Augmentin loaded functionalized halloysite nanotubes: A sustainable emerging nanocarriers for biomedical applications.

Clay minerals such as Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), abundantly available green nanomaterial, exhibit a significant advantage in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, antibacterial and antimicrobials, tissue engineering or regeneration, etc. Because of the mesoporous structure and high absorbability, HNTs exhibit great potential as a nanocarrier in drug delivery applications. The sulfuric acid treatment enhances the surface area of the HNTs and thereby improves their drug-loading capacity by enlarging their lumen space/inner diameter. In the present investigation, based on the literature that supports the efficacy of drug loading after acid treatment, a dual treatment was performed to functionalize the HNTs surface. First, the HNTs were etched and functionalized using sulfuric acid. The acid-functionalized HNTs underwent another treatment using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) to better interact the drug molecules with the HNTs surfaces for efficient drug loading. Augmentin, a potential drug molecule of the penicillin group, was used for HNTs loading, and their antibacterial properties, cytotoxicity, and cumulative drug release (%) were evaluated. Different characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), confirm the loading of Augmentin to the APTES@Acid HNTs. TEM images confirm the effective loading of the drug molecule with the HNTs. The drug encapsulation efficiency shows 40.89%, as confirmed by the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Also, the Augmentin-loaded APTES@Acid HNTs exhibited good antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus and low cytotoxicity, as confirmed by the MTT assay. The drug release studies confirmed the sustainable release of Augmentin from the APTES@Acid HNTs. Hence, the treated HNTs can be considered as a potential nanocarrier for effectively delivering Augmentin and promoting enhanced therapeutic benefits.

Cognitive- and memory-enhancing effects of Augmentin in Alzheimer's rats through regulation of gene expression and neuronal cell apoptosis.

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia among older persons. This study looked at how Augmentin affected behavior, gene expression, and apoptosis in rats in which AD had been induced by scopolamine. Methods: The rats were divided into five groups: control, sham, memantine, Augmentin, and pre-Augmentin (the last group received Augmentin before scopolamine administration and was treated with memantine). A Morris water maze was utilized to measure spatial memory in the animals, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry were employed to analyze gene expression and neuronal cell apoptosis, respectively. Results: Memantine and Augmentin increased spatial memory in healthy rats. The use of scopolamine impaired spatial memory. Both Augmentin and memantine improved spatial memory in AD rats, particularly in the group that received memantine; however, the outcomes were more substantial when Augmentin was administered before scopolamine was given to induce AD. Furthermore, the expression of presenilin-2 (PSEN2) and inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B (ITPKB) increased, whereas the expression of DEAD-box helicase 5 (DDX5) fell in the AD-treated groups; however, the results were more substantial after combination therapy. According to flow cytometry studies, Augmentin pre-treatment reduced apoptosis in AD rats. Discussion: The results showed that administering Augmentin to AD rats before memantine improved their spatial memory, reduced neuronal cell death, upregulated protective genes, and suppressed genes involved in AD pathogenesis.

[Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in late pregnancy]. / Amoxicilline-acide clavulanique (Augmentin®) en fin de grossesse.

In 2001, a clinical trial on prophylactic antibiotics in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes reported an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns whose mothers were given amoxicillin-clavulanic acid before delivery. This study generated concern and reluctance to use this antibiotic in late pregnancy, despite its methodological limitations and the lack of confirmation in 3 studies published between 2001 and 2008. Since then, there have been no original publications on the topic. Therefore, the results available to date do not support an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis with the use of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in late pregnancy. In clinical situations where amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is required, it can be prescribed at any stage of pregnancy, including just before delivery.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Amoxicillin Combined With Clavulanic Acid in Healthy and Critically Ill Dogs.

