Avances en la genética de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar

La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) es un trastorno cardiopulmonar grave e incurable que conlleva una importante morbilidad y mortalidad. Se caracteriza por la oclusión y remodelación de las arteriolas pulmonares, insuficiencia respiratoria progresiva, disfunción ventricular derecha, insuficiencia cardíaca y muerte prematura. Puede presentarse en diferentes formas, entre ellas la idiopática (HAPI) en ausencia de una causa conocida y la hereditaria (HAPH) en caso de relacionarse con una alteración genética o si hay agregación familiar. Existen además de estas formas, otras causas de HAP asociadas a diversas condiciones médicas (drogas, toxinas, infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana -VIH-, etc.). A pesar de los avances recientes sigue siendo una enfermedad difícil de diagnosticar y tratar. La investigación de las bases genéticas de la HAP ha contribuido significativamente a mejorar la comprensión de esta patología. Las alteraciones genéticas más frecuentes asociadas a la HAP son mutaciones inactivantes del gen que codifica el receptor de la proteína morfogenética ósea tipo 2 (BMPR2, bone morphogenic protein receptor type 2). Los pacientes con HAP y mutaciones en BMPR2 se presentan a una edad más temprana con una enfermedad más grave y tienen un mayor riesgo de muerte o trasplante, que aquellos sin mutaciones. Avances recientes han conducido al descubrimiento de nuevos genes relacionados con la HAP, tales como ACVRL1 (activin A receptor like type 1), ENG (endoglin), CAV1 (caveolin-1), KCNK3 (potassium channel subfamily K, member 3), entre otros. En este artículo de revisión resumimos el conocimiento sobre las variantes genéticas raras y comunes que subyacen al desarrollo y pronóstico de la HAP. Además, esbozamos la importancia de implementar el asesoramiento y el estudio genético en centros especializados. La comprensión de la genética de la HAP proporcionará nueva información sobre los mecanismos subyacentes a la patobiología, potencialmente, útiles para desarrollar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas en el marco de una medicina personalizada.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious and incurable cardiopulmonary disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by the occlusion and remodeling of the pulmonary arterioles, progressive respiratory failure, right ventricular dysfunction, heart failure and premature death. PAH can occur in different forms, including idiopathic (IPAH) in absence of a known cause and hereditary (HPAH) if related to a genetic alteration or if there is familial aggregation. Besides these forms, there are other causes of PAH associated with various medical conditions (drugs, toxins, HIV infection, etc.). Despite recent advances in PAH, it remains a challenging disease to both diagnosis and management. Research about the genetic basis of PAH has contributed significantly to improve the understanding of this condition. The most common genetic alterations associated with PAH are inactivating mutations in the gene encoding a bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2). Patients with BMPR2 mutations present PAH at a younger age with more severe disease, and have an increased risk of death or transplantation, than those without mutations. Recent advances have led to the discovery of new genes related to PAH, such as ACVRL1 (activin A receptor like type 1), ENG (endoglin), CAV1 (caveolin-1), KCNK3 (potassium channel subfamily K, member 3), among others. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about rare and common genetic variants that underlie PAH development and prognosis. Additionally, we outline the importance of implementing genetic counseling and testing in specialized pulmonary hypertension centers. Understanding the genetics of PAH will provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying its pathobiology potentially useful for developing new therapeutic strategies within the scope of a personalized medicine.

A hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) é um distúrbio cardiopulmonar grave e incurável, com morbidade e mortalidade significativas. É caracterizada pela oclusão e remodelação das arteríolas pulmonares, insuficiência respiratória progressiva, disfunção ventricular direita, insuficiência cardíaca e morte prematura. Pode acontecer em diferentes formas, incluindo a idiopática (HAPI) na ausência de uma causa conhecida e a hereditária (HAPH) no caso de estar associada a uma anomalia genética ou quando há agregação familiar. Adicionalmente a estas formas, existem outras causas de HAP associadas a várias condições médicas (toxinas, drogas, infecção por HIV, etc.). Apesar dos avanços recentes, continua a ser uma doença difícil de diagnosticar e tratar. A pesquisa sobre a base genética da HAP contribuiu significativamente para melhorar a compreensão desta doença. As alterações genéticas mais comuns associadas à HAP são as mutações no gene que codifica o receptor da proteína morfogenética óssea tipo 2 (BMPR2, bone morphogenic protein receptor type 2). Pacientes com HAP e mutações BMPR2 se apresentam em idade mais jovem com doença mais grave e têm maior risco de morte ou transplante do que aqueles sem mutações. Avanços recentes levaram à descoberta de novos genes relacionados à HAP, tais como ACVRL1 (activin A receptor like type 1), ENG (endoglin), CAV1 (caveolin-1), KCNK3 (potassium channel subfamily K, member 3), entre outros. Neste artigo de revisão resumimos o conhecimento sobre as variantes genéticas raras e comuns associadas à etiologia e prognóstico da HAP. Ademais, destacamos a importância de implementar o aconselhamento genético e o estudo genético em centros especializados. A compreensão da genética da HAP vai proporcionar novo informação sobre os mecanismos subjacentes à patobiologia potencialmente úteis para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas no âmbito da medicina personalizada.

A potential functional association between mutant BMPR2 and primary ovarian insufficiency.

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects ~1% of women in the general population. Despite numerous attempts at identifying POI genetic aetiology, coding mutations in only a few genes have been functionally related to POI pathogenesis. It has been suggested that mutant BMPR2 might contribute towards the phenotype. Several BMP15 (a BMPR2 ligand) coding mutations in human species have been related to POI pathogenesis. The BMPR2 p.Ser987Phe mutation, previously identified in a woman with POI, might therefore lead to cellular dysfunction contributing to the phenotype. To explore such an assumption, the present study assessed potential pathogenic subcellular localization/aggregation patterns associated with the p.Ser987Phe mutant form of BMPR2 in a relevant model for studying ovarian function. A significant increase in protein-like aggregation patterns was identified at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which permitted us to establish, for the first time, a potential functional association between mutant BMPR2 and POI aetiology. Since BMPR2 mutant forms were previously related to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, BMPR2 mutations may be related to an as-yet-to-be described syndromic form of POI involving pulmonary dysfunction. Additional assays are necessary to confirm that BMPR2 abnormal subcellular patterns are composed by aggregates. ABBREVIATIONS: POI: primary ovarian insufficiency; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; NGS: next generation sequencing.

Next generation sequencing in women affected by nonsyndromic premature ovarian failure displays new potential causative genes and mutations.

OBJECTIVE: To identify new molecular actors involved in nonsyndromic premature ovarian failure (POF) etiology. DESIGN: This is a retrospective case-control cohort study. SETTING: University research group and IVF medical center. PATIENT(S): Twelve women affected by nonsyndromic POF. The control group included 176 women whose menopause had occurred after age 50 and had no antecedents regarding gynecological disease. A further 345 women from the same ethnic origin (general population group) were also recruited to assess allele frequency for potentially deleterious sequence variants. INTERVENTION(S): Next generation sequencing (NGS), Sanger sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The complete coding regions of 70 candidate genes were massively sequenced, via NGS, in POF patients. Bioinformatics and genetics were used to confirm NGS results and to identify potential sequence variants related to the disease pathogenesis. RESULT(S): We have identified mutations in two novel genes, ADAMTS19 and BMPR2, that are potentially related to POF origin. LHCGR mutations, which might have contributed to the phenotype, were also detected. CONCLUSION(S): We thus recommend NGS as a powerful tool for identifying new molecular actors in POF and for future diagnostic/prognostic purposes.