Identification of microorganisms in wet coffee fermentation Coffea arabica Var Catimor and Castillo in Jardín, Antioquia-Colombia, using culture-dependent methods / Identificación de microorganismos en fermentación húmeda de café Coffea arabica Var Catimor y Castillo en Jardín, Antioquia-Colombia, usando métodos cultivo-dependientes

Background: Mild Colombian coffees are recognized worldwide for their high-quality coffee cup. However, there have been some failures in post-harvest practices, such as coffee grain fermentation. These failures could occasionally lead to defects and inconsistencies in quality products and economic losses for coffee farmers. In Colombia, one of the fermentation methods most used by coffee growers is wet fermentation, conducted by submerging the de-pulped coffee beans for enough time in water tanks to remove the mucilage. Objectives: We evaluated the effect of the water (g)/de-pulped coffee (g) ratio (I: 0/25, II: 10/25, III: 20/25) and final fermentation time (24, 48, and 72 hours) on the total number of microbial groups. We also identified microorganisms of interest as starter cultures. Methods: We used a completely randomized experimental design with two factors; the effect of the water (g)/de-pulped coffee (g) ratio (I: 0/25, II: 10/25, III: 20/25) and final fermentation time (24, 48, and 72 hours), for 9 treatments with two replicates. During the coffee fermentation (1,950 g), the pH and °Brix were monitored. Total counts of different microbial groups (mesophiles, coliforms, lactic-acid bacteria, acetic-acid bacteria, and yeasts) were performed. Various isolates of microorganisms of interest as starter cultures (lactic-acid bacteria and yeasts) were identified using molecular sequencing techniques. Results: 21 lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) isolates and 22 yeasts were obtained from the different mini-batch fermentation systems. The most abundant lactic-acid bacteria species found were Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (46%) and Levilactobacillus brevis (31%). Pichia kluivery (39%) and Torulaspora delbrueckii (22%) were the most abundant yeast species. Conclusion The studied factors did not have effect over the microorganism's development. The identified bacterial and yeasts species have potential as starter cultures for better-quality coffees and in fermentation-related applications.

Antecedentes: Los cafés suaves lavados colombianos son reconocidos a nivel mundial por su buena puntuación sensorial; sin embargo, se han detectado fallas en las prácticas de postcosecha, como lo es la fermentación de los granos de café. Dichas fallas pueden causar defectos y carecer de consistencia en la calidad del producto, ocasionando pérdidas económicas para los caficultores. En Colombia, uno de los métodos más usados por los caficultores es la fermentación húmeda, la cual consiste en sumergir los granos de café despulpado en tanques con agua por un período de tiempo que permita la remoción del mucílago. Objetivos: La presente investigación evaluó la incidencia que tienen la proporción agua/granos despulpados de café (I: 0/25, II: 10/25, III: 20/25) y el tiempo final de fermentación (24, 48 y 72 horas) en el recuento final de grupos microbianos. Por otra parte, se identificaron taxonómicamente microorganismos de interés para su uso como cultivos iniciadores. Métodos: Mini-lotes consistieron en café despulpado (1950 g) puesto en recipientes de plástico abiertos y sumergidos en agua. Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado de dos factores (proporción agua/ granos de café despulpado y tiempo) a tres niveles, para un total de nueve tratamientos con dos replicas. Durante las fermentaciones de café (1,950 g), el pH y los grados ºBrix, fueron monitoreados. Se realizaron los recuentos totales de los diferentes grupos microbianos: mesófilos, coliformes, bacterias ácido-lácticas, bacterias ácido-acéticas y levaduras. Se identificaron molecularmente diferentes aislados con potencial para ser usados como cultivos iniciadores (bacterias ácido-lácticas y levaduras). Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que no hubo diferencia estádisticamente significativa entre los tratamientos aplicados y el recuento final de microorganismos. Un total de 21 aislados de bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL) y 22 levaduras lograron obtenerse a partir de los diferentes sistemas de fermentación en mini-lote. Las especies de bacterias ácido-lácticas con mayor porcentaje acorde a su identificación taxonómica, corresponden a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (46%), Levilactobacillus brevis (31%). Las especies de levaduras con mayor porcentaje acorde a su identificación taxonómica corresponden a Pichia kluivery (39%) y Torulaspora delbrueckii (22%). Conclusión Los factores estudiados no afectaron el crecimiento de ninguno de los grupos microbianos presentes en la fermentacion del café. Las especies de microorganismos identificados tienen potencial para se usados como cultivos starter o en aplicaciones dentro de las ciencias de fermentación.

[Agave fructanos promote in vitro biofilm formation with a probiotic consortium Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus]. / Los fructanos de agave promueven la formación de biopelícula in vitro en el consorcio probiótico Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus y Streptococcus thermophilus.

In recent years the relationship between the intestinal microbiota, the host and chronic non-communicable diseases has brought interest into the study of its formation and maintenance in the host. Lactic acid bacteria (BAL) are Gram-positive bacteria with probiotic activity, which have been associated with many health benefits, such as decreased body fat mass and lower risk of type II diabetes mellitus. One of the main colonization mechanisms and bacteria survival strategies is the production of biofilms and the use of prebiotics as substrates to achieve a balance within intestinal microbiota. However, there is not enough evidence to demonstrate the biofilm formation in the presence of agave fructans (AF). This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the biofilm formation in a consortium of lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus y Streptococcus thermophilus in the presence of AF at different concentrations: 0%, 0,1%, 4%, 8% y 16%. The addition of 0,1% of AF correlates with the best capacity for biofilm formation. The findings imply the possibility of modulating the biofilm formation of lactic acid bacteria with AF. These results can contribute positively to the host, by generating intestinal homeostasis, colonization resistance, stability to food digestion and chemical modifications of drugs and carry out beneficial functions to the health.

Biological control of foodborne pathogens by lacticacid bacteria: A focus on juice processing industries

Abstract The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in foods as biocontrol agents against foodborne pathogens has become increasingly known. Under the premise that controlling the adhesion of microorganisms to food contact surfaces is an essential step for meeting the goals of food processing, the aim of this work was to investigate the inhibitory and anti-biofilm effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Lactobacillus strains (108UFCCFU/ml) and pathogens (104UFCCFU/ml) were evaluated to monitor LAB anti-adhesive and antibiofilm effect, in two main scenarios: (i) co-adhesion and (ii) pathogen incorporation to stainless steel surfaces with a protective biofilm of Lactobacillus cells. In (i) the predominant effect was observed in L. rhamnosus against S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, whereas in (ii) both LAB significantly reduced the number of pathogenic adherent cells. The effect of pre-established LAB biofilms was more successful in displacing the three pathogens than when they were evaluated under co-adhesion. These findings show that both LAB can be considered good candidates to prevent or inhibit the adhesion and colonization of L. monocytogenes, S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 on surfaces and conditions of relevance for juice processing industries, offering alternatives for improving the safety and quality of fruit-based products.

