The influence of periodontal status and serum biomarkers on salivary leptin levels in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of periodontal status, clinical data, and serum markers on salivary leptin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 38 patients with SLE and 29 healthy controls. Periodontal data included periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival bleeding on probing (BOP). Stimulated saliva samples were collected to analyze salivary leptin levels. Clinical and serum data were collected from the SLE group. Statistical analysis included the t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and a structural equation model. Results: The SLE group had a lower salivary leptin level than the control group (P = 0.002). The model revealed that SLE had an inverse and independent effect on salivary leptin (standardized estimate =  - 0.289, P = 0.023). Moreover, salivary leptin level negatively correlated with the serum levels of triglyceride, creatinine, and leukocytes, positively correlated with the serum total cholesterol, but was not significantly correlated with the periodontal status. Conclusion: These findings suggest that patients with SLE have a lower salivary leptin level. In addition, the level of salivary leptin does not appear to be related to periodontal status in patients with SLE.

Who moves in vulnerable Caribbean neighborhoods? Positive deviance for physical activity: Findings from the Jamaica health and Lifestyle Survey 2017 (JHLS III).

Decreased physical activity (PA) has been associated with residents living in neighborhoods perceived as being disordered or having high crime levels. What is unknown are the characteristics of individuals who engage in moderate to vigorous levels of PA (MVPA) despite living in these vulnerable neighborhoods, or who may be referred to as positive deviants (PD). We examined the factors associated with PD for PA among Jamaicans. Between 2016 and 2017 the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey, a cross-sectional nationally representative survey (n = 2807), was conducted on individuals aged 15 years and older. Regression analyses were performed to identify associations with PD, defined using engagement in MVPA among persons living in vulnerable neighborhoods (N = 1710). Being female (odds ratio [OR]a = 0.64 (0.48, 0.86); p = 0.003), obese while living in an urban area (ORa = 0.39; 95 % CI = 0.26, 0.59; p < 0.0001), unemployed (ORa = 0.53; 95 % CI = 0.39, 0.73; p < 0.0001), or a student (ORa = 0.62; 95 % CI = 0.39, 0.98); p = 0.041) was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of PD, while having a personal medical history of at least one chronic disease significantly increased likelihood (ORa = 1.43; 95 % CI = 1.08, 1.90; p = 0.014). Taking a PD approach may be one angle to consider in trying to determine what is working and for whom, so that this may be harnessed in policy, prevention and intervention programming to increase PA.

Transient decrease in sound tolerance levels following hearing deprivation in normal-hearing subjects.

Objective: To determine the circadian influence on sound sensitivity produced by temporal hearing deprivation in healthy normal human subjects. Design: Participants underwent bilateral earplugging before completion of anthropometry, the author's developed questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Inventory, pure tone audiometry (PTA), stapedial reflex thresholds (SRT), distortion products otoacoustic emissions input/output (DPOAE-I/O), and uncomfortable loudness levels (ULLs). Afterward, the participants were randomly divided into group A, starting at 8:00 a.m. and finishing at 8:00 p.m., and group B, starting at 4:00 p.m. and ending at 4:00 a.m. Serum cortisol levels and audiological test results were obtained at the beginning and end of the session and 24-h free urinary cortisol levels were measured. Study sample: Thirty healthy volunteers. Results: PTA was 2.68 and 3.33 dB HL in groups A and B, respectively, with no statistical difference between them. ULLs were significantly lower in group A compared to group B, with an average of 8.1 dB SPL in group A and 3.3 dB SPL in group B (p < 0.0001). A SRT shift was observed in group A, with no difference in group B, and a night shift in DPOAE-I/O in group B. Conclusions: Reduced loudness tolerance is demonstrated during daytime hearing deprivation in contrast to nighttime; this may be due to increased central gain in the awake cortex.

Acute kidney injury following cardiopulmonary bypass in Jamaica.

