Challenges of the Calgary-Cambridge Consultation Guide in Veterinary Multicultural and Multilingual Scenarios and the Role of Veterinary Translators.

The Calgary-Cambridge Guide is a widely recognised framework for teaching communication skills to healthcare professionals that has become a cornerstone of communication training programs in medicine and other healthcare fields. In the context of veterinary medicine, its integration into communication training programs has become an asset improving communication, education, interaction, and quality of service, enhancing the veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR). In veterinary medicine, however, a more challenging consultation dynamic involves the veterinarian, the owner, and the animal. The addition of a veterinary assistant that acts as an interpreter or translator is common in Hong Kong where the native language (Cantonese) coexists with English when consultations are led by non-native language speakers. This addition converts this commonly dyadic model into a triadic communication model. The addition of an assistant interpreter influences the way consultations are conducted, how information is conveyed, and how interpersonal cues and empathy are delivered. In this report we depict challenges applying the Calgary-Cambridge Guide in multicultural and multilingual veterinary medical centres in Hong Kong and highlight the role of veterinary supporting staff in these scenarios, specifically veterinary assistant interpreters.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale into Brazilian Portuguese.

OBJECTIVE: To report the process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of theYale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale into Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: Methodological study approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution (nº 5.166.256). The English original scale was translated into Brazilian Portuguese following suggested in the literature guidelines and recommendations after authorization from the authors of the original instrument, and involved the following reported steps of (1) Translation, (2) Synthesis of translations, (3) Determination of the applicability of the translated version 4) Back-translation, (5) Synthesis of the back-translated versions, and (6) Final synthesis. The translations and back-translations were performed by two bilingual translators. The research committee constituted three specialists who considered whether the linguistic, semantics, conceptual, idiomatic, and contextual equivalence of the translations and back-translations were. In Step 3, the raters consisted of three Speech-Language Pathologists and five ENT physicians divided into two subgroups (less than 5 years of professional expertise, and more than 5 years of professional expertise). RESULTS: Step 1 was carried out properly by the translators, in Step 2 the translated version was prepared after minor adjustments. In Step 3, the raters reported that they found no difficulties in applying the scale. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was 0.995, demonstrating high internal consistency of the instrument, and the analysis of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) among the eight raters was 0.994 with a confidence interval between 0.990 and 0.998, demonstrating excellent agreement, regardless of experience. The research committee judged the last to be adequate and not to require adjustments. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of theYale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale is presented in this study. This is a methodological study - No level of evidence.

Reliability and Validity of the Malay BREAST-Q in Women Undergoing Breast Cancer Surgery in Malaysia.

This study aims to translate the BREAST-Q into Malay and validate it in breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. The English BREAST-Q was translated to Malay using the back-translation method. A total of 144 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were sampled conveniently between December 2015 and November 2016. Test-retest was done after two to three weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Content experts agreed the items in the Malay BREAST-Q were measuring the constructs appropriately. Internal consistencies were good for all items in each subscale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83-0.95). The highest inter-item correlation for each item with at least one other item in the construct ranged from 0.47 to 0.90. The lowest corrected item-total correlation values ranged from 0.47 to 0.72. The test-retest analysis showed good reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.71-0.98). In exploratory factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin values were excellent in all four subscales (0.76, 0.92, 0.91, and 0.86). For all subscales, the number of factors extracted cumulatively explained more than 50% of the variance. The Malay BREAST-Q demonstrated good reliability, face validity, content validity, and construct validity.

What 'translating science' can learn from 'translating languages'.

One of the most important steps in drug discovery is the translation of preclinical data to humans. However, the term 'translation' has numerous connotations and, often, different stakeholders literally speak different languages. Learning from many years of experience and new concepts in language translation could increase the success rate in translating biomedical research. Beyond being bilingual, this includes applying the concept of functional equivalence, the main characteristic of a good translation. Given that function is defined by the source language text, starting with the patient has advantages over the classical bench-to-bedside approach. Good translators need transfer competence, including knowledge of the limitations of translation. As with languages, computer-assisted translation(-al research) could support increasing functional equivalence and, thus, translation success.