Resumen Existe un creciente interés en el uso de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) como agentes de biocontrol frente a patógenos de transmisión alimentaria. Bajo la premisa de que el control de la adhesión de microorganismos a superficies de contacto con alimentos es el paso esencial para evitar su contaminación, el objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la efectividad inhibitoria y antibiofilm de Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) y Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393) frente a Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica y Listeria monocytogenes. A fin de cumplir con el objetivo propuesto, las cepas de Lactobacillus (108UFCUFC/ml) y los patógenos (104UFCUFC/ml) se ensayaron en 2 escenarios: (1) coadhesión, y (2) incorporación de los patógenos a las superficies de acero inoxidable con un biofilm preformado de Lactobacillus. En (1), el efecto predominante se observó con L. rhamnosus frente a S. enterica y L. monocytogenes, mientras que en (2), ambas BAL redujeron significativamente el número de células patógenas adheridas. En función de estos resultados, concluimos que el efecto de un biofilm preformado de ambas BAL fue más exitoso en el desplazamiento de los 3 patógenos que en coadhesión. Ambas BAL pueden considerarse buenas candidatas para mitigar la adhesión y colonización de L. monocytogenes, S. enterica y E. coli O157:H7 en superficies en condiciones de relevancia para la industria procesadora de jugos, y, de esta manera, ofrecer alternativas para mejorar la seguridad y calidad de los alimentos a base de frutas.

Silage quality and bacterial diversity of silages inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei_6714

Introduction: King grass (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, syn. Pennisetum purpuphoides) and pineapple peel (Ananas comosus) silages are food alternatives for livestock in conditions of feed shortage. Objective: To describe the dynamics of the microbiota present in king grass and pineapple silage during the fermentation process using next generation sequencing (NGS) and to evaluate the protective effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei_6714 as a silage inoculum against Listeria monocytogenes. Methods: We used an unrestricted randomized design to characterize the microbiota present in silages made from king grass harvested 70 days after regrowth and pineapple peel. We inoculated mixtures of grass and peel with L. paracasei_6714 or L. monocytogenes, or both, with a non-inoculated treatment as control. The nutritional and fermentative profile was evaluated after 30 days. After 15 and 30 days of fermentation, we used 16S rRNA analysis to determine the dynamics and diversity of the microbiota in the inoculated and control silages. Result: Dry matter content and digestibility did not differ significantly; however, there were differences in crude protein, pH and organic acids. We obtained 4432 amplicon sequence variants of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacterioidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes and Patescibacteria. The relative abundance of each phylum varied depending on the material and fermentation period. Phylum similarity was over 70 % (but not greater than 50 % with Bray-Curtis at the species level). Conclusion: These bacterial communities seem to have an important role during silage fermentation. Proper management of silage processing can reduce or eliminate pathogenic bacteria.

Introducción: Los ensilajes del pasto king grass (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, syn. Pennisetum purpuphoides) y cáscaras de piña (Ananas comosus) son alternativas de alimento para ganado en condiciones de escasez alimentaria. Objetivo: Describir las dinámicas de la microbiota presente en los ensilajes de king grass y piña durante el proceso de fermentación usando secuenciación de próxima generación (NGS) y evaluar el efecto de protección de Lacticaseibacillus paracasei_6714 como inoculante de ensilaje ante Listeria monocytogenes. Métodos: Usamos un diseño aleatorio no restringido para caracterizar la microbiota presente en ensilajes de king Grass cosechados 70 días después de rebrote y de cáscaras de piña. Inoculamos mezclas de pasto y cáscara con L. paracasei_6714 o L. monocytogenes, o ambos, con un tratamiento control sin inocular. El perfil nutricional y de fermentación fue evaluado luego de 30 días. Después de 15 y 30 días de fermentación, usamos un análisis de para determinar la dinámicas y diversidad de la microbiota en los ensilajes inoculados y control. Resultados: Los contenidos de materia seca y digestibilidad, no difirieron significativamente; sin embargo, hubo diferencias en proteína cruda, pH y ácidos orgánicos. Obtuvimos 4 432 secuencias variantes de amplicon de Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacterioidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes y de Patescibacteria. La abundancia relativa de cada filo vario dependiendo del material y periodo de fermentación. Similitudes de filo fueron mayores al 70 % (pero no mayor que 50 % con Bray-Curtis a nivel de especie). Conclusión: Estas comunidades bacterianas parecen cumplir un papel importante durante la fermentación del ensilaje. Un manejo apropiado del proceso de ensilaje puede reducir o eliminar baterías patogénicas.

Calidad microbiológica de embutidos crudos: estudio del caso en Latinoamérica / Microbiology of raw sausages: a case of study in Latin America

Introducción. Los embutidos crudos se componen de carne fragmentada y otros ingredientes no cárnicos (sal, especias, fosfatos, nitritos) pero cuya formulación varía según el país; son productos altamente perecederos y podrían representar un riesgo para el consumidor. Objetivo. Los embutidos frescos son de alto consumo en varios países de Latinoamérica, por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es compilar la información disponible sobre la calidad microbiológica de este tipo de productos en la región. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura (desde el 2006 a la fecha) en las principales bases de datos. Resultados. Se determinó que la calidad microbiológica de los embutidos crudos latinoamericanos no es adecuada según la reglamentación. Las bacterias más estudiadas son los microorganismos totales aerobios mesófilos (MTAM), y las bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL); estos dos grupos son los referentes para determinar la vida útil. Los patógenos más analizados son Salmonella spp. y Listeria monocytogenes y llama la atención que Staphyloccoccus aureus no se utiliza como indicador de malas prácticas de higiene o de inocuidad. Conclusiones. En general se confirma que los embutidos frescos podrían ser un riesgo para la salud pública ya que presentan recuentos microbiológicos altos, en ocasiones no regulados. Algunos agentes antimicrobianos como los compuestos etanólicos de propóleos (EEP), compuestos fenólicos y bacteriófagos han sido estudiados. Sin embargo, no está claro si a nivel artesanal este tipo de ingredientes son utilizados del todo. Finalmente, destaca la necesidad de armonizar las metodologías de estudio y la normativa vigente en los distintos países(AU)

