Despenalización de la eutanasia en Bélgica: un perfil de veinte años e implicaciones deontológicas / Legalització de l'eutanàsia a Bèlgica: un perfil de vint anys i implicacions ètiques / Decriminalization of euthanasia in Belgium: Aprofile of twenty years and deontological implications

El artículo pone en contexto las estadísticas de veinte años desde la despenalización de la eutanasia en Bélgica. En esta reconstrucción se analizan los aspectos centrales de la política, tales como su carácter democrático y la protección de la objeción de conciencia. A menudo discutido de forma aislada, este artículo plantea el fin de vida voluntario como parte de un programa paliativo que, a su vez, integra una visión más amplia, como se refleja en el paquete de regulaciones del año 2002. Además de delinear ciertas consecuencias deontológicas, entre otras, el artículo subraya el carácter excepcional de la eutanasia, limitándose a casos debidamente calificados de sufrimiento físico o psíquico, pero que de manera significativa reivindica el respecto de la autonomía de la persona. Con todo, el artículo invita a considerar códigos morales múltiples de cara a uno de los pocos eventos de los que tenemos certeza: la muerte.(AU)

L'article posa en context les estadístiques de vint anys des de la despenalització de l'eutanàsia a Bèlgica. En aquesta reconstrucció s'analitzen els aspectes centrals de la política, com el seu caràcter democràtic i la protecció de l'objecció de consciència. Sovint discutit de forma aïllada, aquest article planteja la fi de vida voluntària com a part d'un programa pal·liatiu que, al seu torn, integra una visió més àmplia, com es reflecteix en el paquet de regulacions de l'any 2002. A més de delinear certes conseqüències deontològiques, entre d'altres, l'article subratlla el caràcter excepcional de l'eutanàsia, limitant-se a casos degudament qualificats de patiment físic o psíquic, però que de manera significativa reivindica el respecte de l'autonomia de la persona. Amb tot, l'article convida a considerar codis morals múltiples de cara a un dels pocs esdeveniments dels quals tenim certesa: la mort.(AU)

The article brings into context the statistics of twenty years since the decriminalization of euthanasia in Belgium. In reconstructing this process, the central aspects of the policy are analysed, such as its democratic nature and the protection of conscientious objection. Often discussed in isolation, this article considers voluntary end of life as part of a palliative program that, in turn, integrates a broader vision, as reflected in the 2002 package of regulations. In addition to outlining some of its consequences, deontological and otherwise, the article underlines the exceptional use of euthanasia, limited to duly qualified cases of physical or mental suffering, but that it also significantly increases respect for the autonomy of the person. All in all, the article invites us to consider multiple moral codes in the face of one of the few events of which we are certain: death.(AU)

Accumulation of marine litter in cold-water coral habitats: A comparative study of two Irish Special Areas of Conservation, NE Atlantic.

Cold-water corals (CWCs) have come under threat from anthropogenic activities such as fishing despite their ecological significance as biodiversity hotspots and as such are being protected in Europe under the EU Habitats Directive with some designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). This study maps the distribution and sources of marine litter in CWC habitats in two SACs on the Irish margin. Data were collected with remotely operated vehicle in the SACs. The density, abundance and composition of litter were assessed, with differences observed between the two sites. The regional morphology influences the distribution of litter in the SACs, with CWC reefs and rock exposures trapping more marine litter. Fishing gear (80.7%) and plastics (55.1%) were commonly found. The observed fisheries-derived litter in the SACs exceed global averages of 10-20% fishing gear, suggesting the SACs appear to offer limited protection to the coral habitats with respect to marine litter.

Belgica antarctica (Diptera: Chironomidae): A natural model organism for extreme environments.

Belgica antarctica (Diptera: Chironomidae), a brachypterous midge endemic to the maritime Antarctic, was first described in 1900. Over more than a century of study, a vast amount of information has been compiled on the species (3 750 000 Google search results as of January 10, 2021), encompassing its ecology and biology, life cycle and reproduction, polytene chromosomes, physiology, biochemistry and, increasingly, omics. In 2014, B. antarctica's genome was sequenced, further boosting research. Certain developmental stages can be cultured successfully in the laboratory. Taken together, this wealth of information allows the species to be viewed as a natural model organism for studies of adaptation and function in extreme environments.

The Belgica 121 expedition to the Western Antarctic Peninsula: a detailed biodiversity census.

BACKGROUND: This dataset relates to the biodiversity census carried out during the Belgica 121 (B121) expedition to the Western Antarctic Peninsula from February to March 2019. One of the aims of the campaign was to explore the surroundings of the Gerlache Strait and to carry out a detailed biodiversity census focusing on inter- and subtidal shallow-water areas using both classic descriptive marine ecology methods, as well as state-of-the art techniques (habitat mapping, genetics, trophic ecology). The biodiversity census was carried out onboard a nimble research vessel, RV Australis. This dataset will offer access to the raw data on biodiversity occurrences, obtained using a range of methods described in this data paper. NEW INFORMATION: New raw biodiversity data for a poorly-sampled region (Western Antarctic Peninsula) with a special focus on shallow ecosystems.