Background: Data regarding antimicrobial pharmacokinetics (PK) in critically ill dogs are lacking and likely differ from those of healthy dogs. The aim of this work is to describe a population PK model for intravenous (IV) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) in both healthy and sick dogs and to simulate a range of clinical dosing scenarios to compute PK/PD cutoffs for both populations. Methods: This study used a prospective clinical trial in normal and critically ill dogs. Twelve client-owned dogs hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) received IV AMC 20 mg/kg every 8 h (0.5-h infusion) during at least 48 h. Eight blood samples were collected at predetermined times, including four trough samples before the next administration. Clinical covariates and outcome were recorded, including survival to discharge and bacteriologic clinical failure. Satellite PK data were obtained de novo from a group of 12 healthy research dogs that were dosed with a single AMC 20 mg/kg IV. Non-linear mixed-effects model was used to estimate the PK parameters (and the effect of health upon them) together with variability within and between subjects. Monte Carlo simulations were performed with seven dosage regimens (standard and increased doses). The correlation between model-derived drug exposure and clinical covariates was tested with Spearman's non-parametric correlation analysis. Outcome was recorded including survival to discharge and bacteriologic clinical failure. Results: A total of 218 amoxicillin concentrations in plasma were available for healthy and sick dogs. A tricompartmental model best described the data. Amoxicillin clearance was reduced by 56% in sick dogs (0.147 L/kg/h) compared with healthy dogs (0.336 L/kg/h); intercompartmental clearance was also decreased (p <0.01). None of the clinical data covariates were significantly correlated with individual exposure. Monte Carlo simulations showed that higher PK/PD cutoff values of 8 mg/L could be reached in sick dogs by extending the infusion to 3 h or doubling the dose. Conclusions: The PK of AMC is profoundly different in critically ill dogs compared with normal dogs, with much higher interindividual variability and a lower systemic clearance. Our study allows to generate hypotheses with regard to higher AMC exposure in clinical dogs and provides supporting data to revise current AMC clinical breakpoint for IV administration.

Successful treatment of relapsed enterococcal endocarditis with amoxicillin/clavulanate: A case report.

Enterococcus is considered to be a common cause of endocarditis with unfavorable outcomes. We report a case of successful treatment of relapsed prosthetic valve Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with oral amoxicillin/clavulanate. Enterococcal endocarditis is associated with a high relapse rate, even with the recommended treatment duration by the guidelines. Oral therapy is increasingly considered as part of the management of such serious infections.

A comparative study of the efficacy of intravenous benzylpenicillin and intravenous augmentin in the empirical management of Ludwig's angina.

Background: Ludwig's angina is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by bilateral cellulitis of the submandibular, submental, and sublingual spaces. Intravenous (I.V) penicillin G or amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin) has been recommended for use as empirical management before obtaining culture and sensitivity results. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic efficacies and clinical outcomes of I.V benzylpenicillin with I.V Augmentin in the empirical management of Ludwig's angina. Methods: This was a prospective randomized clinical study carried out to measure the rate of swelling reduction (using the lobar rate, Adam's rate, and interincisal distance) and other clinical parameters among the two drug groups (I.V penicillin G and Augmentin). Descriptive summaries of variables were generated, and Student's t-test was used to compare the mean outcomes of the two groups. Results: A total of 26 individuals participated in the study, consisting of 46% (12) males and 54% (14) females. The participants ranged from 13 to 61 years with mean and median of 34.4 (±12.7) and 35 years, respectively. Only 8% of the cases of Ludwig's angina were not attributable to odontogenic factors, compared to 92% resulting from odontogenic causes. There was no significant difference in the efficacy of the two antibiotics used in this study. Conclusion: The efficacies and the clinical outcomes of the two antibiotics were similar. Benzylpenicillin is probably a suitable empirical alternative where Augmentin cannot be afforded, to reduce the mortality associated with the condition.

RésuméContexte: L'angine de Ludwig est une condition potentiellement mortelle caractérisée par la cellulite bilatérale des espaces sousmandibulaires, sousmentaux et souslinguaux. On a recommandé la pénicilline (I.V) intraveineuse G ou l'amoxicilline-clavulanate (Augmentin) pour l'utilisation comme la gestion(direction) empirique avant l'obtention de résultats de sensibilité et la culture. Objectif: Le but de cette étude était de comparer les efficacités thérapeutiques et les résultats cliniques d'I.V benzylpenicillin avec I.V Augmentin dans la gestion(direction) empirique de l'angine de Ludwig. Procédés: C'était une étude clinique randomisée éventuelle a effectué mesurer le taux de réduction se gonflant (utilisant le taux de lobar, le taux d'Adam et la distance interincisal) et d'autres paramètres cliniques parmi les deux groupes de médicament (la pénicilline I.V G et Augmentin). Les résumés descriptifs de variables ont été produits et le t-test de l'Étudiant a été utilisé pour comparer les résultats moyens des deux groupes. Résultats: un total de 26 individus a participé à l'étude, consistant de 46 % (12) mâles et 54 % (14) femelles. Les participants se sont étendus de 13 à 61 ans avec moyen et médian de 34.4 (±12.7) et 35 ans, respectivement. Seulement 8 % des cas(affaires) de l'angine de Ludwig n'étaient pas attribuables aux facteurs odontogenic, comparés à 92 % résultant odontogenic des causes. Il n'y avait aucune différence significative dans l'efficacité des deux antibiotiques utilisés dans cette étude. Conclusion: Il n'y avait aucune différence significative dans les efficacités des deux antibiotiques dans le résultat clinique de traitement. Benzylpenicillin est probablement une alternative empirique appropriée où Augmentin ne peut pas avoir droit, réduire la mortalité associée à la condition.