Introduction. Raw sausages are products composed of comminuted meat and other non- meat ingredients (salt, spices, phosphates, nitrites) but the formulation varies in each country. Given this nature, raw sausages are highly perishable and may represent an important risk for consumers. Aim. As raw sausages are highly consumed in many Latin-American countries, the objective of this literature review was to compile the available information about studies of the microbial quality of these products in the region. Materials and methods. For that purpose, a literature search was performed on main data bases to compile studies from 2006 to nowadays. Results. In general, it was found that microbiological quality of Latin-American raw sausages is not adequate according to current regulation. Total aerobic mesophilic microorganisms (TAMM) and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were the most studied indicators; these two groups are the main reference to establish shelf life. Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were the most studied pathogens, and it is noticeable that Staphyloccoccus aureus is not used as an indicator for safety or manipulation. Conclusions. It is perceived that raw sausages in the region could represent a public health risk as they frequently present high microbiological counts, not regulated in many cases. For conservation, antimicrobial agents as propolic ethanoplic extracts (PEE), phenolyc compounds, and bacteriophages have been studied. However, it is not clear if these ingredients are used at the artisanal level, even though it can be assumed that they are not given the high microbial numbers that are reported. Finally, it stands out the need of harmonization of methodologies and current regulation in the countries(AU)

Biological control of foodborne pathogens by lactic acid bacteria: A focus on juice processing industries.

The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in foods as biocontrol agents against foodborne pathogens has become increasingly known. Under the premise that controlling the adhesion of microorganisms to food contact surfaces is an essential step for meeting the goals of food processing, the aim of this work was to investigate the inhibitory and anti-biofilm effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Lactobacillus strains (108CFU/ml) and pathogens (104CFU/ml) were evaluated to monitor LAB anti-adhesive and antibiofilm effect, in two main scenarios: (i) co-adhesion and (ii) pathogen incorporation to stainless steel surfaces with a protective biofilm of Lactobacillus cells. In (i) the predominant effect was observed in L. rhamnosus against S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, whereas in (ii) both LAB significantly reduced the number of pathogenic adherent cells. The effect of pre-established LAB biofilms was more successful in displacing the three pathogens than when they were evaluated under co-adhesion. These findings show that both LAB can be considered good candidates to prevent or inhibit the adhesion and colonization of L. monocytogenes, S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 on surfaces and conditions of relevance for juice processing industries, offering alternatives for improving the safety and quality of fruit-based products.

Evaluación de la calidad microbiológica del queso de hoja tradicional de Ecuador elaborado artesanal e industrialmente / Evaluation of the microbiological quality of traditional leafcheese in Ecuador both handcrafted and industrially produced

Uno de los quesos frescos tradicionales típicos del Ecuador es el queso de hoja, un queso de pasta hilada, que se elabora de manera artesanal envuelto en hoja de achira (Canna indica), mientras en la industria es empacado al vacío en bolsas de polietileno. En el presente estudio se comparó la calidad microbiológica de estos quesos, evaluando los indicadores de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria, además se cuantificaron y caracterizaron fenotípicamente bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL). Las muestras se recolectaron en queseras artesanales y plantas industriales de la ciudad de Latacunga. Se determinaron recuentos de aerobios mesófilos aplicando la Norma Técnica Ecuatoriana NTE INEN 1529 5, coliformes totales, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus se analizaron utilizando placas Petrifilm (AOAC 991.14 – AOAC 2003.07). El recuento de bacterias ácido lácticas empleó el método PRT-712.02-047. Los resultados de los indicadores de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria: coliformes, E. coli y S. aureus examinados en los quesos de hoja artesanales y de elaboración industrial, en todos los casos superaron los límites de aceptabilidad establecidos por la normativa ecuatoriana, sugiriendo deficiente calidad higiénica de los procesos o incorrecta manipulación de la leche empleada como materia prima. (AU)

One of the traditional fresh cheeses in Ecuador is the artisanal leafcheese, a kind of stretched-curd cheese. The artisanal product is wrapped in achira leaves (Canna indica), while the industrial leafcheese is packed at vacuum in high density polyethylene bags. In this study the microbiological quality of both products was compared. The hygienic-sanitary microbial indicators and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were quantified. The LAB isolated were characterized phenotypically. The samples were obtained from artisanal cheese-making and industrial located in Latacunga city province Cotopaxi.The total aerobic mesophilic count was made based on national regulations (NTE INEN 1529 5); total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated using petrifilm methods (AOAC 991.14 – AOAC 2003.07) and to LAB was used PRT-712.02-047. The results show high quantities of total coliforms, E. coli and S. aureus in both products, these data exceed the limits of acceptability established in Ecuadorian regulations, this evidence poor hygienic quality of the processes or incorrect controls of milk as raw material. (AU)

Digestibilidad aparente de materia seca, proteína y carbohidratos de la dieta con ensilado biológico de harina de maíz en Cryphiops (C.) caementarius / Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and carbohydrate of the diet with biological corn meal silage in Cryphiops (C.) caementarius

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca, proteína y carbohidratos de la dieta con ensilado biológico de harina de maíz en Cryphiops (C.) caementarius. Camarones adultos (4.50 a 7.20 cm de longitud total), se colectaron del río Pativilca (Lima, Perú) y en laboratorio se mantuvieron en recipientes individuales instalados dentro de seis acuarios (cuatro camarones por acuario). La dieta control fue sin ensilado y para la dieta experimental se reemplazó el 75% de la harina de maíz por el ensilado biológico de harina de maíz; ambas dietas tuvieron 1% de óxido crómico como marcador inerte. Los camarones fueron alimentados dos veces por día (40% a las 08:00 h y 60% a las 18:00 h) con el 6% del peso húmedo, durante 10 días. Para la colección de heces, los camarones fueron trasladados a un sistema de caja cribada (12 compartimentos) instalada dentro de un acuario. La digestibilidad aparente se determinó en base seca. Los camarones alimentados con la dieta con ensilado biológico de harina de maíz tuvieron altos coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente de carbohidratos (95.69%), proteína cruda (80.02%) y materia seca (76.19%), que aquellos alimentados con la dieta sin ensilado (p<0.05) que fue de 93.48, 78.21 y 74.36%, respectivamente. Los camarones adultos digieren con eficiencia los carbohidratos de la dieta con ensilado biológico de harina de maíz, en vez de la proteína de dicha dieta.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and carbohydrates of the diet with biological corn meal silage in Cryphiops (C.) caementarius. Adult prawn (4.50 to 7.20 cm total length) was collected from the Pativilca river (Lima, Peru) and in the laboratory each shrimp was kept in individual containers set up in six aquaria (four prawn per aquarium). The experimental diet was supplemented with corn meal biological silage and the control diet was without silage; both diets had 1% chromic oxide. Each diet had three replicates. Prawn was fed twice a day (40% at 08:00 h and 60% at 18:00 h) at 6% of wet weight for 10 days. For feces collection, the prawn was transferred to a system of sieved boxes (12 compartments) installed inside an aquarium. Apparent digestibility was determined on a dry basis. Prawn fed the diet with corn meal biological silage had higher apparent digestibility coefficient for carbohydrates (95.69%), crude protein (80.02%) and dry matter (76.19%) than those fed the diet without silage (p<0.05), which was 93.48, 78.21 and 74.36%, respectively. The adult prawn digested efficiently the carbohydrates of the corn meal biological silage diet, instead of the protein of this diet.

