Aortic valvuloplasty under echocardiographic guidance in a minor infant at a national referral center in Peru: case report.

Aortic valve stenosis is a congenital heart defect that causes a fixed left ventricular outflow obstruction with a progressive course. Symptomatology in neonates and young infants resembles congestive heart failure. In addition, the diagnosis of this condition is made by imaging, through echocardiography. On the other hand, treatment can be surgical or interventional under fluoroscopic guidance, depending on the hospital in which it is performed. We describe the case of a minor infant patient who presented severe aortic valve stenosis; however, the fluoroscopy equipment was not available at the time of the emergency to perform the appropriate procedure, therefore, an aortic valvuloplasty was performed under echocardiographic guidance without complications.

Ring Fracture of Brazilian Aortic Valve Bioprostheses Using Non-Compliant High-Pressure Transcatheter Balloon, an Ex Vivo Test

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aortic valve bioprostheses ring fracture in valve-in-valve procedures has shown low complication rates and presents as an option in the treatment of patients at high risk for conventional surgery, avoiding high transvalvular gradients, which are associated with increased mortality. Some prostheses available in the market cannot be fractured. In an ex vivo test, the possibility of ring fracture of aortic valve bioprostheses produced in Brazil when submitted to radial force application using a high-pressure non-compliant balloon was evaluated. Methods: One unit of each aortic valve bioprosthesis model, sizes 19 and 21 mm, produced by Brazilian companies (Braile Biomédica, Cardioprótese, and Labcor), was used. In the experiment, a non-compliant high-pressure balloon (Atlas®-Gold), 1 mm larger than the external diameter of the prosthesis, was positioned inside the valve annulus and inflated gradually aiming to fracture the prosthesis. Fracture pressures and photographic and radiological images of the prostheses before and after test were recorded. Results: All prostheses were fractured. In the models with metal ring, the fracture pressures were between 23 and 25 atm. In the other prostheses, the rupture occurred between 10 and 13 atm. No deformations in the structure were observed, which could potentially damage the aortic root. Conclusion: All the Brazilian prostheses evaluated were fractured, although the presence of a metal ring in the prosthesis framework increases the pressure required for fracture. The information obtained helps in the planning of valve-in-valve procedures in patients with aortic valve bioprostheses.

Ring Fracture of Brazilian Aortic Valve Bioprostheses Using Non-Compliant High-Pressure Transcatheter Balloon, an Ex Vivo Test.

INTRODUCTION: Aortic valve bioprostheses ring fracture in valve-in-valve procedures has shown low complication rates and presents as an option in the treatment of patients at high risk for conventional surgery, avoiding high transvalvular gradients, which are associated with increased mortality. Some prostheses available in the market cannot be fractured. In an ex vivo test, the possibility of ring fracture of aortic valve bioprostheses produced in Brazil when submitted to radial force application using a high-pressure non-compliant balloon was evaluated. METHODS: One unit of each aortic valve bioprosthesis model, sizes 19 and 21 mm, produced by Brazilian companies (Braile Biomédica, Cardioprótese, and Labcor), was used. In the experiment, a non-compliant high-pressure balloon (Atlas®-Gold), 1 mm larger than the external diameter of the prosthesis, was positioned inside the valve annulus and inflated gradually aiming to fracture the prosthesis. Fracture pressures and photographic and radiological images of the prostheses before and after test were recorded. RESULTS: All prostheses were fractured. In the models with metal ring, the fracture pressures were between 23 and 25 atm. In the other prostheses, the rupture occurred between 10 and 13 atm. No deformations in the structure were observed, which could potentially damage the aortic root. CONCLUSION: All the Brazilian prostheses evaluated were fractured, although the presence of a metal ring in the prosthesis framework increases the pressure required for fracture. The information obtained helps in the planning of valve-in-valve procedures in patients with aortic valve bioprostheses.