Objectives: The study objectives were to describe the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass in Jamaica. Method: We performed a review of the medical records of adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) with no prior dialysis requirement undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Mona, between January 1, 2016, and June 30, 2019. Demographic, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were abstracted. Acute kidney injury was defined using Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. The primary outcomes were acute kidney injury incidence and all-cause 30-day mortality. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional analyses were used to examine the association between the acute kidney injury risk factors and the primary outcome. Results: Data for 210 patients (58% men, mean age 58.1 ± 12.9 years) were analyzed. Acute kidney injury occurred in 80 patients (38.1%), 44% with Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes I, 33% with Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes II, and 24% with Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes III. From multivariable logistic regression models, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.39 per unit), bypass time (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-2.67 per hour), perioperative red cell transfusion (odds ratio, 3.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-6.76), and postoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.68 per 10-unit difference) were positively associated with acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury resulted in greater median hospital stay (18 vs 11 days, P < .001) and intensive care unit stay (5 vs 3 days, P < .001), and an 8-fold increase in 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 8.15; 95% confidence interval, 2.76-24.06, P < .001). Conclusions: Acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery occurs frequently in Jamaica and results in poor short-term outcomes. Further studies coupled with quality interventions to reduce the mortality of those with acute kidney injury are needed in the Caribbean.

Neurological manifestations by sex and age group in COVID-19 inhospital patients.

Introduction: Neurological manifestations have been associated with a poorer prognosis in COVID-19. However, data regarding their incidence according to sex and age groups is still lacking. Methods: This retrospective multicentric cohort collected data from 39 Brazilian hospitals from 17 cities, from adult COVID-19 admitted from March 2020 to January 2022. Neurological manifestations presented at hospital admission were assessed according to incidence by sex and age group. Results: From 13,603 COVID-19 patients, median age was 60 years old and 53.0% were men. Women were more likely to present with headaches (22.4% vs. 17.7%, p < 0.001; OR 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-1.52) than men and also presented a lower risk of having seizures (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20-0.94). Although delirium was more frequent in women (6.6% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.020), sex was not associated with delirium in the multivariable logistc regresssion analysis. Delirium, syncope and coma increased with age (1.5% [18-39 years] vs. 22.4% [80 years or over], p < 0.001, OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.06-1.07; 0.7% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.002, OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02; 0.2% vs. 1.3% p < 0.001, OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06), while, headache (26.5% vs. 7.1%, OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98-0.99), anosmia (11.4% vs. 3.3%, OR 0.99, 95% CI] 0.98-0.99 and ageusia (13.1% vs. 3.5%, OR 0.99, CI 0.98-0.99) decreased (p < 0.001 for all). Conclusion: Older COVID-19 patients were more likely to present delirium, syncope and coma, while the incidence of anosmia, ageusia and headaches decreased with age. Women were more likely to present headache, and less likely to present seizures.

Nutritional factors associated with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Background & aims: Malnutrition is a risk factor that can lead to diminished physical and mental function and impaired clinical outcome from diseases. This study was performed to investigate the influence of nutritional characteristics, age and the presence of pre-comorbidities in hospital mortality or medical discharge in a sample of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: This historical cohort study was conducted in adults and elderly patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to a nursing ward at the University Hospital of Brasilia (Brazil). Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, laboratory parameters, nutritional characteristics (NRS 2002, SARC-F, BMI) and discharge or death were retrospectively extracted from medical records. Differences in each group (in-hospital mortality or discharge) were assessed using unpaired Student's t test for continuous variables, or Pearson Chi-square tests for categorical data. Results: A total of 222 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in this study. Nutritional risk and sarcopenia risk were higher in patients who died compared to patients who were discharged (3.55 ± 1.30 vs 2.96 ± 1.30; p = 0.005, 6.81 ± 1.84 vs 4.96 ± 2.95; p < 0.001, respectively). BMI, albumin, and total protein were lower in mortality group than in the discharge group (25.10 ± 5.46 vs 27.82 ± 6.76; p = 0.009, 2.81 ± 0.62 vs 3.27 ± 0.53; p < 0.001, 6.08 ± 0.87 vs 6.48 ± 0.86; p = 0.007, respectively). The mean age between groups was also different with a higher age in the mortality group (70.24 ± 16.23) than in the discharge group (60.54 ± 16.57). Conclusions: Uses of validated tools to identify risk for malnutrition and sarcopenia would be beneficial in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in order to optimize the treatment between them.