Nisin and ε-poly-L-lysine as natural antimicrobials towards spoilage-associated Lactobacillus plantarum / Combinação de nisina e ε-poly-L-lysina como antimicrobianos naturais contra Lactobacillus plantarum associado à deterioração

ABSTRACT: Sausages are highly susceptible to microbial spoilage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is the main group of spoilage bacteria in vacuum packed cooked sausages. To control microbial growth natural antimicrobials have been used as food preservatives. The aim of this study was to identify strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from spoiled commercial Calabresa sausages and use them in an in vitro challenge with the natural antimicrobials, nisin (NI) and ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL). Mass spectrometry identification of LAB isolated from sausages using MALDI-TOF revealed a predominance of L. plantarum in the LAB population. RAPD-PCR of L. plantarum strains showed four different genetic profiles. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of NI and ε-PL, alone and in combination, against a pool of different profiles L. plantarum were determined. MIC of NI and ε-PL were 0.468 mg/ L and 75 mg/ L; respectively, whereas MBC of NI and ε-PL were 12.48 mg/L and 150 mg/L, respectively. The combined effect of NI and ε-PL was determined using concentrations at 1/4 and 1/8 of individual MICs. Synergistic effect was confirmed at both concentrations showing a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5 and 0.2, respectively. The combination of NI and ε-PL at a small concentration of 0.05 mg/L and 9.375 mg/L, respectively, showed inhibitory effect towards spoilage L. plantarum Results show the potential of the combined use of NI and ε-PL to control sausage spoilage-associated with lactobacilli.

RESUMO: Linguiças são altamente susceptíveis à deterioração microbiana. As bactérias ácido lácticas (BAL) são o principal grupo de bactérias deteriorantes em linguiças cozidas embaladas a vácuo. Para controlar o crescimento microbiano, antimicrobianos naturais têm sido utilizados como conservantes de alimentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar cepas de bactérias ácido lácticas isoladas de linguiças Calabresa em deterioração e utilizá-las como modelo in vitro com os antimicrobianos naturais nisina (NI) e ε-poly-L-lysina (ε-PL). A identificação por espectrometria de massa das BAL isoladas das linguiças usando a técnica de MALDI-TOF revelou predominância de L. plantarum. A PCR-RAPD revelou quatro perfis genéticos diferentes. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de NI e ε-PL, individualmente e em combinação, contra o pool de L. plantarum foram determinadas. O valor de CIM de NI e ε-PL foi 0,468 mg/L e 75 mg/L, respectivamente, e de CBM de NI e ε-PL foi 12,48 mg/L e 150 mg/L, respectivamente. O efeito da combinação de NI e ε-PL foi determinada usando concentrações de 1/4 e 1/8 dos CIMs individuais. O efeito sinérgico foi confirmado em ambas concentrações mostrando um índice de concentração inibitório fracionado de 0,5 e 0,2, respectivamente. A combinação de NI e ε-PL em baixa concentração, 0,05 mg/L e 9,375 mg/L, respectivamente, mostrou efeito inibitório contra L. plantarum. Os resultados demonstram o potencial do uso combinado de NI e ε-PL para o controle de lactobacilos associados à deterioração em linguiça.

[Influence of the diet of Mexican women on the nutritional quality and the presence of beneficial microorganisms in human milk]. / Influencia de la dieta de mujeres mexicanas sobre la calidad nutricional y la presencia de microorganismos benéficos en la leche humana.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: breast milk is the first fundamental food of newborns and it provides all the sources of energy, nutrients and the immunological protection they need during their first months of life. Unfortunately, there are specific circumstances that imply that the mother cannot feed her baby correctly, since the mother's nutritional needs differ to a certain extent during different periods of life. Especially in breastfeeding, since nutritional needs are increased, due to the loss of nutrients, first by colostrum and then by breast milk. Objective: to demonstrate the influence of the diet of Mexican women on the nutritional quality and the presence of beneficial microorganisms in human milk. Methods: seventy descriptive surveys of nutrition and sampling of milk to women in nursing state were carried out. The milks were subjected to various bromatological and microbiological analyzes to evaluate their nutritional quality and possible probiotic activity. Results: it was shown that the mother's food intake influences the nutritional quality of the milk. Likewise, it affects the development and growth of lactic acid bacteria. Several strains were isolated and identified in human milk of the genus Lactobacillus, as well as pathogenic bacteria such as Lodderomyces elongisporus among others. Conclusions: the mothers' nutrition is directly reflected in the nutritional quality of the milk. It was observed that the amount of essential nutrients of milk such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins vary according to the diet and life rhythm of the mothers, as well as the significant decrease of lactic bacteria with probiotic potential.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la leche materna es el primer alimento fundamental de los neonatos y proporciona todas las fuentes de energía, nutrientes y protección inmunológica que necesitan durante sus primeros meses de vida. Lamentablemente, existen circunstancias específicas que implican que la madre no pueda alimentar correctamente a su bebé, ya que las necesidades nutricionales de la madre difieren en cierta medida durante los diversos periodos de la vida, especialmente en la lactancia, ya que se aumentan las necesidades nutricionales debido a la pérdida de nutrientes, primero por el calostro y luego a través de la leche materna. Objetivo: demostrar la influencia de la dieta de mujeres mexicanas sobre la calidad nutricional y la presencia de microorganismos benéficos en la leche humana. Métodos: se llevaron a cabo 70 encuestas descriptivas de nutrición y toma de muestras de leche a mujeres en estado lactante. Las leches fueron sometidas a diversos análisis bromatológicos y microbiológicos para evaluar su calidad nutricional y posible actividad probiótica. Resultados: se demostró que la ingesta de alimentos de la madre influye en la calidad nutricional de la leche. Asimismo, afecta el desarrollo y crecimiento de las bacterias lácticas. Se aislaron e identificaron diversas cepas en leche humana del género Lactobacillus, además de bacterias patógenas como el caso de Lodderomyces elongisporus, entre otros. Conclusiones: la alimentación de las madres se refleja directamente en la calidad nutricional de la leche. Se observó que la cantidad de nutrientes esenciales de la leche, como son los hidratos de carbono, lípidos y proteínas, varían conforme a la alimentación y el ritmo de vida de las madres, así como la disminución significativa de bacterias lácticas con potencial probiótico.