Un instrumento de evaluación del aprendizaje para el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos: adaptación, extensión y validación en español / A learning assessment instrument for the management of peripheral venous catheters: adaptation, extension and validation in Spanish

La práctica de enfermería debe basarse en la práctica basada en la evidencia disponible debido a su impacto en la atención segura del paciente. Su uso no solo debe fomentarse en los profesionales, sino que debe iniciarse en la formación en enfermería. El objetivo de este estudio se basa en traducir, adaptar y validar un instrumento de evaluación del conocimiento basado en la evidencia científica disponible en relación al manejo de los catéteres venosos periféricos. Se siguió un proceso en dos etapas: 1) traducción, adaptación y ampliación del instrumento; y 2) pruebas psicométricas. El estudio incluyó 675 estudiantes de enfermería. El coeficiente de consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach fue 0,703 y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0.91. El instrumento se presentó bastante equilibrado en cuanto a dificultad: 46,6% de ítems fáciles, 13.3% de ítems de dificultad media y 53.3% de alta dificultad. En conclusión, es un instrumento simple de utilizar y de puntuar. La versión española tiene unas buenas propiedades psicométricas y proporciona un instrumento válido y fiable para la valoración de los conocimientos basados en la evidencia para un manejo óptimo de catéteres venosos periféricos en personas portadoras. (AU)

Nursing practice should be based on available evidence-based practice because of its impact on patient safety in care. Its use should not only be encouraged in professionals but should begin in nursing education. The objective of this study is to translate, adapt, extend and validate a learning assessment instrument in relation to knowledge of peripheral venous catheter management. A two-stage process was followed: 1) translation, adaptation and extension of the instrument; and 2) psychometric testing. The study included 675 nursing students. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was 0.703 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91. The instrument was fairly balanced in terms of difficulty: 46.6% easy items, 13.3% items of medium difficulty and 53.3% of high difficulty. In conclusion, it is a simple instrument to use and to score. The Spanish version has good psychometric properties and provides a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of knowledge for the management of catheters. (AU)

Home cage measures of Alzheimer's disease in the rTg4510 mouse model.

Alzheimer's disease affects an array of activities in patients' daily lives but measures other than memory are rarely evaluated in animal models. Home cage behavior, however, may provide an opportunity to back translate a variety of measures seen in human disease progression to animal models, providing external and face validity. The aim of this study was to evaluate if home cage measures could indicate disease in the rTg4510 mouse model. We hypothesized that sleep, nesting, and smell discrimination would be altered in mutant mice. Thirty-two transgenic mice were used in a Latin square design of four genotypes x both sexes x two diets. Half the mice received a doxycycline diet to suppress tauopathy and evaluate tau severity on various measures. At 8-, 12-, and 16-weeks old, 24 h activity/sleep patterns, nest complexity, and odor discrimination were measured. After 16-weeks, tau concentration in the brain was quantified. Mutant mice had increased tau concentration in brain tissue, but it was reduced by the doxycycline diet. However, only nest complexity was different between mutant mice and controls. Overall, tauopathy in rTg4510 mice does seem to affect these commonly observed symptoms in human patients. However, while running this study, a report showed that the rTg4510 mutant phenotype is not caused by the mutation itself, but confounding factors from transgene insertion. Combined with report findings and our data, the rTg4510 model may not be an ideal model for all aspects of human Alzheimer's disease.

Evaluation of a PEGylated Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Variant Using Novel Preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Elastography in a Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