Antibacterial Efficacy and Discoloration Potential of Endodontic Topical Antibiotics.

INTRODUCTION: The optimal concentration for the use of endodontic topical antibiotics is not known. The aims of this study were to determine the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, minocycline, Augmentin (GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC), and tigecycline against common endodontic pathogens and to evaluate ex vivo the antibacterial efficacy and discoloration effect of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), Augmentin, and tigecycline at different concentrations using a slow-release hydrogel scaffold. METHODS: Using the Epsilometer test method (Etest; bioMérieux USA, St Louis, MO), MICs and MBCs of selected antibiotics were determined against Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus intermedius, and Enterococcus faecalis. Biofilms of these bacterial species were then grown in extracted single-rooted teeth anaerobically for 3 weeks. Root canals were filled with TAP, Augmentin, and tigecycline at concentrations of 1 or 0.1 mg/mL in a degradable hydrogel scaffold or pure TAP at 1 g/mL for 7 days. Coronal discoloration was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after dressing. RESULTS: MIC/MBC data showed significant efficacy of tigecycline, Augmentin, and minocycline compared with the other antibiotics (P < .05). Significant differences were found when comparing the log10 colony-forming units of all experimental groups (P < .05). TAP at 1 g/mL had no bacterial growth but caused the greatest discoloration. Hydrogel mixtures with TAP, Augmentin, or tigecycline at 1 mg/mL significantly reduced bacterial growth and the number of positive samples compared with those at 0.1 mg/mL (P < .05) with minimal discoloration. CONCLUSIONS: TAP, Augmentin, and tigecycline in a hydrogel at 1 mg/mL reduced bacterial growth significantly with minimal color change.

Effects of orally administered Augmentin on glutamate transporter 1, cystine-glutamate exchanger expression and ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring rats.

Alcohol dependence is associated with deficits in glutamate uptake and impairment of glutamate homeostasis in different brain reward regions. Glutamate transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1), cystine-glutamate exchanger (xCT) and glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) are one of the key players in regulating extracellular glutamate concentration in the brain. Parenteral treatment with ceftriaxone, ß-lactam antibiotic, has been reported to attenuate ethanol consumption and reinstatement to cocaine-seeking behavior, in part, by restoring the expression of GLT-1 and xCT in mesocorticolimbic brain regions in rats. In this study, we focused to test Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanate), which can be administered orally to subjects. Therefore, we examined the effects of orally administered Augmentin on ethanol intake as well as GLT-1, xCT and GLAST expression in male alcohol-preferring (P) rats. We found that orally administered Augmentin significantly attenuated ethanol consumption in P rats as compared to the vehicle-treated group. Importantly, the attenuation in ethanol consumption was associated with a significant upregulation of GLT-1 and xCT expression in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). There was no effect of orally administered Augmentin on GLAST expression in either NAc or PFC. These findings present strong evidence that oral administration of Augmentin can be used as an alternative to parenteral treatment.

Assessment of Treatment of Community Acquired Severe Pneumonia by Two Different Antibiotics.

INTRODUCTION: Pneumonia is common presentation in the emergency room and is still a cause of morbidity and mortality. The rationale of this study was to test the trend of paediatricians to achieve rapid response facing severe pneumonia, the lack of agreed on plan for the management of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and the few experiences regarding injectable form of ß-lactam antimicrobial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective case control study, purposive randomized sampling, three patients were excluded since their information was incomplete, 132 patients were randomly divided into groups, one group named control group (penicillin according to the guidelines of WHO 2013), 33 patients; second group treated by ß-lactam inhibitors (Augmentin IV) 50 patients; and third group treated by 3(rd) generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) 49 patients. The study was conducted at the main tertiary care and paediatrics teaching hospital in Khartoum capital of Sudan. The study was completed within the duration from 2010 to 2011. RESULTS: Both group showed more or less similar results regarding response, as well as the failure rate however, the Augmentin and ceftriaxone groups showed a little bit better survival than the control group. CONCLUSION: Antibiotics decrease the mortality rate among the pneumonia patients provided that it is given early in the disease.