Ação in vivo de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis com potencial probiótico na estabilização de células cancerígenas no epitélio colorretal / In vivo action of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis with probiotic potential in the stabilization of cancer cells in the colorectal epithelium

Na última década, a ciência contribuiu significativamente para inúmeros avanços em relação ao tratamento e prevenção do câncer colorretal (CCR), porém, a prevalência global e a taxa de mortalidade permanecem elevadas. Há relatos sobre efeitos benéficos de espécies de Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus com potencial probiótico na prevenção de CCR. No entanto, a bactéria probiótica Lactococcus lactis subps. lactis é comumente utilizada para fins industriais, não havendo comprovações in vivo sobre seu potencial anticarcinogênico. Visto o interesse emergente dos efeitos benéficos dos probióticos a fim de prevenir ou tratar o CCR, o presente estudo objetivou explorar os efeitos de L. lactis subsp. lactis sobre o CCR. Ratos Wistar receberam doses subcutâneas de 1,2 dimetilhidrazina (DMH) e suspensão de L. lactis subsp. lactis por via oral. Após 20 semanas, os tecidos intestinais foram analisados e de acordo com o resultado, o isolado demonstrou potencial anticarcinogênico contra CCR.

Desenvolvimento de sorvete de kefir com polpa de manga: avaliação sensorial, físico-química e de bactérias ácido láticas / Development of kefir ice cream with mango pulp: sensory evaluation, physico-chemistry and lactic acid bacteria

O kefir é uma bebida probiótica que contribui com benefícios à saúde. A sua utilização em preparações como o sorvete contribui para incorporação de micro-organismos probióticos na formulação podendo estimular seu consumo com objetivo funcional, por meio de uma sobremesa apreciada entre os consumidores. O trabalho objetivou analisar as características sensoriais, físico-químicas e microbiológicas de sorvetes caseiros desenvolvidos com kefir e polpa de manga. A formulação 1 do sorvete foi elaborada com kefir à 5% e a formulação 2 com kefir a 10% (m/v) e avaliadas quanto a aceitação, pH, acidez titulável e contagem de BAL. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas no leite integral, kefir à 5% e 10 % m/v e nos sorvetes antes do congelamento (T0), após o congelamento final (T29 h) e após uma semana do congelamento (T168 h). O pH do kefir a 5 % diferiu (p < 0,05) daquele encontrado no de 10%. A análise sensorial mostrou que as formulações foram bem aceitas (p > 0,05) em todos os atributos. Após T168 h os sorvetes apresentaram contagem BAL igual a 2,7 x107 para a formulação 1 e 1,1 x108 UFC/mL para a formulação 2. Conclui-se que o kefir apresentou características de um leite fermentado e que o sorvete de kefir com polpa de manga à 5% e 10% apresentaram após T168 h contagem mínima de bactérias ácido lácticas prevista na legislação (AU)

Kefir is a probiotic drink that contributes health benefits. Its use in preparations such as ice cream can stimulate its consumption through a dessert appreciated among consumers, in addition to allowing the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. The objective of this work was to analyze the sensorial, physicalchemistry and microbiological characteristics of homemade ice creams developed with kefir and mango pulp. Formulation 1 of the ice cream was made with kefir at 5% and formulation 2 with kefir at 10%, (w/v) and was evaluated for acceptance, pH, titratable acidity and lactic acid bacteria count. Microbiological analyzes were performed in whole milk, kefir at 5% and 10%, and in ice cream before freezing (T0), after the final freezing (T29 h) and after one week of freezing (T168 h). The pH of the kefir at 5% differed (p <0.05) from that found in 10%. Sensory analysis showed that the formulations were accepted (P> 0.05) in all attributes. After T168 h, the ice creams had a lactic acid bacteria count (AU)

Development and storage studies of high density macrocapsules containing Lactobacillus spp. strains as nutritional supplement in young calves / Desarrollo de macrocápsulas con cepas de Lactobacillus spp. en alta densidad como suplemento nutricional de terneros jóvenes y análisis de su viabilidad durante el almacenamiento

The aim of this study was to evaluate different production methodologies of probiotic macrocapsules with high bacterial densities destined to lactating calves. Three types of capsules containing Lactobacillus casei DSPV318T and Lactobacillus plantarum DSPV354T were prepared from an overnight culture in whey medium: (1) mixing the culture with calcium alginate and then, reincubating the capsules in whey (RC); (2) concentrating the biomass by centrifugation and mixing the pellet with calcium alginate (CC) at different concentrations with respect to the initial culture (5X and 12.5X); (3) CC with cryoprotectants: whey permeate (Per) and glycerol (Gly). Chitosan coating was evaluated. Capsules were freeze-dried and viability was assessed before freezing, after freeze-drying and every two weeks for 84 days of storage at room temperature, 4°C and-20°C. CC showed higher cell densities than RC. Storage temperature affected viability: greater viability at lower temperature. Moreover, the effect of temperature was influenced by other factors, such as capsule coating, culture neutralization and cryoprotectants. Coating improved viability at room temperature; however no effect was observed at 4°C. Culture neutralization allowed greater survival during storage. Cryoprotectants improved viability during freezing, but they also generated a positive or negative effect depending on storage temperature. The best results were: at refrigeration Gly12.5X exhibited counts above 10(9) CFU/capsule until day 70 and Per12.5X until day 56 of storage and at-20°C Gly12.5X showed counts above 10(9) CFU/capsule until the end of the study (84 days). A 10(9) CFU capsule is the daily dose per calf which would facilitate the administration of this probiotic inoculum to field animals.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar diferentes metodologías de producción de macrocápsulas probióticas con altas densidades bacterianas, destinadas a terneros lactantes. Se prepararon cápsulas con Lactobacillus casei DSPV318T y L. plantarum DSPV354T a partir de cultivos overnight en suero de queso, de 3 maneras: 1) mezclando el cultivo con alginato de calcio y luego reincubando las cápsulas en suero (RC); 2) concentrando la biomasa por centrifugación y mezclando el sedimento con alginato de calcio (CC) en diferentes concentraciones con respecto al cultivo inicial (5X y 12,5X), y 3) CC con crioprotectores: permeado de suero (Per) o glicerol (Gly). Se evaluó el recubrimiento con quitosano. Las cápsulas se liofilizaron y se evaluó la viabilidad antes de la congelación, después de la liofilización y cada 2 semanas durante 84 días de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente a 4 o a-20°C. Con el sistema CC se alcanzaron mayores densidades celulares que con el RC. La temperatura de almacenamiento afectó la viabilidad: se observó una mayor viabilidad a menor temperatura. Además, otros factores incidieron en el efecto de la temperatura: el recubrimiento de las cápsulas, la neutralización del cultivo y la adición de crioprotectores. El recubrimiento mejoró la viabilidad a temperatura ambiente, pero no se observó ningún efecto a 4°C. La neutralización del cultivo permitió una mayor supervivencia durante el almacenamiento. Los crioprotectores mejoraron la viabilidad durante la congelación, pero también generaron un efecto positivo o negativo dependiendo de la temperatura de almacenamiento. Con el almacenamiento en refrigeración se obtuvieron recuentos por encima de 10(9) UFC/cápsula hasta el día 70 y con Gly12,5X y hasta el día 56 con Per12,5X. Con el almacenamiento a-20 °C se obtuvieron cápsulas Gly12,5X con más de 10(9) UFC/cápsula hasta el final del estudio (84 días). Una cápsula de 10(9) UFC es la dosis diaria por ternero que facilitaría la administración de este inóculo probiótico a los animales en el campo.