Cytological and Transcriptomic Analysis Provide Insights into the Formation of Variegated Leaves in Ilex × altaclerensis 'Belgica Aurea'.

Ilex × altaclerensis 'Belgica Aurea' is an attractive ornamental plant bearing yellow-green variegated leaves. However, the mechanisms underlying the formation of leaf variegation in this species are still unclear. Here, the juvenile yellow leaves and mature variegated leaves of I. altaclerensis 'Belgica Aurea' were compared in terms of leaf structure, pigment content and transcriptomics. The results showed that no obvious differences in histology were noticed between yellow and variegated leaves, however, ruptured thylakoid membranes and altered ultrastructure of chloroplasts were found in yellow leaves (yellow) and yellow sectors of the variegated leaves (variegation). Moreover, the yellow leaves and the yellow sectors of variegated leaves had significantly lower chlorophyll compared to green sectors of the variegated leaves (green). In addition, transcriptomic sequencing identified 1675 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three pairwise comparisons (yellow vs. green, variegation vs. green, yellow vs. variegation). Expression of magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (MgPME) [oxidative] cyclase, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthase were decreased in the yellow leaves. Altogether, chlorophyll deficiency might be the main factors driving the formation of leaf variegation in I.altaclerensis 'Belgica Aurea'.

Diatom type material in permanent slides does not need to be permanently unavailable for electron microscopy examination.

The inability to thoroughly examine diatom type material existing only in resin-mounted permanent slides is a common frustration for diatomologists. Here, we present an efficient, inexpensive, and straightforward technique to extract siliceous exoskeletons of diatoms from permanent slides prepared with commonly used mounting media. Van Heurck's slide constituting an isotype duplicate of Proschkinia bulnheimii var. belgica, an entity with an uncertain taxonomic status, was deconstructed to allow thorough examination using scanning electron microscopy. Numerous specimens of the taxon, including intact frustules and specimens with complete areola occlusions, were recovered and documented. The extracted diatom material was sufficient to prepare two scanning electron microscopy specimens and reconstruct the permanent slide. The proposed approach may help overcome many of the taxonomic bottlenecks associated with the low resolution of information provided by older diatom descriptions and permanent slide observations.

Changes in Energy Reserves and Gene Expression Elicited by Freezing and Supercooling in the Antarctic Midge, Belgica antarctica.

Freeze-tolerance, or the ability to survive internal ice formation, is relatively rare among insects. Larvae of the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica are freeze-tolerant year-round, but in dry environments, the larvae can remain supercooled (i.e., unfrozen) at subzero temperatures. In previous work with summer-acclimatized larvae, we showed that freezing is considerably more stressful than remaining supercooled. Here, these findings are extended by comparing survival, tissue damage, energetic costs, and stress gene expression in larvae that have undergone an artificial winter acclimation regime and are either frozen or supercooled at -5 °C. In contrast to summer larvae, winter larvae survive at -5 °C equally well for up to 14 days, whether frozen or supercooled, and there is no tissue damage at these conditions. In subsequent experiments, we measured energy stores and stress gene expression following cold exposure at -5 °C for either 24 h or 14 days, with and without a 12 h recovery period. We observed slight energetic costs to freezing, as frozen larvae tended to have lower glycogen stores across all groups. In addition, the abundance of two heat shock protein transcripts, hsp60 and hsp90, tended to be higher in frozen larvae, indicating higher levels of protein damage following freezing. Together, these results indicate a slight cost to being frozen relative to remaining supercooled, which may have implications for the selection of hibernacula and responses to climate change.

Changing paradigms in Aedes control: considering the spatial heterogeneity of dengue transmission / Cambio de paradigma en el control de Aedes: consideración de la heterogeneidad espacial de la transmisión del dengue

ABSTRACT Current dengue vector control strategies, focusing on reactive implementation of insecticide-based interventions in response to clinically apparent disease manifestations, tend to be inefficient, short-lived, and unsustainable within the worldwide epidemiological scenario of virus epidemic recrudescence. As a result of a series of expert meetings and deliberations, a paradigm shift is occurring and a new strategy, using risk stratification at the city level in order to concentrate proactive, sustained efforts in areas at high risk for transmission, has emerged. In this article, the authors 1) outline this targeted, proactive intervention strategy, within the context of dengue epidemiology, the dynamics of its transmission, and current Aedes control strategies, and 2) provide support from published literature for the need to empirically test its impact on dengue transmission as well as on the size of disease outbreaks. As chikungunya and Zika viruses continue to expand their range, the need for a science-based, proactive approach for control of urban Aedes spp. mosquitoes will become a central focus of integrated disease management planning.

