internal documents of the issuer and conducting interviews about the theme. The study aims to contribute reflections on the existing processes of management of sport and public communication in Brazil. So we try to verify that the broadcaster fulfills its mission to training and strengthening of citizenship and national identity or whether it is just ruled in their relationship with the sport, from the perspective of commercial audience.

TV Brasil es una cadena pública que pertenece a Empresa Brasil de Comunicacion (EBC). Se creó para poner en práctica el Sistema Público de Comunicación en el país. Desde 2013, la estación transmite partidos del Campeonato Brasileño de Fútbol de la Série C. El propósito de este artículo es analizar, a la luz de conceptos como audiencia, cultura de los médios y valor notícia, si el emisor cumple, a través del deporte, el papel para o cual fue creada. Con este fin, se realizó una investigación cualitativa, exploratoria y descriptiva con el análisis de documentos internos de la entidad emisora y la realización de entrevistas. El estudio pretende aportar reflexiones sobre los procesos existentes de gestión del deporte y la comunicación pública en Brasil. Así que tratamos de verificar que la emisora cumple su misión de formación y fortalecimiento de la ciudadanía y la identidad nacional o de que simplemente se rige en su relación con el deporte, desde la perspectiva de audiencia comercial.

Segmentation of Mexican-Heritage Immigrants: Acculturation Typology and Language Preference in Health Information Seeking.

With the fast growing number of Mexican immigrants in the United States, more attention is needed to understand the relationship between acculturation and language preference in health information seeking. Latent class analysis provides one useful approach to understanding the diversity in sample of Mexican immigrants (N = 238). Based on 13 linguistic, psychological and behavioral indicators for acculturation, four discrete subgroups were characterized: (1) Less acculturated, (2) Moderately acculturated, (3) Highly acculturated, (4) Selectively bicultural. A Chi-square test revealed that three sub-groups were significantly different in language preference when seeking health information. Less acculturated and moderately acculturated groups sought health information in Spanish, whereas the highly acculturated group preferred English for health information. Selectively bicultural group preferred bilingual health information. Implications for health campaign strategies using audience segmentation are discussed.

Rats Synchronize Locomotion with Ultrasonic Vocalizations at the Subsecond Time Scale.

Acoustic signals have the potential for transmitting information fast across distances. Rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations of two distinct classes: "22-kHz" or "alarm" calls and "50-kHz" calls. The latter comprises brief sounds in the 30-80-kHz range, whose ethological role is not fully understood. We recorded ultrasonic vocalizations from pairs of rats freely behaving in neighboring but separated arenas. 50-kHz vocalizations in this condition were tightly linked to the locomotion of the emitter at the subsecond time scale, their rate sharply increasing and decreasing prior to the onset and offset of movement respectively. This locomotion-linked vocalization behavior showed a clear "audience effect," as rats recorded alone displayed lower vocal production than rats in social settings for equivalent speeds of locomotion. Furthermore, calls from different categories across the 50 and 22-kHz families displayed markedly different correlations with locomotor activity. Our results show that rat vocalizations in the high ultrasonic range are social signals carrying spatial information about the emitter and highlight the possibility that they may play a role in the social coordination of spatial behaviors.

Previsiones e imprevisiones la víspera y el mismo día de las exposiciones científicas orales / Predictions and unexpected events on the eve and the same day of the oral scientific expositions

Para garantizar una exposición verbal exitosa, es muy sensato tomar en cuenta algunos aspectos que pudieran atentar contra la consecución del principal objetivo, tanto antes (comidas o bebidas, desplazamientos, tipo de local y postura) como durante su ejecución (puntualidad, saludo, uso de usted o tú como tratamiento de cortesía y otros), las discusiones y las imprevisiones (visitantes inesperados, errores lingüísticos, lagunas mentales, movimientos involuntarios y repentinos, percances y misceláneas), pues solo así será posible, la mayoría de las veces, llevar a feliz término una disertación.

To guarantee a successful verbal exposition, it is very sensible to take into account some aspects that could attempt against the attainment of the main objective, either before (meals or drinks, displacements, type of place and attitude) or during their performance (punctuality, greeting, use of you or you in a polite way as courtesy treatment and others), the discussions and the unexpected events (unexpected guests, linguistic errors, mental lagoons, involuntary and sudden movements, accidents and miscellany), because just this way it will be possible, most of the times, take a lecture to a happy term.