Development and storage studies of high density macrocapsules containing Lactobacillus spp. strains as nutritional supplement in young calves.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different production methodologies of probiotic macrocapsules with high bacterial densities destined to lactating calves. Three types of capsules containing Lactobacillus casei DSPV318T and Lactobacillus plantarum DSPV354T were prepared from an overnight culture in whey medium: (1) mixing the culture with calcium alginate and then, reincubating the capsules in whey (RC); (2) concentrating the biomass by centrifugation and mixing the pellet with calcium alginate (CC) at different concentrations with respect to the initial culture (5X and 12.5X); (3) CC with cryoprotectants: whey permeate (Per) and glycerol (Gly). Chitosan coating was evaluated. Capsules were freeze-dried and viability was assessed before freezing, after freeze-drying and every two weeks for 84 days of storage at room temperature, 4°C and -20°C. CC showed higher cell densities than RC. Storage temperature affected viability: greater viability at lower temperature. Moreover, the effect of temperature was influenced by other factors, such as capsule coating, culture neutralization and cryoprotectants. Coating improved viability at room temperature; however no effect was observed at 4°C. Culture neutralization allowed greater survival during storage. Cryoprotectants improved viability during freezing, but they also generated a positive or negative effect depending on storage temperature. The best results were: at refrigeration Gly12.5X exhibited counts above 109CFU/capsule until day 70 and Per12.5X until day 56 of storage and at -20°C Gly12.5X showed counts above 109CFU/capsule until the end of the study (84 days). A 109CFU capsule is the daily dose per calf which would facilitate the administration of this probiotic inoculum to field animals.

Control del deterioro microbiológico de filetes de tilapia mediante la aplicación de bacterias lácticas / Control Microbiological Deterioration of Tilapia Fillets by the Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria / Controle de Deterioração Microbiológica da Tilápia Arquiva Através da Aplicação de Bactérias Láticas

Resumen En los últimos años se ha reconocido el potencial de las bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) como agentes bioconservantes de productos cárnicos, incluido el pescado, al reducir el deterioro microbiológico y químico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto bioconservante de dos cepas de BAL y el tiempo de impregnación en la calidad microbiológica y química de filetes de tilapia. Se evaluaron dos tiempos de impregnación (1h y 2h) y las BAL Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1149 y Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356. Los filetes bioconservados (FB) se almacenaron a 5°C y se evaluaron los cambios en el recuento de BAL, mesófilos, psicrófilos y coliformes totales durante 30 días. Los recuentos en los FB fueron de 5.94 de Log UFC/g. de BAL, y <2.7 log UFC/g de coliformes y psicrófilos. Los filetes control presentaron recuentos de 1.2 log UFC/g de BAL mientras los coliformes totales y psicrófilos superaron el límite permitido para consumo humano luego de 10 días. Luego de 10 días. El tratamiento que mantuvo la calidad microbiológica y química de los FB por más tiempo fue L. plantarum con inmersión de una hora. Las BAL estudiadas mostraron un efecto inhibitorio de la microflora deteriorante del pescado y una reducción en la formación de nitrógeno volátil, siendo un método viable para la conservación del pescado.

Abstract In recent years, it has recognized the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as biopreservatives agents for meat products, including fish, by reducing the microbiological and chemical spoilage. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two strains biopreservative LAB and impregnation time on the microbiological and chemical quality of tilapia fillets. Two impregnation time (1h and 2h) and two LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1149 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 were evaluated. The biopreserved fillets (BF) were stored at 5 ° C and the changes of the LAB count, mesophilic, psychrophilic and total coliforms., were evaluated for 30 days. The microbiological analysis show for the BF 5.94 log CFU / g. of LAB and <2.7 log CFU / g of coliform and psychrophilic bacteria. The control Fillets showed 1.2 log CFU / g of LAB while the psychrophile and total coliforms exceeded the allowed limit for human consumption after 10 days. The treatment kept the microbiological and chemical quality of the BF longer was L. plantarum with one hour of impregnation. The LAB studied showed an inhibitory effect of the spoilage microflora of fish and a reduction in the formation of volatile nitrogen compounds, being a viable fish preservation method.