Fat mass to fat-free mass ratio and its associations with clinical characteristics in asthma.

BACKGROUND: Fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (FM/FFM) assesses the combined effect of the balance between fat mass and fat-free mass. AIMS: to evaluate the associations beetween FM/FFM and clinical outcomes in asthma and to compare clinical characteristics between individuals with higher and lower FM/FFM. METHODS: 128 participants with asthma underwent anthropometric, spirometry and bioelectrical impedance assessments. Physical activity in daily life (PADL) was assessed by the Actigraph for 7 days. Daily dose of inhaled medication, steps of pharmacological treatment, Asthma Control Questionnaire, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were also assessed. Participants were classified into two groups according to the 50th percentile of reference values for FM/FFM. RESULTS: Individuals with higher FM/FFM (n=75) used higher daily doses of inhaled corticosteroids, had worse lung function and fewer steps/day when compared to those with lower FM/FFM (n=53) (P≤0.021). Associations were found between absolute values of FM/FFM with lung function (FEV1 and FVC [liters]): R2=0.207 and 0.364;P<0.0001), and between the categories of lower or higher FM/FFM with steps of medication treatment (Cramer's V=0.218;P=0.016) and level of PADL (Cramer's V=0.236;P=0.009). The highest FM/FFM was a determining factor of physical inactivity (OR: 3.21;95%CI:1.17-8.78) and highest steps of pharmacological treatment (OR: 8.89;95%CI:1.23-64.08). CONCLUSION: Higher FM/FFM is significantly associated with worse clinical characteristics in individuals with asthma, such as higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids, worse lung function and fewer steps/day. Moreover, higher FM/FFM is a determining factor of physical inactivity and the highest steps of pharmacological treatment for asthma.

In-hospital mortality and severe outcomes after hospital discharge due to COVID-19: A prospective multicenter study from Brazil.

Background: We evaluated in-hospital mortality and outcomes incidence after hospital discharge due to COVID-19 in a Brazilian multicenter cohort. Methods: This prospective multicenter study (RECOVER-SUS, NCT04807699) included COVID-19 patients hospitalized in public tertiary hospitals in Brazil from June 2020 to March 2021. Clinical assessment and blood samples were performed at hospital admission, with post-hospital discharge remote visits. Hospitalized participants were followed-up until March 31, 2021. The outcomes were in-hospital mortality and incidence of rehospitalization or death after hospital discharge. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional-hazard models were performed. Findings: 1589 participants [54.5% male, age=62 (IQR 50-70) years; BMI=28.4 (IQR,24.9-32.9) Kg/m² and 51.9% with diabetes] were included. A total of 429 individuals [27.0% (95%CI,24.8-29.2)] died during hospitalization (median time 14 (IQR,9-24) days). Older age [vs<40 years; age=60-69 years-aHR=1.89 (95%CI,1.08-3.32); age=70-79 years-aHR=2.52 (95%CI,1.42-4.45); age≥80-aHR=2.90 (95%CI 1.54-5.47)]; noninvasive or mechanical ventilation at admission [vs facial-mask or none; aHR=1.69 (95%CI 1.30-2.19)]; SAPS-III score≥57 [vs<57; aHR=1.47 (95%CI 1.13-1.92)] and SOFA score≥10 [vs <10; aHR=1.51 (95%CI 1.08-2.10)] were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. A total of 65 individuals [6.7% (95%CI 5.3-8.4)] had a rehospitalization or death [rate=323 (95%CI 250-417) per 1000 person-years] in a median time of 52 (range 1-280) days post-hospital discharge. Age ≥ 60 years [vs <60, aHR=2.13 (95%CI 1.15-3.94)] and SAPS-III ≥57 at admission [vs <57, aHR=2.37 (95%CI 1.22-4.59)] were independently associated with rehospitalization or death after hospital discharge. Interpretation: High in-hospital mortality rates due to COVID-19 were observed and elderly people remained at high risk of rehospitalization and death after hospital discharge. Funding: Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Programa INOVA-FIOCRUZ.