Effects of Amoxicillin and Augmentin on Cystine-Glutamate Exchanger and Glutamate Transporter 1 Isoforms as well as Ethanol Intake in Alcohol-Preferring Rats.

Alcohol dependence is associated with alteration of glutamate transport and glutamate neurotransmission. Glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is a major transporter that regulates the majority of extracellular glutamate concentration, which is also regulated by cystine-glutamate exchanger (xCT). Importantly, we recently reported that amoxicillin and Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanate) upreglulated GLT-1 expression in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) as well as reduced ethanol consumption in male P rats. In this study, we examined the effects of amoxicillin and Augmentin on GLT-1 isoforms (GLT-1a and GLT-1b), xCT, and glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) expression in NAc and PFC as well as ethanol intake in male P rats. We found that both compounds significantly reduced ethanol intake, and increased GLT-1a, GLT-1b, and xCT expression in NAc. However, only Augmentin increased GLT-1a, GLT-1b, and xCT expression in PFC. There were no effects of these compounds on GLAST expression in NAc and PFC. These findings demonstrated that Augmentin and amoxicillin have the potential to upregulate GLT-1 isoforms and xCT expression, and consequently attenuate ethanol dependence.

Amoxicillin-Clavulanate-Induced Liver Injury.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Amoxicillin-clavulanate (AC) is the most frequent cause of idiosyncratic drug-induced injury (DILI) in the US DILI Network (DILIN) registry. Here, we examined a large cohort of AC-DILI cases and compared features of AC-DILI to those of other drugs. METHODS: Subjects with suspected DILI were enrolled prospectively, and cases were adjudicated as previously described. Clinical variables and outcomes of patients with AC-DILI were compared to the overall DILIN cohort and to DILI caused by other antimicrobials. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen subjects with AC-DILI were identified from the cohort (n = 1038) representing 11 % of all cases and 24 % of those due to antimicrobial agents (n = 479). Those with AC-DILI were older (60 vs. 48 years, P < 0.001). AC-DILI was more frequent in men than women (62 vs. 39 %) compared to the overall cohort (40 vs. 60 %, P < 0.001). The mean time to symptom onset was 31 days. The Tb, ALT, and ALP were 7 mg/dL, 478, and 325 U/L at onset. Nearly all liver biopsies showed prominent cholestatic features. Resolution of AC-DILI, defined by return of Tb to <2.5 mg/dL, occurred on average 55 days after the peak value. Three female subjects required liver transplantation, and none died due to DILI. CONCLUSION: AC-DILI causes a moderately severe, mixed hepatocellular-cholestatic injury, particularly in older men, unlike DILI in general, which predominates in women. Although often protracted, eventual apparent recovery is typical, particularly for men and usually in women, but three women required liver transplantation.

Amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate reduce ethanol intake and increase GLT-1 expression as well as AKT phosphorylation in mesocorticolimbic regions.

Studies have shown that administration of the ß-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone (CEF) attenuates ethanol consumption and cocaine seeking behavior as well as prevents ethanol-induced downregulation of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) expression in central reward brain regions. However, it is not known if these effects are compound-specific. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of two other ß-lactam antibiotics, amoxicillin (AMOX) and amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin, AUG), on ethanol drinking, as well as GLT-1 and phosphorylated-AKT (pAKT) levels in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of alcohol-preferring (P) rats. P rats were exposed to free-choice of ethanol (15% and 30%) for five weeks and were given five consecutive daily i.p. injections of saline vehicle, 100 mg/kg AMOX or 100mg/kg AUG. Both compounds significantly decreased ethanol intake and significantly increased GLT-1 expression in the Acb. AUG also increased GLT-1 expression in the mPFC. Results for changes in pAKT levels matched those for GLT-1, indicating that ß-lactam antibiotic-induced reductions in ethanol intake are negatively associated with increases in GLT-1 and pAKT levels within two critical brains regions mediating drug reward and reinforcement. These findings add to a growing literature that pharmacological increases in GLT-1 expression are associated with decreases in ethanol intake and suggest that one mechanism mediating this effect may be increased phosphorylation of AKT. Thus, GLT-1 and pAKT may serve as molecular targets for the treatment of alcohol and drug abuse/dependence.

