Benefícios do uso da bola suíça em gestantes na assistência ao parto de baixo risco / Benefits of using the Swiss ball in pregnant women in low-risk birth care

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências científicas sobre os benefícios do uso da bola suíça em gestantes na assistência ao parto de baixo risco. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, LILACS via BVS e biblioteca Scielo para responder à questão norteadora: Quais os benefícios do uso da bola suíça em gestantes na assistência ao parto de baixo risco? As buscas ocorreram entre março e abril de 2022, utilizando os descritores "gestantes", "terapia por exercício", "trabalho de parto", "parto normal". Após os cruzamentos desses descritores, identificaram-se 230 artigos, que ao aplicar os critérios de elegibilidade, restaram dez estudos, avaliados e elegíveis para a revisão. Na extração dos dados elaborou-se um instrumento para coleta. Resultados: 10 estudos foram elegíveis após seleção. Destes, a maior parte (8) desenvolvidos no Brasil (1) China e (1) em Taiwan. O periódico de maior frequência das publicações foi Acta Paulista de Enfermagem (3). Quanto ao ano de publicação o ano com menos publicações foi 2012 (1), seguido 2013 (2), 2019 (2). Quanto ao delineamento o tipo ensaio clinico prevaleceu nas publicações (5). Conclusão: esta revisão aponta benefícios do uso da bola suíça como instrumento de trabalho que pode favorecer a assistência ao parto de baixo risco evidenciando ser uma alternativa viável para profissionais nesse campo de atuação.(AU)

To identify the scientific evidence on the benefits of using the Swiss ball in pregnant women in low-risk childbirth care. Methods: Integrative literature review, carried out in Medline/PubMed, LILACS via VHL and Scielo library databases to answer the guiding question: What are the benefits of using the Swiss ball in pregnant women in low-risk childbirth care? The searches took place between March and April 2022, using the descriptors "pregnant women", "exercise therapy", "labor", "normal delivery". After crossing these descriptors, 230 articles were identified, which, when applying the eligibility criteria, left ten studies, evaluated and eligible for the review. In the data extraction, a collection instrument was elaborated. Results: 10 studies were eligible after selection. Of these, most (8) developed in Brazil (1) China and (1) Taiwan. The journal with the highest frequency of publications was Acta Paulista de Enfermagem (3). As for the year of publication, the year with the fewest publications was 2012 (1), followed by 2013 (2), 2019 (2). As for the design, the clinical trial type prevailed in the publications (5). Conclusion: this review points out the benefits of using the Swiss ball as a work tool that can favor low-risk childbirth care, showing that it is a viable alternative for professionals in this field.(AU)

Objetivo: Identificar la evidencia científica sobre los beneficios del uso del balón suizo para gestantes en la atención al parto de bajo riesgo. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica integradora, realizada en las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, LILACS vía BVS y biblioteca Scielo para responder a la pregunta guía: ¿Cuáles son los beneficios del uso del balón suizo para gestantes en la atención al parto de bajo riesgo? Las búsquedas se realizaron entre marzo y abril de 2022, utilizando los descriptores "pregnant women", "exercise therapy", "labour", "normal delivery". Tras cruzar estos descriptores, se identificaron 230 artículos y, una vez aplicados los criterios de elegibilidad, quedaron diez estudios, que fueron evaluados y elegibles para la revisión. Para extraer los datos, se elaboró una herramienta de recogida de datos. Resultados: Tras la selección, 10 estudios fueron elegibles. De ellos, la mayoría (8) se realizaron en Brasil (1) China y (1) Taiwán. La revista más frecuentemente publicada fue Acta Paulista de Enfermagem (3). En cuanto al año de publicación, el año con menos publicaciones fue 2012 (1), seguido de 2013 (2), 2019 (2). En cuanto al diseño, el tipo de ensayo clínico prevaleció en las publicaciones (5). Conclusión: Esta revisión señala los beneficios del uso del balón suizo como herramienta de trabajo que puede favorecer la atención al parto de bajo riesgo, mostrándose como una alternativa viable para los profesionales de este ámbito.(AU)

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided cryoablation in treating low-risk breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study to determine whether infiltrating carcinoma is present in surgical specimens obtained after ultrasound-guided cryoablation from patients with HER2-negative luminal breast cancer without positive axillary lymph nodes at ultrasound. The secondary objective is to demonstrate that placing the presurgical seed-marker immediately before cryoablation does not interfere with the disappearance of tumor cells from freezing or in the surgeon's ability to locate the tumor. METHODS: We treated 20 patients diagnosed with unifocal HR-positive HER2-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma measuring <2cm by means of ultrasound-guided cryoablation (ICEfx Galil, Boston Scientific) using a triple-phase (freezing‒passive thawing‒freezing; 10min each phase) protocol. All patients later underwent tumorectomy according to the routine operating-room agenda. RESULTS: No infiltrating carcinoma cells were detected in the post-cryoablation surgical specimen in 19 patients; a focus of infiltrating carcinoma cells measuring <1mm was detected in the remaining patient. CONCLUSION: In the near future, if confirmed in larger studies with longer follow-up, cryoablation might constitute a safe and efficacious technique for the treatment of early, low-risk infiltrating ductal carcinoma. In our series, marking with ferromagnetic seeds did not interfere with the efficacy of the procedure or of the subsequent surgical intervention.