Childhood food insufficiency and adulthood cardiometabolic health conditions among a population-based sample of older adults in Puerto Rico.

Childhood food insufficiency negatively influences physical and psychosocial health in children, but less is known about long-term health implications. This study aimed to elucidate the association of childhood food insufficiency with older adulthood cardiometabolic conditions. We conducted cross-sectional analyses using data from the Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions Project (n = 2712), a population-based sample of elderly adults (>60 y) living in Puerto Rico. Childhood food insufficiency was ascertained with a proxy question on childhood economic hardships that prevented eating. Participants self-reported hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD; including heart attack, heart disease, or stroke). Obesity was assessed as body mass index using measured height and weight. Multivariable-adjusted, sex-stratified, complex survey logistic regression models tested associations of childhood food insufficiency with each condition, number of cardiometabolic conditions (0-6), and age of onset. Nearly a third (29.4%) of the sample reported childhood food insufficiency; 68.7% reported hypertension, 29.6% reported type 2 diabetes, 34.2% reported CVD, 29.9% were categorized with obesity, and 55.4% had two or more cardiometabolic conditions. In men, but not women, childhood food insufficiency was associated with higher odds of hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Intervals (CI)): 1.7 (1.1, 2.7)), CVD (1.7 (1.1, 2.6)), and having two (1.9 (1.0, 3.4) or three to four (2.3 (1.2, 4.4)) cardiometabolic conditions. Childhood food insufficiency was marginally associated with higher odds of early age of onset of CVD among men (2.2 (1.0, 4.7)). Childhood food insufficiency may increase the likelihood of having cardiometabolic conditions in Puerto Rican older men. Programs that enable access to sufficient, healthy food in childhood may help prevent eventual cardiovascular-related diseases.

Comprehensive evaluation of Salud Escolar a health school program in Mexico: Rationale, design and methods.

The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Mexican children and adolescents is high (greater than 30%) and lifestyle behaviors are far from achieving health recommendations. Salud Escolar is a complex cross-sectoral multi-level policy-based program in Mexico aiming to support schoolchildren healthy behaviors. We describe the rationale, design and methods for the comprehensive evaluation of Salud Escolar during its first phase of implementation. Using a mixed-methods approach and the logic model of Salud Escolar as a guide, a comprehensive evaluation involving 3 types of evaluations was designed: 1) A design evaluation before program implementation, to determine the consistency between the design of Salud Escolar and the problem to be addressed (i.e., childhood obesity), 2) An implementation evaluation to assess potential execution bottlenecks, and 3) An outcomes evaluation, to measure short-term (i.e., knowledge, attitudes and practices related to healthy eating, drinking plain water and doing regular physical activity) and intermediate outcomes (i.e., fruit and vegetable intake, water consumption and daily moderate to vigorous physical activity). This evaluation will provide essential knowledge about program design and implementation processes, which are vital for drawing robust conclusions about the effectiveness of the program. Results and lessons learned from this comprehensive evaluation will provide evidence to improve Salud Escolar program and facilitate its upscaling process and may provide relevant information for school-based programs in other places sharing socio-contextual conditions.

Diaphoresis as the Prominent Manifestation of Pheochromocytoma.