Is pulp regeneration necessary for root maturation?

INTRODUCTION: True regeneration of the dental pulp-dentin complex in immature teeth with necrotic pulps has not been shown histologically. It is not known to what extent this true tissue regeneration is necessary to achieve clinically acceptable outcomes. METHODS: This case report describes the treatment of a patient with an immature maxillary right central incisor with a history of impact trauma and enamel-dentin crown fracture. A diagnosis of pulp necrosis with acute apical abscess was established. A regenerative endodontic protocol that used a paste containing Augmentin for 5 weeks as an intracanal medicament was used. RESULTS: Follow-ups at 9, 12, 17, and 31 months revealed complete osseous healing of the periapical lesion and formation of the root apex, but without increase in root length. Clinically, the tooth was functional, asymptomatic, and nonresponsive to pulp vitality tests. The crown discolored over time. On reentering the root canal, no tissues were observed under magnification inside the root canal space. The root canal treatment was completed with mineral trioxide aggregate obturation. CONCLUSIONS: Augmentin might be an acceptable choice for root canal disinfection in regenerative endodontic procedures. The protocol for regenerative endodontic treatment is not predictable for pulp-dentin regeneration. Formation of the root apex is possible without pulp regeneration.

What Approach can Primary Care Physicians Adopt to Manage their Patient who is Upset as a Result of Adverse Effect from their Treatment?

The article explores the various approaches a doctor can use in managing and upset patient. These approaches include BATHE (Background-Affect-Troubles-Handling-Empathy), LEARN (Listen-Explain-Acknowledge-Recommend and Negotiate) and LEAP (Listen-Empathise-Agree-Partnership). We include a case study of a 16 year old patient who presented with a sore throat. She subsequently developed a rash after starting Amoxicillin, which was later changed to Augmentin. The doctor utilised the BATHE approach in managing the patient’s unhappiness.

Rhinologic issues in pregnancy.

The diagnosis and treatment of rhinitis, sinusitis, and epistaxis during pregnancy present unique challenges to the otolaryngologist. Poorly controlled sinonasal disease may have significant adverse effects on the mother's quality of life and pregnancy outcomes and the lack of adequately controlled safety data limits the clinician's ability to make informed decisions about management. At the conclusion of this discussion, the reader should be familiar with the available literature and evidence-based guidelines regarding the safety and indications for radiographic imaging, clinical testing, medical intervention, and surgical treatment of sinonasal disease in pregnant patients. A review was performed of pertinent guidelines regarding the management of gestational rhinitis, sinusitis, and epistaxis, including the diagnostic and therapeutic limitations and physiological changes specific to pregnancy. A study population of four patients was analyzed to highlight the steps of management by reviewing the patient charts including pertinent history, physical examination, clinical course, and operative reports. Two patients with epistaxis and two patients with rhinosinusitis ranging from 27 to 38 years of age and between 16 and 35 weeks gestation were analyzed. The treatment of sinonasal disease during pregnancy is challenging and a thorough knowledge of the available medical evidence and treatment guidelines is necessary to optimize pregnancy outcomes. When the severity of disease precludes the possibility of delaying treatment, the clinician should provide a limited intervention that optimizes the mother's health without placing the fetus at significant risk.

Selective agent and A. tumefaciens overgrowth-control antibiotics in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Cotiledonary culture