Eficacia de la crioablación guiada con ecografía en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama de bajo riesgo / Efficacy of ultrasound-guided cryoablation in treating low-risk breast cancer

Objetivos El objetivo principal del estudio es evaluar si en pacientes con tumores luminales Her2– menores de 1,5cm y axila ecográficamente negativa, tras la realización de crioablación guiada con ecografía, hay ausencia de carcinoma infiltrante en la pieza quirúrgica. El objetivo secundario es demostrar que la colocación de semilla prequirúrgica en el instante anterior a realizar la crioablación no interfiere posteriormente en la desaparición de las células tumorales por congelación ni en la adecuada localización del tumor por parte del cirujano. Métodos Veinte pacientes diagnosticadas de carcinoma ductal infiltrante (CDI), unifocal, receptores hormonales + Her2– menores de 2cm fueron tratadas con crioablación. Se usó, mediante guía ecográfica, el sistema de crioablación ICEfx Galil Boston Scientific con protocolo triple fase, congelación-descongelación pasiva-congelación, de 10min de duración cada una. Las pacientes se sometieron a tumorectomía posterior según agenda de quirófano habitual. Resultados De 20 pacientes con CDI de bajo riesgo, en 19 de ellas no se identificaron células de carcinoma infiltrante en el examen de la pieza quirúrgica poscrioablación y solo en una paciente quedó un foco menor de 1mm. Conclusión En un futuro cercano, a falta de estudios con mayor número de casos y seguimiento posterior, la crioablación en pacientes seleccionadas podría constituir una técnica percutánea eficaz y segura en el tratamiento del CDI precoz de bajo riesgo. En nuestra serie, el marcaje con semilla ferromagnética no interfirió en la eficacia del procedimiento ni en la posterior intervención quirúrgica (AU)

Objective The primary objective of this study to determine whether infiltrating carcinoma is present in surgical specimens obtained after ultrasound-guided cryoablation from patients with HER2-negative luminal breast cancer without positive axillary lymph nodes at ultrasound. The secondary objective is to demonstrate that placing the presurgical seed-marker immediately before cryoablation does not interfere with the disappearance of tumor cells from freezing or in the surgeon's ability to locate the tumor. Methods e treated 20 patients diagnosed with unifocal HR-positive HER2-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma measuring < 2cm by means of ultrasound-guided cryoablation (ICEfx Galil, Boston Scientific) using a triple-phase (freezing?passive thawing?freezing; 10min each phase) protocol. All patients later underwent tumorectomy according to the routine operating-room agenda. Results No infiltrating carcinoma cells were detected in the post-cryoablation surgical specimen in 19 patients; a focus of infiltrating carcinoma cells measuring < 1mm was detected in the remaining patient. Conclusion In the near future, if confirmed in larger studies with longer follow-up, cryoablation might constitute a safe and efficacious technique for the treatment of early, low-risk infiltrating ductal carcinoma. In our series, marking with ferromagnetic seeds did not interfere with the efficacy of the procedure or of the subsequent surgical intervention (AU)

Papel del 131I en el cáncer diferenciado de tiroides de bajo riesgo / Role of 131I in low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer

El cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) representa la neoplasia endocrina más frecuente, registrándose un incremento en las últimas décadas. El carcinoma papilar es el subtipo histológico más frecuente y un gran número de casos se relaciona con tumores de pequeño tamaño y con poca repercusión clínica, detectados de manera incidental o como consecuencia de la disponibilidad de las técnicas diagnósticas. El «buen pronóstico» de la mayoría de los casos han mantenido desde hace años la controversia en el abordaje de estos pacientes, especialmente en dos aspectos básicos del protocolo terapéutico: la cirugía y la administración de radioyodo. Si bien en los pacientes metastásicos y de alto riesgo, la administración de terapia con 131I está ampliamente aceptada, en los pacientes de riesgo intermedio-bajo su uso está muy cuestionado. En este trabajo realizamos una revisión de la evidencia disponible sobre la terapia con radioyodo en los pacientes de bajo riesgo (AU)