OBJECTIVE: Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor, affecting 0.6 to 0.8 of 100,000 people per year. The "classic triad" of headache, diaphoresis, and tachycardia is well documented in the literature, although its clinical utility has come into question. Diaphoresis is part of the "classic triad" and occurs in <50% of patients with pheochromocytoma. There are few reports of diaphoresis as the sole symptom of pheochromocytoma. Our objective is to report a patient with diaphoresis as the only prominent manifestation of pheochromocytoma. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 20-year-old man presented with 5 years of worsening diaphoresis; diffuse, but predominantly in the upper half of his body. No other symptoms were present. His blood pressure was 138/82 mm Hg and had a heart rate of 60 bpm. The physical examination was unremarkable. Thyrotoxicosis, infection (including tuberculosis), and lymphoma/leukemia were ruled out. The 24-hour urine norepinephrine level was 1002 ug/24hours (0-135 ug/24 hours), plasma normetanephrine was 2873 pg/mL (0-145 pg/mL), and plasma norepinephrine was 2869 pg/mL (0-874 pg/mL). Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a 4.0 × 3.1 × 4.3 cm left adrenal mass. After pre-operative preparation with doxazosin, the patient underwent laparoscopic left adrenalectomy. The diaphoresis resolved. Pathology confirmed a completely resected pheochromocytoma. Genetic testing for germline mutations was negative. DISCUSSION: This patient was a young adult and did not exhibit features of pheochromocytoma common to the pediatric/adolescent or adult populations. Monosymptomatic presentations are sparse in the literature. CONCLUSION: This case reflects an atypical presentation of pheochromocytoma, a disease with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and helps to establish the need to better quantify individual symptoms of patients to better understand the entire spectrum of this disease.

Peru - Progress in health and sciences in 200 years of independence.

Peru celebrates 200 years of independence in 2021. Over this period of independent life, and despite the turbulent socio-political scenarios, from internal armed conflict to economic crisis to political instability over the last 40 years, Peru has experienced major changes on its epidemiological and population health profile. Major advancements in maternal and child health as well as in communicable diseases have been achieved in recent decades, and today Peru faces an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases including mental health conditions. In terms of the configuration of the public health system, Peru has also strived to secure country-wide optimal health care, struggling in particular to improve primary health care and intercultural services. The science and technology infrastructure has also evolved, although the need for substantial investments remains if advancing science is to be a national priority. Climate change will also bring significant challenges to population health given Peru's geographical and microclimates diversity. Looking back over the 200-years of independence, we present a summary of key advances in selected health-related fields, thus serving as the basis for reflections on pending agendas and future challenges, in order to look forward to ensuring the future health and wellbeing of the Peruvian population. Resumen translated abstract: El Perú cumple 200 años de independencia en 2021. Durante estos dos siglos de vida independiente, junto con periodos sociales y políticos turbulentos, incluyendo un conflicto armado interno, hiperinflación y la inestabilidad política de los últimos 40 años, el Perú ha experimentado importantes cambios en su perfil epidemiológico con repercusiones directas en la salud de la población. En las últimas décadas, los indicadores de salud materno-infantil y de las enfermedades transmisibles muestran mejoría importante, pero el país se enfrenta de manera simultánea a una carga cada vez mayor de enfermedades no transmisibles y de salud mental. En cuanto a los sistemas de salud pública, se han realizado esfuerzos por aumentar la cobertura y calidad de la atención de salud en todo el país, apostándose en particular por mejorar la atención primaria. La ciencia y tecnología relacionadas con la salud también han mejorado, aunque si se quiere que la ciencia sea una prioridad nacional, son necesarias inversiones sustanciales. El cambio climático traerá importantes desafíos para la salud de la población, dada la diversidad geográfica y de microclimas del país. Para conmemorar los 200 años de vida independiente del Perú, presentamos un resumen de avances clave en diversas áreas y temas relacionados con la salud. Este repaso sirve como base para reflexionar sobre agendas y desafíos pendientes y futuros, con el fin de asegurar la salud y el bienestar de la población peruana en las próximas décadas.

Socioeconomic position over the life-course and subjective social status in relation to nutritional status and mental health among Guatemalan adults.