BACKGROUND: Treatments for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are urgently needed. Hepatic fat fraction and shear stiffness quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-HFF) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE-SS), respectively, are biomarkers for hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. PURPOSE: This study assessed the longitudinal effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 variant (polyethylene glycol [PEG]-FGF21v) on MRI-HFF and MRE-SS in a NASH mouse model. STUDY TYPE: Preclinical. ANIMAL MODEL: This study included a choline-deficient, amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) model and 6-week-old, male C57BL/6J mice (N = 78). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: This study was performed using: 3T: gradient-echo two-point Dixon and spin-echo (SE) echo-planar imaging elastography (200 Hz) and 7T: SE two-point Dixon and SE elastography (200 Hz). ASSESSMENT: MRI and MRE were performed before control diet (CD) or CDAHFD (BD), before PEG-FGF21v dosing (baseline), and after PEG-FGF21v treatment (WK4/8). Regions of interest for MRI-HFF and MRE-SS were delineated by J.L. and H.T. (>5 years of experience each). Fibrosis and steatosis were measured histologically after picrosirius red and H&E staining. Alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, bile acids, and triglycerides (TGs) were measured. STATISTICAL TESTS: Two-tailed Dunnett's tests were used for statistical analysis; untreated CDAHFD or baseline was used for comparisons. Imaging and histology/biochemistry data were determined using Spearman correlations. Bayesian posterior distributions for MRE-SS at WK8, posterior means, and 95% credible intervals were presented. RESULTS: CDAHFD significantly increased baseline MRI-HFF (3T: 21.97% ± 0.29%; 7T: 40.12% ± 0.35%) and MRE-SS (3T: 1.25 ± 0.02; 7T: 1.78 ± 0.06 kPa) vs. CD (3T: 3.45% ± 0.7%; 7T: 12.06% ± 1.4% and 3T: 1.01 ± 0.02; 7T: 0.89 ± 0.06 kPa). At 7T, PEG-FGF21v significantly decreased MRI-HFF (WK4: 28.97% ± 1.22%; WK8: 20.93% ± 1.15%) and MRE-SS (WK4: 1.57 ± 0.04; WK8: 1.36 ± 0.05 kPa) vs. untreated (WK4: 36.36% ± 0.62%; WK8: 30.58% ± 0.81% and WK4: 2.03 ± 0.06; WK8: 2.01 ± 0.04 kPa); 3T trends were similar. WK8 SS posterior mean percent attenuation ratios (RDI ) were -68% (-90%, -44%; 3T) and -64% (-78%, -52%; 7T). MRI-HFF was significantly correlated with H&E (3T, r = 0.93; 7T, r = 0.94) and TGs (both, r = 0.92). DATA CONCLUSIONS: MRI-HFF and MRE-SS showed PEG-FGF21v effects on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis across 3 and 7T, consistent with histological and biochemical data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.

Development of the Japanese version of the Intensive Care Unit Trigger Tool to detect adverse events in critically ill patients.

AIM: The Intensive Care Unit Trigger Tool (ICUTT) was developed to detect adverse events (AEs) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the ICUTT (ICUTT-J). METHODS: The translation of ICUTT was carried out based on the guideline for translation of instruments. Subsequently, two review teams independently reviewed 50 patients' medical records using the ICUTT-J, and agreement regarding the presence and number of AEs was evaluated to ensure reliability. RESULTS: The ICUTT-J was submitted to the authors of the original ICUTT, who confirmed it as being equivalent to the original version. The item-content validity index and scale-content validity index were 1.00 and 1.00, respectively. Interrater reliability showed moderate agreement of κ = 0.52 in terms of the presence of AEs and linear weighting of κ = 0.49 (95% confidence interval, 0.28, 0.71) in terms of the number of AEs. CONCLUSION: This study's findings suggest that the ICUTT-J is valid and moderately reliable for use in ICUs.

Assessing Impulsivity in Humans and Rodents: Taking the Translational Road.

Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct encompassing domains of behavioral inhibition as well as of decision making. It is often adaptive and associated with fast responses, being in that sense physiological. However, abnormal manifestations of impulsive behavior can be observed in contexts of drug abuse and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), among others. A number of tools have therefore been devised to assess the different facets of impulsivity in both normal and pathological contexts. In this narrative review, we systematize behavioral and self-reported measures of impulsivity and critically discuss their constructs and limitations, establishing a parallel between assessments in humans and rodents. The first rely on paradigms that are typically designed to assess a specific dimension of impulsivity, within either impulsive action (inability to suppress a prepotent action) or impulsive choice, which implies a decision that weighs the costs and benefits of the options. On the other hand, self-reported measures are performed through questionnaires, allowing assessment of impulsivity dimensions that would be difficult to mimic in an experimental setting (e.g., positive/negative urgency and lack of premeditation) and which are therefore difficult (if not impossible) to measure in rodents.

Translation and back-translation methodology in health research - a critique.