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most frequent endocrine neoplasm, with an incidence that has increased in recent decades. Papillary carcinoma is the most frequent histological subtype and a large number of cases are related to tumors of small size and with little clinical repercussion that are detected incidentally or as a consequence of the availability of diagnostic techniques. Due to the “good prognosis” of the majority of cases, for years the approach to these patients has remained controversial, especially in relation to two basic aspects of the therapeutic protocol: surgery and the administration of radioiodine. While in metastatic and high-risk patients, the administration of 131I therapy is widely accepted, in intermediate-low risk patients its use is highly questioned. Here we review the available evidence on radioiodine therapy in low-risk patients (AU)

Role of 131I in low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer.

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most frequent endocrine neoplasm, with an increase in recent decades. Papillary carcinoma is the most frequent histological subtype and a large number of cases are related to tumors of small size and with little clinical repercussion, detected incidentally or as a consequence of the availability of diagnostic techniques. The "good prognosis" of the majority of cases has maintained for years the controversy in the approach to these patients, especially in two basic aspects of the therapeutic protocol: surgery and the administration of radioiodine. While in metastatic and high-risk patients, the administration of 131I therapy is widely accepted, in intermediate-low risk patients its use is highly questioned. In this paper we review the available evidence on radioiodine therapy in low-risk patients.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: A prevalence study / Impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la ansiedad materna durante el embarazo: Un estudio de prevalencia

Aim: To assess the impact of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the level of anxiety in low-risk pregnant women. Material and method: Epidemiological, descriptive, prevalence study. A total of 74 patients who underwent low risk antenatal controls during the state of alarm because of COVID-19, were included. They filled in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and a specific document about the pandemic. Clinical histories and different variables of clinical interest were reviewed and compiled, respectively. Results: Mean age was 34.05 years with average amenorrhoea of 28.17 weeks. A total of 77% of the sample presented symptoms and signs compatible with anxiety. Of these, 44.6% and 32.4% presented minor and major anxiety, respectively. Concern over the time of the birth and postpartum and fear of being at greater risk because of possible infection was present in 95.9% and 94.6% of the sample, respectively. A total of 93.2% of the sample was afraid of intrauterine virus transmission; 94.5% admitted fear over the neonatal consequences of infection. Conclusions: The pregnant women assessed had three times more anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This incidence is independent of most study variables.(AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la pandemia del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 en el nivel de ansiedad en mujeres embarazadas de bajo riesgo. Material y método: Estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, de prevalencia. Se incluyeron un total de 74 pacientes que se sometieron a controles prenatales de bajo riesgo durante el estado de alarma por COVID-19. Completaron la escala de calificación de ansiedad de Hamilton y un documento específico sobre la pandemia. Se revisaron y recopilaron historias clínicas y diferentes variables de interés clínico, respectivamente. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 34,05 años con amenorrea promedio de 28,17 semanas. El 77% de la muestra presentó síntomas y signos compatibles con la ansiedad. De estos, el 44,6 y el 32,4% presentaron ansiedad menor y mayor, respectivamente. La preocupación por el momento del parto y el puerperio y el temor de presentar mayor riesgo por una posible infección estuvieron presentes en el 95,9 y 94,6% de la muestra, respectivamente. El 93,2% de la muestra temía una posible transmisión del virus intrauterino; el 94,5% admitió tener miedo a las consecuencias neonatales tras una posible infección. Conclusiones: Las embarazadas evaluadas tenían tres veces más ansiedad durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Esta incidencia es independiente de la mayoría de las variables de estudio.(AU)

Protocolos de asistencia para los periodos preconcepcional, prenatal, parto, puerperio, a la persona recién nacida y lactancia materna en situación de bajo riesgo en Primer Nivel de Atención / Assistance protocols for the pre-conceptional, prenatal, childbirth, puerperium, newborn and breastfeeding periods in low-risk situations at First Level of Care

Los presentes protocolos han sido creado con la finalidad de proporcionar al personal que labora dentro del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), la información necesaria para brindar la Atención de Primer Nivel adecuada a la mujer en etapa de preconcepción, embarazo, a su familia y la comunidad en sus áreas de responsabilidad, generando de esta manera las condiciones para que toda mujer en etapa de embarazo pueda tener un parto respetado así como su hijo o hija pueda recibir un Cuidado Cariñoso y Sensible, por medio de una alta gama de servicios y la sensibilización a partir de la educación prenatal, que permita tener la información necesaria para la búsqueda de atención oportuna en los establecimientos de salud, también hace prevalecer los derechos y obligaciones de las mujeres gestantes que hacen uso del establecimiento, de tal manera que garantice la seguridad de la mujer y del bebé por nacer. Este documento establece las responsabilidades de cada nivel de atención, las acciones de promoción, educación prenatal y atención clínica por parte del personal de salud. Además, incluye los instrumentos necesarios para el seguimiento, monitoreo y supervisión por las instancias correspondientes. Este conjunto de acciones permitirá la adecuada implementación de la Ley Nacer con Cariño para un Parto Respetado y un Cuidado Cariñoso y Sensible para el Recién Nacido (en adelante la Ley) y por tanto garantizando la reducción de la morbimortalidad materna y neonatal