OBJECTIVE: We study how life course objective socioeconomic position (SEP) predicts subjective social status (SSS) and the extent to which SSS mediates the association of objective SEP with nutritional status and mental health outcomes. METHODS: We use data from participants of the INCAP Longitudinal Study 1969-2018 (n = 1258) from Guatemala. We use the MacArthur ladder for two measures of SSS - perceived community respect and perceived economic status. We estimate the association of SSS with health outcomes after adjusting for early life characteristics and life course objective SEP (wealth, schooling, employment) using linear regression. We use path analysis to study the extent of mediation by SSS on the health outcomes of body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), psychological distress (using the WHO Self-Reported Questionnaire; SRQ-20) and happiness, using the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). RESULTS: Median participant rating was 5 [IQR: 3-8] for the perceived community respect and 3 [IQR: 1-5] for the perceived economic status, with no differences by sex. Objective SEP in early life and adulthood were predictive of both measures of SSS in middle adulthood as well as health outcomes (BMI, SRQ-20 and SHS). Perceived community respect (z-scores; 1 z = 3.1 units) was positively associated with happiness (0.13, 95 % CI: 0.07, 0.19). Perceived economic status (z-scores; 1 z = 2.3 units) was inversely associated with psychological distress (-0.28, 95 % CI: -0.47, -0.09). Neither measure of SSS was associated with BMI. Neither perceived community respect nor perceived economic status attenuated associations of objective SEP with health outcomes on inclusion as a mediator. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective social status was independently associated with happiness and psychological distress in middle adulthood after adjusting for objective SEP. Moreover, association of objective SEP with health was not mediated by SSS, suggesting potentially independent pathways.

Relative and absolute wealth mobility since birth in relation to health and human capital in middle adulthood: An analysis of a Guatemalan birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Wealth mobility, as both relative (positional) and absolute (material) wealth acquisition, may counteract negative consequences of early life adversities on adult health. METHODS: We use longitudinal data (1967-2018) from the INCAP birth cohort, Guatemala (n = 1386). Using wealth as a measure of socio-economic position, we assess the association of life course relative mobility using latent class analysis and absolute material gains using conditional wealth measures. We estimate associations of wealth mobility with indicators of human capital, specifically height, weight status (BMI in kg/m2), psychological distress (WHO SRQ-20 score) and fluid intelligence (Ravens Progressive Matrices score; RPM) in middle adulthood. RESULTS: We identified four latent classes of relative mobility - Stable Low (n = 498), Stable High (n = 223), Downwardly Mobile (n = 201) and Upwardly Mobile (n = 464). Attained schooling (years) was positively associated with membership in Upwardly Mobile (odds ratio; 1.50, 95%CI: 1.31, 1.71) vs Stable Low, and inversely with membership in Downwardly Mobile (0.65, 95%CI: 0.54, 0.79) vs Stable High. Being Upwardly Mobile (vs Stable Low) was positively associated with height (1.88 cm, 95%CI: 1.04, 2.72), relative weight (1.32 kg/m2, 95%CI: 0.57, 2.07), lower psychological distress (-0.82 units, 95%CI: 1.34, -0.29) and fluid intelligence (0.94 units, 95%CI: 0.28, 1.59). Being Downwardly Mobile (vs Stable High) was associated with lower fluid intelligence (-2.69 units, 95%CI: 3.69, -1.68), and higher psychological distress (1.15 units, 95%CI: 0.34, 1.95). Absolute wealth gains (z-scores) from early to middle adulthood were positively associated with relative weight (0.62 kg/m2, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.96), lower psychological distress (-0.37 units, 95%CI: 0.60, -0.14) and fluid intelligence (0.50 units, 95%CI: 0.21, 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: Higher attained schooling provided a pathway for upward relative mobility and higher absolute wealth gains as well as protection against downward relative mobility. Upward mobility was associated with lower psychological distress and higher fluid intelligence but also higher weight status.