Resumo Nos últimos anos tem se reconhecido o potencial das bactérias ácido lácticas (BAL) como agentes bioconservantes de pro dutos carnicos, incluído o peixe ao diminuir o deterioro microbiológico e químico. O propósito deste estudo foi determinar o efeito bioconservante de duas cepas de BAL e a avaliação do tempo de impregnação requerido para obter uma boa qua lidade microbiológica e química de filetes de tilapia. Foram avaliados dois tempos de impregnação (1h e 2h) com as BAL Lactobacillus plantarum JMC 1149 e Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356. Os filetes biopreservados (FB) foram estocados a 5oC e valoradas as modificações na contagem de microorganismos BAL, mesófilos, psicrófilos, coliformes totais durante 30 dias. As contagens microbianas nos FB foram de 5.94 de log UFC/g e <2.7 log UFC/g de coliformes e psicrofilos. Os filetes controle apresentaram valores de 1.2 log UFC/g de BAL, não entanto os coliformes totais e psicrófilos superaram o limite permitido para consumo humano após 10 dias de estocagem. O tratamento que manteve a qualidade microbiológica e química dos FB por maior tempo foi de imersão com Lactobacillus plantarum por uma hora. As BAL estudadas amostraram um efeito inibitório da microflora deteriorante dos peixes e uma redução na formação de nitrogênio volátil se apresentan do como um método viável para a preservação de filete de peixe

Podem as bactérias ácido lácticas probióticas apresentarem efeito antitumoral em modelo animal de câncer de cólon? Uma revisão da literatura / Can probiotic acid lactic bacteria submit antitumor effect in animal model of colon cancer? A review of the literature

O Câncer de cólon é um dos tipos mais comuns de câncer no mundo e a segunda principal causa de morte relacionada a esta doença em países desenvolvidos. Até 75% dos casos estão associados com a alimentação, indicando que uma pessoa pode reduzir o seu risco simplesmente através de modificação na dieta. Estudos em animais demonstram que várias cepas de bactérias ácido lácticas protegem contra o câncer de cólon em roedores, embora os dados em humanos sejam limitados e conflitantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a eficácia das bactérias ácido lácticas no tratamento e redução do câncer de cólon em modelo animal. Foram realizadas buscas sistemáticas em bases de dados eletrônicas alcançando 1079 artigos relacionados, entretanto apenas 6 artigos foram eleitos de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade para análise. Todos os artigos avaliados apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quanto à inibição do câncer de cólon em ratos e camundongos ao utilizarem cepas predominantemente do gênero Lactobacillus. Este estudo pode responder a hipótese de que as bactérias ácido lácticas apresentam efeito preventivo e antitumoral contra o câncer de cólon.(AU)

Colon cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and the second leading cause of death related to the disease in developed countries. Up to 75% of cases are associated with eating, indicating that a person can reduce their risk simply through dietary modification. Studies in animals show that various strains of lactic acid bacteria protect against colon cancer in rodents although data in humans are limited and conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of acid lactic bacteria in the treatment and reduction of colon cancer in animal models. Systematic searches were conducted in electronic databases reaching 1079 related articles, only six articles were elected according instead of to the eligibility criteria for analysis. All reviewed articles showed satisfactory results on the inhibition of colon cancer in rats and mice when using predominantly Lactobacillus strains. This study can answer hypothesis that acid lactic bacteria has antitumor effect against colon cancer.(AU)

Assessment of the in vitro bioactive properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from native ecological niches of Ecuador.

Lactic acid bacteria are known for their biotechnological potential. In various regions of Ecuador numerous indigenous biological resources are largely undocumented. In this study, we evaluated the potential probiotic characteristics and antagonistic in vitro properties of some lactic acid bacteria from native niches of the subtropical rain forests of Ecuador. These isolates were identified according to their morphological properties, standard API50CH fermentation profile and RAPD-DNA polymorphism pattern. The selected isolates were further evaluated for their probiotic potential. The isolates grew at 15°C and 45°C, survived at a pH ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 in the presence of 0.3% bile (>90%) and grew under sodium chloride conditions. All selected isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, amoxicillin and cefuroxime and some showed resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin and tetracycline. Moreover, the agar well diffusion assay showed that the supernatant of each strain at pH 3.0 and pH 4.0, but not at pH 7.0 exhibited increased antimicrobial activity (inhibition zone >15mm) against two foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the antagonistic activity against two foodborne pathogens and the probiotic in vitro potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from native biota of Ecuador.

Evaluación de las propiedades bioactivas in vitro de bacterias ácido lácticas aisladas de nichos ecológicos nativos del Ecuador / Assessment of the in vitro bioactive properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from native ecological niches of Ecuador

Lactic acid bacteria are known for their biotechnological potential. In various regions of Ecuador numerous indigenous biological resources are largely undocumented. In this study, we evaluated the potential probiotic characteristics and antagonistic in vitro properties of some lactic acid bacteria from native niches of the subtropical rain forests of Ecuador. These isolates were identified according to their morphological properties, standard API50CH fermentation profile and RAPD-DNA polymorphism pattern. The selected isolates were further evaluated for their probiotic potential. The isolates grew at 15 °C and 45 °C, survived at a pH ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 in the presence of 0.3% bile (>90%) and grew under sodium chloride conditions. All selected isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, amoxicillin and cefuroxime and some showed resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin and tetracycline. Moreover, the agar well diffusion assay showed that the supernatant of each strain at pH 3.0 and pH 4.0, but not at pH 7.0 exhibited increased antimicrobial activity (inhibition zone >15 mm) against two foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the antagonistic activity against two foodborne pathogens and the probiotic in vitro potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from native biota of Ecuador.

Las bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) son conocidas por su potencial biotecnológico. En diversas regiones del Ecuador existen recursos biológicos nativos, que en su mayoría no han sido documentados. En este estudio se evaluaron in vitro las posibles características probióticas y antagónicas de algunas BAL aisladas de nichos nativos de la selva subtropical. Estas cepas se clasificaron en función de sus propiedades morfológicas, el perfil estándar de fermentación API50CH y los patrones de polimorfismo RAPD-ADN. Diez microorganismos fueron seleccionados y se probó su potencial probiótico. Todas las bacterias crecieron a 15 °C y 45 °C, sobrevivieron en el rango de pH ácido de 2,5 a 4,5 en presencia de 0,3% de bilis (> 90%), mostraron tolerancia a los tratamientos en cloruro de sodio y diferentes perfiles de sensibilidad a antibióticos. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a ampicilina, amoxicilina y cefuroxima, y algunas fueron resistentes a gentamicina, kanamicina y tetraciclina. Por otra parte, el ensayo de pruebas de difusión en agar mostró que el sobrenadande de cada cepa cultivada a pH 3,0 y pH 4,0, pero no a pH 7,0, presentó elevada actividad antimicrobiana (zona de inhibición > 15 mm) frente a 2 agentes patógenos alimentarios, Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. Este estudio describe por primera vez la actividad antagonista frente a patógenos de origen alimentario y el potencial probiótico in vitro de BAL aisladas de nichos ecológicos nativos del Ecuador.