These protocols have been created with the purpose of providing the personnel who work within the National Integrated Health System, the necessary information to provide adequate First Level Care to women in the preconception, pregnancy, and family stages. and the community in their areas of responsibility, thus creating the conditions so that every pregnant woman can have a respected birth, as well as her son or daughter can receive Affectionate and Sensitive Care, through a wide range of services. and sensitization based on prenatal education, which allows having the necessary information to seek timely care in health establishments, also makes the rights and obligations of pregnant women who use the establishment prevail, in such a way as to guarantee the safety of the woman and the unborn baby. This document establishes the responsibilities of each level of care, promotion actions, prenatal education, and clinical care by health personnel. In addition, it includes the necessary instruments for follow-up, monitoring and supervision by the corresponding instances. This set of actions will allow the adequate implementation of the Born with Affection Law for a Respectful Childbirth and Affectionate and Sensitive Care for the Newborn (hereinafter the Law) and therefore guaranteeing the reduction of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality

Vigilancia activa en carcinoma papilar tiroideo de bajo riesgo (parte I): concepto, epidemiología y situación actual en el mundo

Resumen En las últimas décadas, la creciente identificación de nódulos tiroideos ha dado lugar a un incremento dramático en el diagnóstico y tasa de incidencia del cáncer de tiroides, sin embargo, su mortalidad se ha mantenido estable. La mayor fracción de este incremento es atribuible al creciente uso de tecnologías de diagnóstico, que ha identificado un número cada vez mayor de cánceres papilares de tiroides (CPT), en su gran mayoría pequeños y de bajo riesgo clínico. La mayoría de estos tumores no generarán morbilidad o mortalidad a pesar de no ser tratados. La práctica clínica ha evolucionado hacia un tratamiento menos agresivo de los CPTs. La vigilancia activa (VA) ha surgido como una nueva alternativa terapéutica dentro del algoritmo de tratamiento, que tiene como objetivo reconocer a un potencial grupo minoritario de pacientes en quienes sus carcinomas papilares tiroideos sí progresarán clínicamente y, por lo tanto, en ellos un tratamiento quirúrgico resulte en mayor beneficio que perjuicio. En esta revisión nos planteamos como objetivo describir la epidemiología del carcinoma papilar tiroideo, el concepto de vigilancia activa en esta área y los resultados clínicos obtenidos mediante este abordaje terapéutico en las distintas experiencias realizadas en el mundo hasta la fecha.

Abstract In recent decades, the increasing identification of thyroid nodules has led to a dramatic increase in the diagnosis and incidence rate of thyroid cancer. However, their mortality has remained stable. The largest fraction of this increase is attributable to the growing use of diagnostic technologies, which has identified an increasing number of mostly small, low clinical risk papillary thyroid cancers (PTC). Most of these tumors will not generate morbidity or mortality despite being untreated. Clinical practice has evolved towards a less aggressive treatment of PTC's. Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a new therapeutic alternative within the treatment algorithm, which aims to recognize a potential minority group of patients in whom their thyroid papillary carcinoma will progress clinically, and therefore in whom surgical treatment will result in greater benefit than harm. In this review we aim to describe the epidemiology of papillary thyroid carcinoma, the concept of active surveillance in this area and the clinical results obtained by this therapeutic approach in the different experiences carried out in the world until now.

Vigilancia activa en carcinoma papilar tiroideo de bajo riesgo (parte II): historia de progresión de la enfermedad, calidad de vida y costo-efectividad

Resumen El aumento dramático en la incidencia del cáncer de tiroides de las últimas décadas, el cual se debe principalmente a la mayor detección de microcarcinomas papilares de tiroides (MCPT), ha generado un aumento considerable de los costos asociados a la atención del cáncer de tiroides. A pesar de este aumento de la incidencia a nivel mundial, la mortalidad asociada a estos tumores se ha mantenido sin cambios significativos. En consecuencia, varios grupos de investigadores han sugerido que se ha producido un sobrediagnóstico y un sobretratamiento de los carcinomas papilares de tiroides (CPT) de bajo riesgo. La vigilancia activa (VA) ha surgido como una nueva alternativa terapéutica para estos tumores, con excelentes resultados oncológicos, menores tasas de complicaciones y que podría ayudar a reducir los costos económicos. No obstante, a pesar de los alentadores resultados de la VA, su implementación en la práctica depende de muchos aspectos entre los cuales se encuentran las características radiológicas del tumor, las características clínicas del paciente, factores psicosociales y socioeconómicos. En esta revisión nos enfocaremos en describir la evidencia acumulada hasta la fecha respecto de la historia natural de la cinética del CPT, costo-efectividad de VA, y las limitaciones actuales para su implementación.