The objectives of the present work were to establish the minimal lethal dose of the selective agent to determine the type and concentration of appropriate antibiotics for the elimination of Agrobacterium tumefaciens inoculated explants, without interfering with the regenerative potential of the E. camaldulensis cotyledonary explants. Non-transformed explants were cultivated in medium supplemented with kanamycin. The results showed that the antibiotic was suitable for the selection of transformed cells in the concentration of 9 mg L-1 as it inhibited the growth of non-transformed cells. Cotyledons infected with A. tumefaciens were cultivated in MS N/2 medium supplemented with BAP, ANA, Km and cefotaxime or AugmentinÒ . The highest average of regenerated shoots by explant (5,4) was observed in the presence of 300 mg L-1 of AugmentinÒ /15 days, followed by 150 mg L-1/15 days and 100 mg L-1/30 days.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o tipo e a concentração de antibióticos adequados para a eliminação de Agrobacterium tumefaciens de explantes inoculados e estabelecer a dose letal mínima do agente seletivo canamicina (Km), sem interferir com o potencial regenerativo do explante cotiledonar de E. camaldulensis. Para a avaliação da eficiência dos antibióticos, cotilédones infectados com A. tumefaciens foram cultivados em meio MS N/2 com BAP, ANA, canamicina e cefotaxima ou AugmentinaÒ . Foi observada a maior média de brotos regenerados por explante (5,4) na presença de 300 mg.L-1 de AugmentinaÒ /15 dias, seguido por 150 mg.L-1/30 dias, e 100 mg.L-1/30 dias. Explantes cotiledonares não transformados foram cultivados em meio de cultura suplementado com antibiótico canamicina onde a concentração adequada para a seleção de células transformadas foi de 9 mg.L-1.

Studies of the anti-bacterial activities of Augmentin on common pathogenic bacteria in children / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To understand the drug tolerance of Augmentin for Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae spp and other pathogens Methods The MIC, MBC and bactericidal curves of Augmentin of 135 clinically isolated pathogenic bacteria were assayed The anti bacterial activity and clinical effect between Augmentin, Cefurxine, Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin and Cefazolin were compared by MIC 50 , MIC 90 , MBC 50 , MBC 90 and modal number MIC,MBC Results Augmentin was better than the same kind of antibiotic without ? lactamase inhibitor It had a good effect for anti bacteria activity of extend spectrum ? lactamase (ESBLs) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae spp Conclusion Augmentin can be used for infection of ESBLs and other common pathogenic bacteria, since it has a good anti bacterial activity for most clinicaly isolated pathogenic bacteria and productive enzyme bacteria

SYNER6ISM OF TWO DRUGS COMBIANTION OF AUGMENTIN AND FOUR ANTIBIOTICS / 中国药理学通报

In vitro synergistic activity of augmentin and amikacini sulfas, gentamicini sulfatis, cefazolinum natricum cloxacillinum natricum against 162 strains organism isolated from the clinical laboratories in Beijing were investigated. The results showed: At 8mg/L clavula-nic acid and 16mg/L amoxicillin of augmentin. Combined with 4 antibiotics against staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae shi-gella dysenteriae were showed 100% synergistic activity. The combination of augmentin and gentamicini sulfatis and amikacini sulfas against proteus vulgaris showed: Synergistic in 80% and 85%; against Escherichia coli synergistic in 93.33%; against Enterobacter cloacae synergistic in 17.86% and 42.86%, the combination of augmentin and cefazolinum natricum against Escherichia coli and proteus synergistic in all 100% and 85%.The combination of augmentin and cefazoliinum natricum against enterobacter cloacae in 100% antagonism.

Clinical Study of Augmentin in G-U Tract Infection / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Augmentin is a formulation of amoxycillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate, a fused beta-lactam molecule produced by the fermentation of straptomyces clavuligerus. Most clinically important resistance is due to the production by bacteria of antibiotic destroying enzymes. In the case of penicillins and cephalospolins these enzymes are termed beta-lactamse as they destroy the beta-lactam ring of these antibiotics completely inactivating them. The presence of clavulanic acid extends the spectrum of amoxycillin to include beta-lactamse producing strains of common pathogens such as Staphylococcus, H influenza, E. coli, Neisseria spp, Proteus spp, Salmonella and Shigella. On clinical study of Augmenting in the field of Genitourinary tract infection cases. We selected randomly 30 patients, 20 males and 10 females, age from 21 to 71, in the period from October, 1985 to February, 1986. Among the total 30 patients, 15 were uncomplicated urinary tract infection and 15 were complicated urinary tract infection. Of the 15 patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection, 14 patients had not bacteriuria after therapy and 1 patient was not changed. The clinical efficacy rate was 93.4%. Of the 4 patients with persistent infection, 2 patients had resistant P. aeruginosa, and 2 patients had S marcescens persistantly. The clinical efficacy rate was 73.4%. In 2 cases, mild diarrhea was developed, but medication was not stopped. The liver and renal function were normal range before and after treatment.