An Audience's Subjective Experience of the Freedom of Artistic Expression in Different Dance Forms from the Perspective of the Cultural Psychology of Creativity: un enfoque de la psicología cultural de la creatividad / La experiencia subjetiva del observador sobre la libertad de expresión artística en las formas diferentes de la danza

Previous studies on different dance forms, including classical ballet, modern ballet and flamenco, show that the objective classification of these forms of dance is subjectively relevant, or in other words, the subjective categorization of dance is based on its formal properties. Based on this standpoint, this study aims to examine the audience's subjective experience of the freedom of artistic expression in three dance forms: classical ballet, modern ballet and flamenco. This study also aims to place an audience's subjective experience of the freedom of artistic expression in different dance forms, into the context of the cultural psychology of creativity. Sixty-nine participants assessed three choreographies from each dance form. The participants observed the choreographies audio-visually. The assessment of the freedom of artistic expression included seven-point scales of freedom to use space, use different figures and to express different emotions. The results showed that the dance form effects the assessment of an audience's subjective experiences (using these 3 criteria) in relation to the freedom of artistic expression. Likewise, Choreography has a marked effect on the assessment of subjective experience within the aforementioned criteria for the freedom of artistic expression within each observed dance form. In conclusion, a dance form determines, by its formal characteristics, not only how certain choreography will be created, but also how an audience will experience the choreography. The various implications of the research results on creativity in the field of dance, and the importance of understanding the complex dialogical connections between particular dance forms, choreographers, choreographies and audience in the context of the cultural psychology of creativity were discussed.

Este artículo tiene por objeto examinar la experiencia subjetiva del observador de la libertad de expresión artística en tres formas de danza: ballet clásico, ballet moderno y baile flamenco; adicionalmente, pretende situar la investigación en el contexto de la psicología cultural de la creatividad. Los 69 participantes evaluaron tres coreografías para cada forma de danza, observándolas a través de audiovisuales. La estimación de la libertad de expresión artística incluye tres escalas de siete puntos: libertad de usar el espacio, libertad de utilizar diferentes figuras y libertad para expresar sus emociones. Los resultados muestran que la forma de danza tiene un efecto significativo sobre la estimación de la experiencia subjetiva de estos tres criterios y que la coreografía tiene un marcado efecto sobre la estimación de la experiencia subjetiva sobre la libertad de expresión artística dentro de cada forma de la danza observada. Los resultados sugieren que una forma de danza determina, por sus características formales, no solo la coreografía, o cómo se creará, sino también cómo un observador experimentará la coreografía creada. Se discuten las diversas implicaciones de los resultados en la creatividad en el área de la danza, y la importancia de entender las conexiones complejas y dialógicas entre forma particular de danza, coreógrafo, coreografía y observadores, en el contexto de la psicología cultural de la creatividad.

Movimiento defensores del agua de Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia (1995-2005) / "defenders of the water movement" at piedecuesta, santander, Colombia (1995-2005)