Abstract The dramatic increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in recent decades, which is primarily due to increased detection of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTCM), has led to a significant increase in the costs associated with thyroid cancer care. Despite this increase in the worldwide incidence, the mortality associated with these tumors has remained unchanged. Consequently, several groups of researchers have suggested that low-risk papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) have been overdiagnosed and overtreated. Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a new therapeutic alternative for these tumors, with excellent oncological results, lower complication rates, and which could help reduce economic costs. However, despite the encouraging results of AS, its implementation in practice depends on many aspects including the radiological characteristics of the tumor, the clinical characteristics of the patient, psychosocial factors and socioeconomic factors. In this review we will focus on describing the evidence accumulated to date regarding the natural history of PTC kinetics, cost effectiveness of VA, and current limitations to its implementation.

Update and optimization of active surveillance in prostate cancer in 2021. / Actualización y optimización de la vigilancia activa en cáncer de próstata en 2021.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Within the paradigm shift of the last decade in the management of prostate cancer (PCa), perhaps the most relevant event has been the emergence of active surveillance (AS) as a mandatory strategy in low-risk disease. We carry out a critical review of the clinical, pathological and radiological improvements that allow optimizing AS in 2021. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Critical narrative review of the literature on improvement issues and controversial aspects of AS. RESULTS: Adequate use of traditional criteria, optimized by enhanced biopsy and calculation of the prostate volume technique thanks to multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) allow a better selection of patients for AS. This management should not be limited to patients under 60years of age, and patients with intermediate-risk PCa should be carefully selected to be included. Biopsies are still required in the follow-up, which can be personalized according to risk patterns. The pathologist must identify the cribriform or intraductal histology on biopsies in order to exclude these patients from AS, in the same way as with patients with alterations in DNA repair genes. CONCLUSIONS: Controversial indications such as the inclusion of patients from intermediate-risk groups, or the transition to active treatment due to exclusive progression in tumor volume, should be further optimized. It is possible that the future competition of tissue biomarkers, the refinement of objective parameters of mpMRI and the validation of PSA kinetics calculators may sub-stratify risk groups.

[Laser in prostate cancer. Applicability.] / Láser en cáncer de próstata. Aplicaciones.

OBJECTIVES: In recent years, there has been a rise concerning the research and development of focal prostate cancer therapies as a consequence of the high percentage of low-risk and localized prostate cancers. These focal therapies aim at preserving the gland in selected patients to avoid overtreatment. The application of lasers for focal ablation and photodynamic therapy has shown promising results in exchange for a minimal rate of adverse events compared to radical treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An extensive review of the available literature on focal laser treatments for localized prostate cancer was conducted. A search in PubMed and Embase was carried out by the following keywords: "Localised prostate cancer", "Low-risk prostate cancer", "Focal therapy", "Magnetic Resonance in localized prostate cancer", "Focal laser ablation" , "Photodynamic therapy" and "TOOKAD". RESULTS: Photodynamic therapy with TOOKAD is the only focal therapy evaluated in a phase III clinical trial,showing a lower rate of progression and a longer time to progression compared to active surveillance. Other studies carried out have revealed a percentage up to 80% of negative biopsies 6 months after TOOKAD. Likewise, the quality of life of patients treated using focal laser ablation techniques and photodynamic therapy has been minimally altered, as most adverse effects have been shown to be mild and transient, with dysuria and hematuria being the most frequent. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that focal therapies are still not recommended outside the context of clinical trials and the lack of comparative studies between the different techniques, laser focal therapies seem to havea future within the new approaches for localized prostate cancer.