Cambios morfoestructurales en soldados conscriptos después de cuatro semanas de entrenamiento físico básico / Morpho-structural changes in conscript soldiers after four weeks of basic physical training

Introducción: El entrenamiento físico en la formación militar tiene por objetivo desarrollar la preparación física y psicológica frente a condiciones ambientales adversas. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios en la composición corporal y el somatotipo, producto del periodo de entrenamiento físico básico, en la formación militar de cuatro semanas de duración en soldados conscriptos. Método: Se evaluaron 28 varones (edad: 18,9 ± 0,9 años; estatura: 1,75 ± 0,1 m; masa corporal: 67 ± 8,7 kg; índice de masa corporal: 22,5 ± 2,4 y 70,88 ± 26,57 de ∑6 pliegues) que ingresaron al periodo de formación militar en la Fuerza Aérea de Chile, Base Quintero. Se entregó un consentimiento informado previo a la realización del estudio y se siguieron las indicaciones establecidas en la declaraciónn de Helsinki. Los participantes fueron sometidos a un plan de entrenamiento físico con una duración de 4 semanas, en las instalaciones del centro militar. Resultados: Con posterioridad al entrenamiento físico, hubo una disminución significativa de la masa adiposa (p < 0,01), con un aumento de la masa muscular (p < 0,01). No se observaron diferencias significativas en los componentes del somatotipo (Pre: 3,29 - 4,78 - 2,59 vs. Post: 2,73 - 4,72 - 2,73; p = 0,24). Conclusiones: Se concluye que el entrenamiento físico en militares, durante un periodo corto de cuatro semanas, provoca cambios rápidos y significativos en la composición corporal de los soldados; cambios que no alcanzaron a observarse en el somatotipo(AU)

Introduction: The objective of physical training in military training is to develop physical and psychological preparation in adverse environmental conditions. Objective: Determine the changes in body composition and somatotype product of basic physical training in military training for four weeks in conscript soldiers. Methods: 28 men were evaluated (age: 18.9 ± 0.9 years; height: 1.75 ± 0.1 m; weight: 67 ± 8.7 kg; BMI: 22.5 ± 2.4 and ∑6 folds 70.88 ± 26.57) who entered the period of military training in the Chilean Air Force, Quintero headquarters. Informed consent was given before the study; the indications established in the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. The participants were incorporated into a physical training plan for 4 weeks. The program was carried out in the facilities of a military center. Results: After physical training there was a significant decrease in adipose mass (p<0.01) and an increase in muscle mass (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in the somatotype components (Pre: 3.29-4.78-2.59 vs. Post: 2.73-4.72-2.73; p = 0.24). Conclusion: It is concluded that physical training in the military, during a short period of four weeks, causes rapid and significant changes in the body composition of the subjects that are not observed with such clarity through the somatotype(AU)

Triglyceride glucose index as a tool to motivate early lifestyle modification in young adults at diabetes risk: The Baependi Heart Study.

Considering that the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing especially in developing countries and becoming a global public health problem, this study aims to evaluate the association between triglyceride glucose index (TyG) - which is a mathematical product of the fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels - and incident T2DM in an adult sample in the Baependi Heart Study (BHS). The data were from the BHS cohort consisting of two periods: cycle 1 (2005-2006; n = 1712; 119 families) and cycle 2 (2010-2013; n = 3017; 127 families). A total of 1121 individuals (both sexes, 18-100 years) were selected if they were assessed in both cycles and not diagnosed with T2DM at baseline (cycle 1). Our findings showed that a participant's risk of developing T2DM increased almost 10 times for a one-unit increase in the TyG (odds ratio OR = 10.17, 95% CI, 7.51-13.93). The association when stratified by age was OR = 28.13 [95% CI, 14.03-56.41] for young adults, meaning that the risk of developing T2DM increased more than 28 times for a one-unit increase in the TyG. For the other groups, young middle-aged adults, old middle-aged adults, and seniors, we found OR = 4.84 [95% CI, 2.91-8.06], OR = 28.73 [95% CI, 10.63-77.65, and OR = 9.88 [95% CI, 3.16-30.90], respectively. A higher TyG implies a significant increase in the risk of developing T2DM, which could be an important screening tool to target early lifestyle intervention in Brazil.