Por medio de la Investigación Acción Participación se sistematiza la articulación de un movimiento social local que afrontó luchas globales en contra de los macroproyectos, por la usurpación del recurso agua y defensa de ecosistemas frágiles que se veían afectados por la Ampliación del Acueducto del Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. El movimiento se originó en la localidad de Piedecuesta (Santander, Colombia) y como una red (Cohen & Arato, 2000; Melucci, 2002) se extendió por diferentes nodos, a los municipios de Guaca, Tona y el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Para este caso concreto del Movimiento Defensores del Agua, se aplica lo teorizado por Cohen y Arato (2000) en la reconstrucción de la sociedad civil, y es utilizar dos de los grandes paradigmas de los movimientos sociales, el de la movilización de recursos y el de los "nuevos movimientos sociales", para de esta manera hacer más comprensible los movimientos sociales contemporáneos. El marco de acción de la lucha del Movimiento Defensores del Agua se da dentro de la Constitución de 1991, donde se postula un Estado Social de Derecho inmerso en Economía de Mercado (Jiménez, 2008); de allí se desprende todo un torrente legislativo como la Ley 134 de Participación Ciudadana que reglamenta los Cabildos Abiertos, y la Ley 99 de 1993 del Medio Ambiente que en su artículo 72 alude a las Audiencias Públicas Ambientales, mecanismos estos que son utilizados por el Movimiento en cuestión como instrumento de lucha. El artículo deja entrever el papel de los profesionales en el movimiento social, el diálogo de saberes entre el saber popular y el saber científico que estructuran el movimiento, el papel de las organizaciones no gubernamentales en la lógica del Estado neoliberal (Escobar, Álvarez & Dagnino, 2001). Se evidenciará la génesis y evolución de un movimiento social y su transformación, sus logros, tales como la solidaridad alcanzada, la cultura política generada tanto en la propia sociedad civil como del Estado. Las convocatorias a espacios simbólicos y contrapúblicos (Escobar, Álvarez & Dagnino, 2001), las movilizaciones pacíficas de 200, 1200, 2000 y 5000 personas de extracción urbana y rural, hechos tales que llevaron a detener el macroproyecto a nivel regional. Y además las derrotas tanto colectivas y de sus actores en los escenarios del conflicto y a la vez narrar cómo se falla al querer extender la lucha al contexto nacional, es decir, deja como pregunta la falta de articulación de un movimiento social ambientalista a nivel nacional que afronte los conflictos locales y regionales.

By means of the Action-Participation Research method, the articulation of a local social movement which faced global fights against macro projects for the usurpation of the water resource and fragile ecosystems which were affected because of the extension in the Aqueduct in the Metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, is systematized. The movement has its origins in the area of Piedecuesta (Santander, Colombia), and as a network (Cohen & Arato, 2000; Melucci, 2002) it has extended to different areas to the municipalities of Guaca, Tona and the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga. For this specific case of the "Defenders of the Water Movement" Cohen and Arato's (2000) theories are applied in the reconstruction of civil society using two of the great paradigms of social movements: mobilization of resources and "new social movements", this way, making contemporary social movements easier to understand. The action framework of the "Defenders of the Water Movement" struggle is given in the 1991 Constitution, in which a Social State of Rights immersed into a market economy (Jiménez, 2008) is postulated. Thence it follows the legislative flow such as Law 134 of Citizen Participation, which regulates Town Meetings, and Law 99 from 1993 about Environment which, in article 72, refers to Environmental Public Audiences as mechanisms which are used by the Movement above mentioned as struggle instruments. This article allows to glance the role of professionals in the social movement, the dialogue of knowledge between popular knowledge and scientific knowledge which structure the Movement, the role of non-governmental organizations in the logics of the Neoliberal State (Escobar, Álvarez & Dagnino, 2001). The creation and evolution of a social movement will be shown, as well as its transformation, its achievements such as the solidarity attained, the l cultural policy generated both within civil society and within the State., The calls to symbolic and counterpublic spaces (Escobar, Álvarez &Dagnino, 2010), the pacific demonstrations of 200, 1200, 2000 and 5000 people from urban and rural origins, facts that made the macro project stop at a regional level. Besides, collective and individual defeats in scenarios of conflict, and also to relate how, wanting to extend the struggle to a national context, fails. This is to say it leaves as a question the lack of articulation of a social environment movement at a national level that faces local and regional environmental conflicts.

A observação de visitantes em museus: sobre ratos e seres humanos

O artigo apresenta uma revisãobibliográfica de estudos de públicoem museus que utilizam a observaçãodos visitantes como métodode coleta de dados. Estudosinicialmente baseados na psicologiacomportamental foram realizadosnos Estados Unidos desde os anos1920 e inspiraram muitas pesquisasposteriores. Abordagens etnográficasfavoreceram a melhor compreensãodos comportamentos dosvisitantes assim como o métododa “Lembrança Estimulada”. Doisestudos realizados pela autora emmuseus de arte de São Paulo sãodescritos e discutidos à luz da revisãobibliográfica inicial.

The article presents a literaturereview of museums’ audience studiesthat use timing and tracking asa method of data collection. Studiesinitially based on behavioralpsychology were performed in theUnited States since the 1920s andinspired many later studies. Ethnographicapproaches favored a betterunderstanding of the behaviorof visitors as well as the method of“Stimulated Recall.” Two studies bythe author in art museums of SãoPaulo are described and discussedin light of the initial literature review.