OBJETIVO: En los últimos años, se ha visto un auge en la investigación y el desarrollo de las terapias focales del cáncer de próstata como consecuencia del alto porcentaje de cánceres localizados y de bajo riesgo diagnosticados. Estas terapias focales tienen como objetivo la preservación de la glándula en pacientes seleccionados para evitar un sobretratamiento. La aplicación de los láseres para la ablación focal y la terapia fotodinámica ha demostrado resultados prometedores a cambio de una mínima tasa de complicaciones comparado con los tratamientos radicales clásicos.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión extensa de la literatura disponible sobre tratamientos focales con láser para el cáncer de próstata localizado. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed y Embase incluyendo las siguientes palabras clave: "Localised prostate cancer", "Low-risk prostate cancer", "Focaltherapy", "Magnetic Resonance in localised prostate cancer", "Focal laser ablation", "Photodynamic therapy" y "TOOKAD". RESULTADOS: La terapia fotodinámica con TOOKAD es la única terapia focal evaluada en un ensayo clínico fase III, habiendo demostrado una menor tasa de progresión y un mayor tiempo hasta la progresión comparado con la vigilancia activa. En otros de los estudios llevados a cabo, se ha objetivado un porcentaje de biopsias negativas a los 6 meses del tratamiento de hasta el 80%. Igualmente, la calidad de vida de los pacientes tratados mediante las técnicas de ablación focal con láser y terapia fotodinámica se ha visto mínimamente alterada al haberse demostrado que la mayoría de los efectos adversos son leves y transitorios, siendo los más frecuentes la disuria y la hematuria. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de que las terapias focales siguen sin ser recomendadas fuera del contexto de los ensayos clínicos y de la falta de estudios comparativos entre las diferentes técnicas, las terapias focales con láser parecen tener un futuro dentro de los nuevos abordajes para el cáncer de próstata localizado.

Pathological findings in very low risk prostate cancer in surgical specimens. / Hallazgos patológicos en el cáncer de próstata de muy bajo riesgo en piezas de prostatectomía radical.

OBJECTIVE: Perform a detailed anatomopathological analysis of consecutive surgical specimens in men with clinically very low risk prostate cancer according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 799 prostate cancer patients who under went radical prostatectomy between January 2005 and December 2013. We identified 81 consecutive patients with clinically very low risk prostate cancer. The slides of the patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were re-reviewed. The parameters studied were: pathological stage, histological grade by Gleason score (GSS), margins involvement, tumor percentage (PT), and number of apparently independent tumor foci (FT). RESULTS: The patients had organ-confined tumors in almost all of them (pT2: 97.5%). Most of the cancers studied were bilateral (pT2c: 67.9%), multifocal (FT≥2:88.8%), with a low tumor percentage (PTand with a low Gleason Score (GSS≤6: 91,3%). Non-confined disease: 2.5%, all cases extra-prostatic extension (pT3a). GSS>6: 8,6%, all cases GSS7 (3+4). CONCLUSIONS: The NCCN criteria for very low risk prostate cancer help to make a good selection of non-aggressive tumors and are a useful tool for including patients in an active surveillance program.

OBJETIVO: Realizar un análisis patológic odetallado de las piezas de prostatectomía radical en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de próstata de muy bajo riesgo según los criterios de la NCCN. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El estudio incluye 799 pacientes con cáncer de próstata a los que se realizó una prostatectomía radical entre 2005 y 2013. 81 pacientes con cáncer de próstata clínicamente de muy bajo riesgo fueron identificados. Las laminillas de los pacientes identificados fueron revisadas. Los parámetros estudiados fueron: estadio patológico, grado de Gleason, márgenes quirúrgicos, % de tumor, y el numero de focos tumorales aparentemente independientes. RESULTADOS: La gran mayoría de pacientes presentaron tumores órgano-confinados (pT2: 97,5%). El 68% de los canceres fue bilateral (pT2c), multifocal (mas de2 focos 88%), con un porcentaje tumoral de menos del 10% en el 80% de los casos y mas del 90% con Gleason 6. La enfermedad no órgano-confinada se evidencio en 2,5% pT3a. CONCLUSIONES: Los criterios de NCCN para muy bajo riesgo nos ayudan a clasificar pacientes con tumores poco agresivos y son una buena herramienta para seleccionar pacientes para programas de vigilancia activa.

[Home births: A growing phenomenon with potential risks]. / Parto domiciliario: un fenómeno creciente con potenciales riesgos.

Home birth is a controversial issue that raises safety concerns for paediatricians and obstetricians. Hospital birth was the cornerstone to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. This reduction in mortality has resulted in considering pregnancy and childbirth as a safe procedure, which, together with a greater social awareness of the need for the humanisation of these processes, have led to an increase in the demand for home birth. Studies from countries such as Australia, the Netherlands, and United Kingdom show that home birth can provide advantages to the mother and the newborn. It needs to be provided with sufficient material means, and should be attended by trained and accredited professionals, and needs to be perfectly coordinated with the hospital obstetrics and neonatology units, in order to guarantee its safety. Therefore, in our environment, there are no safety data or sufficient scientific evidence to support home births at present.

Home births: A growing phenomenon with potential risks.