Introduction: While back translation has been widely used in medical research surveying linguistically diverse populations, research literature often fails to document this complex translation process. Our study examines inadequacies in the use of back translation, suggests improvements, as well as suggesting where other translation strategies may be more appropriate.Areas covered: This paper cites numerous metastudies showing how back translation is often uncritically adopted in validation of research instruments, pointing to potential methodological failings, before examining the back-translation processes in an Australian study of non-English speaking cancer patients. Our study of back translation applied to patient self-report questionnaires demonstrates that appropriate renditions of items are critically dependent upon both translator and researcher awareness of item purpose, overall project specifications and identification of linguistic ambiguities in source test items. The poor implementation and documentation of back-translation processes in many studies indicate alternatives to back translation may be appropriate.Expert opinion: Where translations are used in research, translation processes need to be made explicit in research protocols and reports, and translation experts need to be part of the research team, with translation guidance and advice integrated into all stages of research design.

Translating a rodent measure of negative bias into humans: the impact of induced anxiety and unmedicated mood and anxiety disorders.

BACKGROUND: Mood and anxiety disorders are ubiquitous but current treatment options are ineffective for many sufferers. Moreover, a number of promising pre-clinical interventions have failed to translate into clinical efficacy in humans. Improved treatments are unlikely without better animal-human translational pipelines. Here, we translate a rodent measure of negative affective bias into humans, exploring its relationship with (1) pathological mood and anxiety symptoms and (2) transient induced anxiety. METHODS: Adult participants (age = 29 ± 11) who met criteria for mood or anxiety disorder symptomatology according to a face-to-face neuropsychiatric interview were included in the symptomatic group. Study 1 included N = 77 (47 = asymptomatic [female = 21]; 30 = symptomatic [female = 25]), study 2 included N = 47 asymptomatic participants (25 = female). Outcome measures were choice ratios, reaction times and parameters recovered from a computational model of reaction time - the drift diffusion model (DDM) - from a two-alternative-forced-choice task in which ambiguous and unambiguous auditory stimuli were paired with high and low rewards. RESULTS: Both groups showed over 93% accuracy on unambiguous tones indicating intact discrimination, but symptomatic individuals demonstrated increased negative affective bias on ambiguous tones [proportion high reward = 0.42 (s.d. = 0.14)] relative to asymptomatic individuals [0.53 (s.d. = 0.17)] as well as a significantly reduced DDM drift rate. No significant effects were observed for the within-subjects anxiety-induction. CONCLUSIONS: Humans with pathological anxiety symptoms directly mimic rodents undergoing anxiogenic manipulation. The lack of sensitivity to transient anxiety suggests the paradigm might be more sensitive to clinically relevant symptoms. Our results establish a direct translational pipeline (and candidate therapeutics screen) from negative affective bias in rodents to pathological mood and anxiety symptoms in humans.

From "bedside" to "bench" and back: A translational approach to studying dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Despite multiple lines of research, a mechanistic understanding of schizophrenia remains elusive. Neuroimaging studies have yielded observations that can be used in translational studies in animals to attempt to uncover their cellular and circuit basis and their significance for the diseased human brain. Enhanced D2 stimulation in the striatum is a well replicated and established observation in patients with schizophrenia. This "bedside" observation was reproduced "at the bench" level by creating a transgenic mouse overexpressing D2 receptors in dorsal striatum (D2R-OE mouse). The D2R-OE mouse showed multiple behavioral, molecular, electrophysiological and anatomical alterations. Some of these are consistent with findings in patients with schizophrenia, providing construct validity to the model and mechanistic insights for the observations made in humans. Other findings were novel, and provide an opportunity for a reverse translational effort back into the clinic. In this review we will summarize the process of translation and back translation from the D2R-OE mouse and describe the insights into the pathophysiology of the disease gained through this type of translational work.

Validation of the clinical frailty score (CFS) in French language.