EL USO DE Enterococcus faecium MEJORA PARÁMETROS PRODUCTIVOS EN POLLOS DE ENGORDE / USAGE OF Enterococcus faecium TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS IN BROILERS

El consumo de probióticos se ha asociado con mejoras en algunos parámetros productivos como la conversión alimenticia y la ganancia de peso vivo, lo que se ve reflejado en el desarrollo y salud de las aves. el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la influencia de la inclusión de cepas probióticas en la alimentación de pollos de engorde sobre parámetros productivos de importancia económica. se utilizaron 180 pollos machos (Cobb) de un día de edad, alimentados con cinco dietas: dieta comercial con y sin la adición de antibióticos, y a esta última se le adicionó una de tres diferentes cepas probióticas (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus o Enterococcus faecium) en el agua de bebida (10(8) UFC/ml) durante 42 días. se evaluaron parámetros zootécnicos: consumo de alimento, peso corporal, conversón alimenticia (CA) y ganancia de peso (GDP); e indicadores productivos: supervivencia, factor de eficiencia americana (Fea), índice productivo (IP), eficiencia europea (EE) y eficiencia alimenticia (EA). El diseño estadístico utilizado fue de bloques al azar. La inclusión de probióticos, específicamente E. faecium, mejoró parámetros productivos (P < 0,05) como peso (2.730 g), conversión (1,55), GDP (53,59 g/día), FEA (172), iP (393), EE (400) y EA (63,11%). Por todo lo anterior, la utilización de probióticos, especialmente E. faecium, puede ser considerada como factor promotor de crecimiento durante todo el ciclo de producción del ave debido a que demostró tener efectos positivos, tanto en el desempeño productivo, como en el rendimiento económico del lote.

The intake of probiotics has been associated with improvements in production parameters such as feed conversion and body weight gain, which is reflected in the development and health of broilers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of probiotic strains in broiler feed on growth performance of economic importance. 180 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were used and fed with five diets: Commercial diet with and without the addition of antibiotic, to which was added one of three different probiotic strains (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus or Enterococcus faecium) in the drinking water (108 CFU/ml) of animals over 42 days. Were evaluated zootechnical parameters: Feed intake, body weight, feed conversion (FC), weight gain (WG); and productive indicators: mortality, american efficiency factor (AFE), production index (PI), european efficiency (EE) y feed efficiency (FE). The statistical design used was a randomized blok. The inclusion of probiotics, specifically E. faecium, improved production parameters (P < 0.05) like: weight (2730 g), conversion (1.55), WG (53.59 g/day), AFE (172), PI (393), EE (400) and AE (63.11%). Therefore, the use of probiotics, especially E. faecium, can be considered as growth promoters throughout the production cycle because the bird proved to have positive effects on productive performance and economic performance of the batch.

Prevalence of lactic acid bacteria in sliced cooked ham as an indicator of its shelf life / Prevalencia de bacterias de ácido láctico en jamón cocido friccionado como indicador de su vida útil

Background: Ready to eat sliced-cooked-meat-products (RTE) are popular convenience foods. Slicing of such products at retail point is a common practice in supermarkets. Due to handling, as well as the supermarket environment, it has been suggested that the counts and presence of specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in these products may be associated with their rapid deterioration and short shelf life. Objectives: The aim was to quantify and identify LAB in commercial sliced cooked ham. Methods: Thirty samples of sliced cooked ham were collected from five supermarkets. Each sample was analyzed in terms of: Lactobacillus on De Man Rogosa, Sharpe agar (30°C), mesophilic (30°C) and thermophilic (37ºC) Streptococcus on M17 agar containing 1% lactose, Lactococcus on LM17 agar containing 100 µg per liter of cycloheximide (25°C) and Enterococci on Kanamicin Aesculin Azide agar containing kanamycin (37°C), all under anaerobic conditions (Gas-Pack System®, BBL) for 48-72h. Twenty-one colonies were randomly picked and physiologically and biochemically characterized. Results: No difference was observed in genuses between supermarkets; however, significant differences were observed between microbial genuses. Enterococci showed the lowest count (2.34 ± 0.05 log10 CFU/g) and Lactobacilli had the highest counts (5.98 ± 0.04 log10 CFU/g). Of the strains isolated 23.8% were identified as thermophillic Lactobacillus, 23.8% mesophilic Lactobacillus, 28.6% Enterococcus, 14.3% Lactococcus and 9.5% Streptococcus. From these, only six could be characterized to species level; one was L.lactis subsp. lactis and five were L. amylolyticus. Conclusions: High LAB counts are a common cause of spoilage in RTE meat products, since these are commonly found in meat environments. Therefore a study on the processing, distribution and in-site handling of RTE meat products at supermarkets may be necessary in order to increase its shelf life.

Antecedentes: Los productos cárnicos rebanados cocidos listos para el consumo (RTE) son alimentos populares de conveniencia. El rebanado de este tipo de productos es una práctica común en los supermercados. Debido a la manipulación, así como al entorno del supermercado, se ha sugerido que los recuentos y la presencia de bacterias ácido lácticas (LAB) en estos productos pueden estar asociados con su rápido deterioro y corta vida en anaquel. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar e identificar LAB en jamón cocido rebanado en el supermercado. Métodos: se recolectaron 30 muestras de jamón cocido rebanado de cinco supermercados. Cada muestra se analizó en términos de: Lactobacillus en agar De Man Rogosa, Sharpe (30°C), Streptococcus mesofílicos (30°C) y termofílicos (37°C) en agar M17 conteniendo 1% de lactosa, Lactococcus en agar LM17 contiendo 100 µg por litro de ciclohexamida (25°C), y Enterococci en agar Kanamicin Aesculin Azide conteniendo kanamicina (37°C), todos bajo condiciones anaeróbicas (Gas-Pack System®, BBL) por 48-72h. Veintiún colonias seleccionadas al azar fueron fisiológica y bioquímicamente caracterizadas. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en el género entre los supermercados; sin embargo, se observaron diferencias significativas entre género microbiano. Los enterococos mostraron los recuentos más bajos (2,34 ± 0,05 log10 CFU/g) y los lactobacilos los más altos (5,98 ± 0,04 log10 CFU/g). De las cepas aisladas 23,8% fueron identificados como Lactobacillus termófilos, 23,8% Lactobacillus mesófilos, 28,6% Enterococcus, 14,3% Lactococcus y 9,5% Streptococcus. De éstos, sólo seis pudieron caracterizarse a nivel de especie; uno fue L.lactis subsp lactis y cinco fueron L. amylolyticus. Conclusiones: Conteos altos de LAB son una causa común del deterioro de los productos cárnicos listos para el consumo, ya que estos se encuentran comúnmente en los entornos donde se maneja carne. Por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio sobre el procesamiento, distribución y manejo de productos cárnicos listos para el consumo en los supermercados con el fin de aumentar su vida en anaquel.