Home birth is a controversial issue that raises safety concerns for paediatricians and obstetricians. Hospital birth was the cornerstone to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. This reduction in mortality has resulted in considering pregnancy and childbirth as a safe procedure, which, together with a greater social awareness of the need for the humanisation of these processes, have led to an increase in the demand for home birth. Studies from countries such as Australia, the Netherlands, and United Kingdom show that home birth can provide advantages to the mother and the newborn. It needs to be provided with sufficient material means, and should be attended by trained and accredited professionals, and needs to be perfectly coordinated with the hospital obstetrics and neonatology units, in order to guarantee its safety. Therefore, in our environment, there are no safety data or sufficient scientific evidence to support home births at present.

Hallazgos histológicos en biopsia por protocolo asociados con reducción en función renal 12 meses postrasplante, en receptores de trasplante renal con bajo riesgo inmunológico, recibiendo inducción con basiliximab / Histological findings in protocol biopsy associated with reduction in renal function 12 months post transplant in renal transplant recipients with low immunological risk

Resumen Introducción: identificar los factores asociados con pérdida de la función del injerto puede ser un paso importante hacia la prolongación de la sobrevida del injerto renal. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre los cambios histológicos presentes en las biopsias por protocolo, en el primer año postrasplante en receptores de bajo riesgo inmunológico, recibiendo inducción con basiliximab y pérdida en la función del injerto 12 meses postrasplante. Métodos: se incluyeron pacientes receptores de riñones de donante cadavérico (95 %) o donante vivo (5 %) trasplantados entre agosto de 2007 y julio de 2012. El desenlace primario fue pérdida en la tasa de filtración glomerular calculada (Cockroft & Gault) mayor a 5ml/min 12 meses postrasplante, en comparación con la función renal previa a la biopsia por protocolo. Resultados: la cohorte de estudio estuvo conformada por 114 pacientes, de los cuales 25 presentaron el desenlace principal. Los hallazgos asociados con pérdida de función fueron glomerulitis (p=0,024), inflamación intersticial (p=0,001), tubulitis (p=0,001), capilaritis (p=0,001), glomerulitis + capilaritis (p=0,001), nefropatía por polioma virus (p=0,04) y la presencia de rechazo subclínico (p=0,015). Por análisis de regresión logística la presencia de inflamación intersticial (OR = 2,11; IC 95 %: 1,13-3,95) y capilaritis (0R=7,12; IC 95 %:1,57-32,27) fueron las variables asociadas con pérdida de función del injerto renal 12 meses postrasplante renal. Conclusión: la inflamación intersticial y capilaritis son variables histológicas asociadas con pérdida de función del injerto renal, 12 meses postrasplante, independiente de otras variables.

Abstract Introduction: Identifying factors that are associated of allograft function loss might be an important step toward prolonging kidney allograft survival. Purpose: In this study we found to determine the association between histologic changes on 1-year surveillance biopsies and changes in graft function. Methods: Recipients of kidneys from deceased donors (95%) or living donors (5%) trasplanted between 2007 and 2012. The primary end point was reduction in calculated glomerular filtration rate (Cockroft anf Gault) higher 5ml/min 12 months post transplant vs calculated glomerular filtration rate previous surveillance biopsie. Results: This analysis included 114 adults, recipients of kidneys with low immunological risk receiving basiliximab induction from deceased donors (95%) or living donors (5%), transplanted between august 2007 and july 2012. The primary end point was reduction in calculated glomerular filtration rate (Cockroft & Gault) higher 5ml/min 12 months post trasplant. 25 of 114 patientes showing reduction; The histologic changes associated with renal function reduction were glomerulitis (p=0,024), interstitial inflamation (p=0,001), tubulitis (p=0,001), capilaritis (p=0,001), glomerulitis + capilaritis (p=0,001), polyoma virus nephropathy (p=0,04) and subclinical rejection (p=0,015). By regression analyses, interstitial inflamation (OR = 2,11; IC 95%: 1,13-3,95) and capilaritis (0R=7,12; IC 95%: 1,57-32,27) were associated with renal function reduction 12 month post-transplant. Conclusion: inflammation and capilaritis in protocol biopsies in first year post-transplant predict loss of graft function and independently of other variables.

[Low-risk community-acquired pneumonia: implications of its outcome due to the determining factors for admission not contemplated by the scores]. / Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad de bajo riesgo: Consecuencias evolutivas de los determinantes de internación no contemplados por los scores.