BACKGROUND: Very old critical ill patients are a rapid expanding group. To better understand the magnitude of the challenges involved in intensive care practice for an ageing population and discuss a rational allocation of resources, healthcare practitioners need a reliable evaluation of frailty. In order to promote the adequate use of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) in a wider panel of countries, we aimed to develop, validate and characterise a French (FR) version from the original English (EN) CFS. METHODS: We included participants recruited prospectively for the observational "The very old intensive care patient: A multinational prospective observation study" (VIP Study) at Geneva University Hospitals (FR speaking hospital). A FR version of the CFS was obtained by translation (EN- > FR) and back translation (FR- > EN). The final CFS-FR was then evaluated twice on the same participants with at least a 2-week interval by FR-speaking doctors and nurses. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability was 0.87 (95%CI: 0.76-0.93) between doctors for the original CFS version and 0.76 (95%CI: 0.57-0.87) between nurses for the FR version. Inter-rater variability between doctor and nurse was 0.75 (95%CI: 0.56-0.87) for the original version, and 0.73 (95%CI: 0.52-0.85) for the FR version. Test-retest (stability) with the original vs the FR version was 0.86 (95%CI: 0.72-0.93) for doctors and 0.87 (95%CI: 0.76-0.93) for nurses. Differences between the evaluations of the CFS-EN and CSF-FR were not different from 0, with a mean difference of 0.06 (95%CI -0.24, 0.36) for the EN version and - 0.03 (95%CI -0.47, 0.41) for the FR version. Average original version ratings were slightly lower than FR version ratings, though this difference did not reach significance: -0.29 (95%CI -0.54, 0.04). CONCLUSION: In this prospective cohort of very old intensive care participants we developed and tested the basic psychometric properties (internal consistency, reproducibility) of a French version of the CFS. This manuscript provides clinically meaningful psychometric properties that have not been previously reported in any other language, including in the original EN version. The French cultural adaptation of this CFS has adequate psychometric properties for doctors or nurses to evaluate frailty in very old intensive care patients.

A Global Approach to Promoting Evidence-Based Practice Knowledge: Validating the Translated Version of the Evidence-Based Practice Knowledge Assessment in Nursing Into Spanish.

BACKGROUND: Government and professional organizations have issued a call for evidence-based practice (EBP), prompting the development of competencies and expectations for knowledge, skills, and attitudes. However, EBP is still inconsistently implemented. To advance the science of nursing globally, educators and leaders need to use consistent, rigorous evaluation methods to assess the EBP knowledge of students and clinicians. AIMS: This study sought to translate the Evidence-based Practice Knowledge Assessment in Nursing (EKAN) instrument into Spanish, evaluate the psychometric performance of the newly translated instrument, and establish a baseline measure of EBP knowledge of baccalaureate nursing (BSN) students for future program improvement. METHODS: This study utilized a cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design. A total of 139 BSN students were recruited from a single study site in the Dominican Republic. Subjects completed the 20-item EKAN-Spanish, which was translated and back-translated to promote semantic accuracy. RESULTS AND FINDINGS: Infit and outfit statistics for the sample centered around 1.0 (weighted mean square = 0.978; unweighted mean square = 0.988), indicating strong evidence of validity. The individual items on the EKAN-Spanish showed item reliability of 0.94. The mean EBP knowledge score was 6.52 (SD = 2.03) with scores ranging from 2 to 12 points (20 points maximum). Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis supported translational accuracy. DISCUSSION: This study provides validation support for an objective assessment of EBP knowledge in the Spanish language and will be useful for future studies of EBP in over 21 Spanish-speaking countries. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: While EBP is a global nursing concept, there has been no instrument to objectively measure EBP knowledge across levels of education in academe and practice in Spanish-speaking countries until just recently. The availability of a validated instrument will promote global consistency in assessing EBP knowledge. Further, this will promote a collaborative approach in teaching EBP to nursing students and practicing nurses.

Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue and seeing further.

The science of mental life is critical for understanding both how we function, and impairments in our functioning. However, understanding the causal mechanisms underlying mental health disorders and developing new treatments are challenges too great to be solved by any individual approach. There is a growing awareness that translational research-from laboratory to patient and back again to animal models-will be critical for the improved understanding and treatment of mental health disorders. The motivation and intention to pursue translational approaches is therefore strong in mental health research, but critically, opportunities for interaction between basic scientists and clinicians are relatively limited, and vary depending on the institution in which researchers are working. This has promoted the development of a 'culture gap' between basic and clinical scientists that limits interaction and sharing of knowledge. Here, we provide 14 examples of contemporary translational research and call for an increased collaborative approach to mental health research that spans clinical diagnoses, levels of analysis and bridges between basic to clinical mental health sciences, including, but not limited to, psychology and neuroscience. What is needed is an inclusive and integrated approach, bringing together scientists working at all levels of enquiry with clinicians providing insights on what works (and what does not). To stimulate the much-needed innovation in therapeutic techniques, an analysis of component parts is critical. Our approach suggests simplifying complex behaviours into distinct psychological components. Asking collaboratively driven scientific questions about dysfunction will also benefit our fundamental understanding of mental life.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists'.