Fetal deaths in pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil: A case series.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports of miscarriages or stillbirths in women infected with SARS-CoV-2. We present five consecutive cases of fetal death (≥12 weeks) without other putative causes in women with laboratory-confirmed (RT-PCR) COVID-19 managed in a single Brazilian institution. CASE SERIES: All five women were outpatients with mild or moderate forms of COVID-19 and were not taking any medication. Four were nulliparous, all were overweight or obese, and none had any comorbidities or pregnancy complications that could contribute to fetal demise. Fetal death occurred at 21-38 weeks of gestation, on COVID-days 1-22. SARS-Cov-2 was detected by RT-PCR in amniotic fluid in one case and in placental specimens in two cases. All five women had acute chorioamnionitis on placental histology, massive deposition of fibrin, mixed intervillitis/villitis, and intense neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration. One fetus had neutrophils inside alveolar spaces, suggestive of fetal infection. CONCLUSIONS: These five cases of fetal demise in women with confirmed COVID-19 without any other significant clinical or obstetric disorders suggest that fetal death can be an outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy. The intense placental inflammatory reaction in all five cases raises the possibility of a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the placenta.

Possible formation of pulmonary microthrombi in the early puerperium of pregnant women critically ill with COVID-19: Two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on the management of pregnant women with severe or critical forms of COVID-19, such as the optimal timing of provider-initiated delivery, and post-partum care, including antithrombotic prophylaxis. We present the clinical course, pre- and post-partum management, and outcomes of two pregnant women critically ill with COVID-19. CASES: Both women had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with rapid clinical decompensation that required admission to the intensive care unit, intubation, and delivery by emergency cesarean section at 32 and 29 weeks. Both patients clinically improved in the first two postoperative days, but this was followed by clinical, laboratory and radiological deterioration on the third postoperative day; however, they both improved again after full anticoagulation. This pattern suggests the possible formation of pulmonary microthrombi in the early puerperium. We discuss the challenges faced by the multiprofessional team in the management of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: There are few resources to guide health professionals caring for pregnant women with critical COVID-19. These two cases contribute to the rapidly evolving knowledge on the management and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19.

Factors that affect blood eosinophil counts in a non-asthmatic population: Post hoc analysis of data from Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Improved understanding of the normal range of blood eosinophil counts (BEC) and conditions that influence them in non-asthmatic individuals should allow more accurate estimation of the threshold at which eosinophilic disease should be considered, diagnosed, and treated. This analysis investigated the impact of atopy, smoking, and parasitic infection on BEC. METHODS: This was a post hoc analysis of non-asthmatic subjects from a case-control study (CONEP 450/10) conducted at the Program for Control of Asthma in Bahia (ProAR). Participant BECs were measured at baseline; correlations between predefined risk factors and BEC were assessed via univariate and stratified analysis. RESULTS: Of the 454 participants included, 3% were helminth parasite-positive, 18% were non-helminth parasite-positive; and 450 had BEC data. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) BEC was 152 (96, 252) cells/µL. Any positive skin prick test, elevated total immunoglobulin E, allergic rhinitis, and being a current smoker were all individually associated with higher BEC (p < 0.05) compared with BEC in participants without these factors, but having a non-helminthic parasitic infection was not. Participants with all 4 risk factors that were associated with higher BEC had a median (IQR) BEC of 192 cells/µL (94, 416) versus 106 cells/µL (70, 164) for those with no risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: In non-asthmatic subjects, atopy, allergic rhinitis, and current smoking status were associated with higher BEC compared with subjects without these factors, but BEC values were well below the threshold commonly accepted as normal. Therefore, BEC should be interpreted in the context of an individual's medical conditions and other BEC-influencing factors.