OBJECTIVES: The decision to admit patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) to hospital are based on stratification scales. This classification into risk groups is not perfect. In low-risk community-acquired pneumonia (LR-CAP), physicians often depend on their subjective impressions to decide the need for hospitalisation, which suggests the existence of conditions not considered by the scores. The aim of this article was to describe the determining factors for admission in LR-CAP, and to analyse the relationship between these causes and clinical outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, observational, retrospective study, based on the review of medical records during a 2 year-period. It included patients over 18 years, who were hospitalised in a third level hospital in Argentina due to LR-CAP. RESULTS: A total of 80 cases were identified. The causes that led to hospitalisation were: comorbidities not included in the scores, development of pleural effusion and sepsis, lack of response to ambulatory antibiotic treatment, oral intolerance, and social causes. HIV infection was associated with an unfavourable clinical progress during hospital admission (p=.03), as well as the lack of response to outpatient treatment (p=.03) and the development of pleural effusion (p=.03). Social causes were associated with a need for longer intravenous treatment. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection, social causes, and lack of response to ambulatory treatment were related to unfavourable clinical progress.

MEDIATING ROLE OF MATERNAL SENSITIVITY: ENHANCING LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN AT-RISK FAMILIES.

Home-visiting programs have gained increasing importance in family-centered prevention and intervention. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms underlying early intervention treatment effects. The goal of this study is to analyze the mediating role of maternal sensitivity in enhancing language development with the home-visiting program Parents as Teachers (PAT). Data were collected and analyzed within the ongoing, long-term ZEPPELIN study, a randomized controlled trial with 251 participating at-risk families. Via longitudinal mediation analysis, we examined whether effects of the PAT on receptive and expressive language outcomes at 24 and 36 months were mediated by maternal sensitivity at 12 months. Within a moderated mediation framework, we investigated whether the level of family psychosocial stress affects this mediation. Results showed that intervention effects on language outcomes are mediated by maternal sensitivity-weakly and through specific pathways. Moderation and moderated mediation analyses indicated that effects of the PAT and also specific mediation effects increase with the level of psychosocial stress. Implications of the results for practice are discussed.

EXPANDING INFANT MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT SERVICES TO AT-RISK PRESCHOOLERS AND THEIR FAMILIES THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF RELATIONAL PLAY THERAPY.

The expansion of infant mental health (IMH) to at-risk preschoolers and their families has contributed to the integration of relational play therapy (RPT) into IMH treatment services for this population. Integrating RPT allows access to specialized play and expressive techniques specific to preschool and family development, which improves the clinical ability to meet the multiple and complex needs of at-risk parent-child dyads and their families. This article will examine the RPT literature and explore the similarities and differences between IMH and RPT. In addition, two case studies will highlight a five-phase, integrative clinical-treatment process and provide insight into how IMH clinicians are integrating RPT models and maintaining adherence to the IMH treatment approach.

REFLECTING ON THE PRACTICE OF INFANT MENTAL HEALTH AND THE REDUCTION OF RISK IN INFANCY AND EARLY PARENTHOOD: AN ESSAY.

This essay discusses infant mental health (IMH) as well as its origins and relational framework. The author then reflects, professionally and personally, on the meaning of psychological vulnerability of boys under 5 years of age, the importance of early caregiving relationships to the reduction of risk, and implications for education and training in the IMH field.

Pathological outcomes and agressiveness of low-risk prostate cancer in Northern African men. / Resultados patológicos y agresividad del cáncer de próstata de bajo riesgo en los hombres del norte de África.

BACKGROUND: Northern African (NAf) men show a high incidence of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) at diagnosis. Several studies suggested the existence of ethnic differences in the PCa aggressiveness and this has led to some concerns related to the inclusion of some ethnic groups into active surveillance protocols. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pathological outcomes and aggressiveness of low risk PCa treated by radical prostatectomy in a NAf ethnic group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data of 147 NAfs, who underwent radical prostatectomy for low risk PCa diagnosed via a 12-core biopsy in 2 academic centers between 2011 and 2015, were reviewed retrospectively to assess rates of worse pathological outcomes defined as: Gleason score upgrade to at least 3+4, upstage to pT3a or higher or pN1, and positive surgical margins. RESULTS: Overall significant upstage and/or upgrade occurred in 20.2% and positive surgical margins occured in18.3%. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent variables that predicted for upstage and/or upgrade or positive surgical margins in the entire cohort were: NCCN risk group (low risk>very low risk), advanced age>60 years, PSA>6ng/ml, PSA density≥0.15, more than 2 positive cores in biopsy, more than 50% cancer involvement in positive cores, clinical stage (T2a>T1c) and UCSF-CAPRA-S score>3. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that, at least pathologically, NAf men do not have more aggressive disease than Caucasians and African Americans in both low and very low risk PCa. Thus, we think that active surveillance is a suitable approach for selected patients since there is no definitive data that show a more aggressive natural history of PCa in NAf men.