Translation Quality Assessment in Health Research: A Functionalist Alternative to Back-Translation.

As international research studies become more commonplace, the importance of developing multilingual research instruments continues to increase and with it that of translated materials. It is therefore not unexpected that assessing the quality of translated materials (e.g., research instruments, questionnaires, etc.) has become essential to cross-cultural research, given that the reliability and validity of the research findings crucially depend on the translated instruments. In some fields (e.g., public health and medicine), the quality of translated instruments can also impact the effectiveness and success of interventions and public campaigns. Back-translation (BT) is a commonly used quality assessment tool in cross-cultural research. This quality assurance technique consists of (a) translation (target text [TT1]) of the source text (ST), (b) translation (TT2) of TT1 back into the source language, and (c) comparison of TT2 with ST to make sure there are no discrepancies. The accuracy of the BT with respect to the source is supposed to reflect equivalence/accuracy of the TT. This article shows how the use of BT as a translation quality assessment method can have a detrimental effect on a research study and proposes alternatives to BT. One alternative is illustrated on the basis of the translation and quality assessment methods used in a research study on hearing loss carried out in a border community in the southwest of the United States.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire: experimental study showed expert committee, not back-translation, added value.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the contribution of back-translation and expert committee to the content and psychometric properties of a translated multidimensional questionnaire. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Recommendations for questionnaire translation include back-translation and expert committee, but their contribution to measurement properties is unknown. Four English to French translations of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire were generated with and without committee or back-translation. Face validity, acceptability, and structural properties were compared after random assignment to people with rheumatoid arthritis (N = 1,168), chronic renal failure (N = 2,368), and diabetes (N = 538). For face validity, 15 bilingual people compared translations quality with the original. Psychometric properties were examined using confirmatory factor analysis (metric and scalar invariance) and item response theory. RESULTS: Qualitatively, there were five types of translation errors: style, intensity, frequency/time frame, breadth, and meaning. Bilingual assessors ranked best the translations with committee (P = 0.0026). All translations had good structural properties (root mean square error of approximation <0.05; comparative fit index [CFI], ≥0.899; and Tucker-Lewis index, ≥0.889). Full measurement invariance was observed between translations (ΔCFI ≤ 0.01) with metric invariance between translations and original (lowest ΔCFI = 0.022 between fully constrained models and models with free intercepts). Item characteristic curve analyses revealed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: This is the first experimental evidence that back-translation has moderate impact, whereas expert committee helps to ensure accurate content.

Found in translation: Decoding local understandings of genetics and heredity in a Yup'ik Eskimo community.

The Center for Alaska Native Health Research is a community-based participatory research center that conducts studies involving genetic research with Yup'ik Eskimo community members in Southwest Alaska, where Yup'ik remains the first language for most residents. Cultural equivalents are needed to communicate results of these studies among all partners and members of the participating communities, since many scientific terms have no direct translation in Yup'ik. To inform that effort, we examined local understandings of genetics and heredity in one community. Here, we report results from back-translated Yup'ik interviews, and identify working genetic concepts shared by participants from interviews and focus groups. We suggest issues involved in, and some potential steps toward, developing a concise, scientifically accurate and culturally relevant term for "genetics" and other health concepts.

Innovative solutions to novel drug development in mental health.

There are many new advances in neuroscience and mental health which should lead to a greater understanding of the neurobiological dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders and new developments for early, effective treatments. To do this, a biomarker approach combining genetic, neuroimaging, cognitive and other biological measures is needed. The aim of this article is to highlight novel approaches for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment development. This article suggests approaches that can be taken in the future including novel mechanisms with preliminary clinical validation to provide a toolbox for mechanistic studies and also examples of translation and back-translation. The review also emphasizes the need for clinician-scientists to be trained in a novel way in order to equip them with the conceptual and experimental techniques required, and emphasizes the need for private-public partnership and pre-competitive knowledge exchange. This should lead the way for important new holistic treatment developments to improve cognition, functional outcome and well-being of people with neuropsychiatric disorders.