RESUMEN Las estrategias actuales de control de vectores del dengue, centradas en la ejecución reactiva de intervenciones con insecticidas en respuesta a la aparición de cuadros clínicos evidentes de la enfermedad, suelen ser ineficientes, de duración limitada e insostenibles en el contexto epidemiológico mundial, caracterizado por la recrudescencia de las epidemias virales. Como resultado de una serie de reuniones y deliberaciones entre expertos, está en proceso un cambio de paradigma y ha surgido una nueva estrategia, que consiste en estratificar el riesgo de cada ciudad para concentrar y mantener los esfuerzos proactivos donde hay un alto riesgo de transmisión. En este artículo, los autores 1) describen esta estrategia de intervención específica y proactiva dentro del contexto de las características epidemiológicas del dengue, la dinámica de su transmisión y las estrategias actuales de control de Aedes y 2) fundamentan con fuentes bibliográficas la necesidad de demostrar empíricamente las repercusiones de esta estrategia sobre la transmisión del dengue y el tamaño de los brotes. Dado que los virus del chikunguña y el Zika siguen ampliando su alcance, uno de los objetivos primordiales de la planificación de la atención integrada de estas enfermedades estará determinado por la necesidad de adoptar un enfoque científico y proactivo del control urbano de los mosquitos del género Aedes.

Caso belga de eutanásia em crianças: solução ou problema? / The Belgian case of euthanasia for children, solution or problem?

A aprovação da extensão da prática da eutanásia a menores de idade em 2014, pela Bélgica, reacendeu o debate internacional sobre as decisões médicas em fim de vida em crianças. De fato, a medicina nem sempre tem resposta para a doença grave de uma criança. No entanto, será a eutanásia uma solução equacionável? Partindo da realidade belga, este artigo analisa a premência da nova legislação, considerando, por um lado, a capacidade crescente de autodeterminação das crianças e, por outro, a sua falta de “experiência de vida”, não esquecendo argumentos clássicos que contrariam a prática da eutanásia, como o desrespeito pelo valor da vida humana e a eventual concretização do argumento da ladeira escorregadia. Uma solução óbvia passa pela realização de cuidados paliativos apropriados. Todavia, sendo escassa a evidência sobre a qualidade dos cuidados pediátricos em fim de vida, é necessária investigação adicional para que se possam formular e propor políticas públicas adequadas a respeito da matéria...

By extending its euthanasia law to minors in 2014, Belgium has fuelled the international debate on this issue. In fact, Medicine does not always have something to offer when it comes to a child’s serious disease. Nevertheless, should euthanasia be considered a viable solution? Keeping in mind the Belgian reality, this article analyses the relevance of the new law, considering, on one hand, children’s growing self-determination capacity and, on the other hand, their lack of “life experience”. Let’s not forget, in addition, classical arguments against euthanasia, such as the disrespect for the value of human life and the eventual approaching of the slippery slope. An obvious solution for this problem is the implementation of a proper palliative care system. However, evidence about the quality of pediatric end-of-life care is scarce. Therefore, additional investigation is necessary in order to formulate and propose an appropriate public policy on the matter...

La aprobación de la práctica de la extensión de la eutanasia a menores en 2014 por Bélgica ha reavivado el debate internacional sobre las decisiones médicas en el fin de la vida de los niños. De hecho, la medicina no siempre ha de responder a la enfermedad grave de un hijo. Sin embargo, ¿debería considerarse la eutanasia como una solución viable? Partiendo de la realidad belga, este artículo analiza la emergencia de la nueva ley: considerando, por un lado, la creciente capacidad de autodeterminación de los niños y, en segundo lugar, su falta de “experiencia de vida”, sin olvidar los clásicos argumentos que contradicen la práctica de la eutanasia, como el desprecio por el valor de la vida humana y la eventual realización de “rampa de deslizamiento”. Una solución obvia es implementar los cuidados paliativos adecuados. Sin embargo, puesto que las pruebas sobre la calidad de la atención con el fin de la vida pediátrica son escasas, se requiere investigación adicional para poder formular y proponer políticas públicas adecuadas en esta área...

Environmental determinants of recent endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infections in amphibian assemblages in the absence of disease outbreaks.

The inconsistent distribution of large-scale infection mediated die-offs and the subsequent population declines of several animal species, urges us to understand how, when, and why species are affected by disease. It is often unclear when or under what conditions a pathogen constitutes a threat to a host. Often, variation of environmental conditions plays a role. Globally Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes amphibian declines; however, host responses are inconsistent and this fungus appears equally capable of reaching a state of endemism and subsequent co-existence with native amphibian assemblages. We sought to identify environmental and temporal factors that facilitate host-pathogen coexistence in northern Europe. To do this, we used molecular diagnostics to examine archived and wild amphibians for infection and general linear mixed models to explore relationships between environmental variables and prevalence of infection in 5 well-sampled amphibian species. We first detected infection in archived animals collected in 1999, and infection was ubiquitous, but rare, throughout the study period (2008-2010). Prevalence of infection exhibited significant annual fluctuations. Despite extremely rare cases of lethal chytridiomycosis in A. obstetricans, Bd prevalence was uncorrelated with this species' population growth. Our results suggest context dependent and species-specific host susceptibility. Thus, we believe recent endemism of Bd coincides with environmentally driven Bd prevalence fluctuations that preclude the build-up of Bd infection beyond the critical threshold for large-scale mortality and host population crashes.