[Outcomes of percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in pulmonary valve stenosis in the pediatric population in a single center, Lima - Peru]. / Resultados de la valvuloplastia percutánea con balón en la estenosis valvular pulmonar en población pediátrica en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular - INCOR, Lima - Perú.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the procedure and outcomes during follow-up. Methods: 80 patients with pulmonary valvular stenosis who underwent percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty between January 2014 and December 2019 are described. Demographic, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic characteristics of the procedure were evaluated. Follow-up included clinical, echocardiographic parameters, pulmonary regurgitation severity, and residual pulmonary gradient at each cutoff point. Results: The age range was 2 years (interquartile range: 10.5 months - 6 years), and the predominant sex was male with 56.2%. The transvalvular pulmonary gradient decreased from 61.7 mmHg +- 21.2 to 17 mmHg (interquartile range: 11-26 mmHg). The immediate success rate was 90%. Follow-up time showed a median of 21 months (interquartile range: 5-47.5 months). All patients at follow-up showed some degree of pulmonary insufficiency at each cutoff point; 17% of the cases at the end of their follow-up were found to have severe insufficiency. Three cases of long-term restenosis were found (3.8%), and 6 (7.5%) were admitted for valvuloplasty surgery or pulmonary valve replacement. The complications reported reached 10% of cases, two patients were admitted to surgery during the procedure for major complications. A significant association was found with severe pulmonary insufficiency at the end of follow-up and ring/balloon ratio. Conclusions: Percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty with balloon is an effective technique in the treatment of pulmonary valvular stenosis, with reported complications but with good results during follow-up.

Comparison of early and long-term follow-up results of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and mitral valve replacement

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and mitral valve replacement have been the treatment options for mitral stenosis for several years, however, studies that compare these two modalities are very rare in the literature. ObjectIve: In this article, we aim to investigate the comparison of clinical results of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and mitral valve replacement. Methods: 527 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, treated with percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty or mitral valve replacement (276 patients with percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and 251 patients with mitral valve replacement) from 1991 to 2012 were evaluated. The demographic characteristics, clinical, echocardiographic and catheterization data of patients were evaluated retrospectively. The results of early and late clinical follow-up of patients after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and mitral valve replacement were also evaluated. Results: The mean follow-up time of the percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty group was 4.7 years and, for the mitral valve replacement-group, it was 5.45 years. The hospital stay of the percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty group was shorter than that of the mitral valve replacement group (2.02 days vs 10.62 days, p<0.001). The hospital mortality rate of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and mitral valve replacement were 0% and 2% respectively (p=0.024). In the percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty group, early postprocedural success rate was 92.1%. The event-free survival of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and mitral valve replacement was found to be similar. While reintervention was higher in percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty-group (p<0.001), mortality rate was higher in mitral valve replacement-group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty seems to be more advantageous than mitral valve replacement due to low mortality rates, easy application of the procedure and no need for general anesthesia.

Valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón: experiencia en el Cardiocentro de Santiago de Cuba / Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty: experiences at the Cardiocentro in Santiago de Cuba

RESUMEN Introducción: La valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón actualmente es el primer procedimiento terapéutico que se contempla en el mundo desarrollado para los pacientes con estenosis mitral reumática e indicación para ello, y se realiza en el Cardiocentro de Santiago de Cuba desde julio de 2008. Objetivos: Describir los resultados de la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón en los pacientes estudiados. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo, unicéntrico, que incluyó a 91 pacientes tratados mediante este procedimiento en el Cardiocentro de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2008 hasta junio de 2019. Se evaluaron variables clínico-epidemiológicas, ecocardiográficas y hemodinámicas, así como el resultado inmediato del procedimiento. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes jóvenes (60,4% entre 15-44 años), del sexo femenino (86,8%), con antecedentes de fiebre reumática (48,4%), en clase funcional III (64,8%) de la NYHA (New York Heart Association) y en ritmo sinusal (86,8%). Se logró un aumento promedio del área valvular de más del doble (0,99 vs. 2,12 cm2) del valor inicial y una reducción de la presión auricular mayor de 50% (25,0 vs.11, 76 mmHg), lo que permitió evaluar de satisfactorio el tratamiento en el 95,6% de los pacientes. Se identificó una asociación significativa (Prueba de Fisher ≤ 0,05) entre la puntuación de Wilkins ≤ 8 y el resultado satisfactorio del procedimiento. Conclusiones: Los resultados de la aplicación de la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón en el centro fueron satisfactorios y congruentes con los referidos nacional e internacionalmente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty has flourished as a mainstream therapy (mostly in developed countries) for treating patients with medical indication and those suffering from rheumatic mitral stenosis. This procedure is performed at the Cardiocentro in Santiago de Cuba since July 2008. Objectives: To describe the results of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in the study participants. Methods: A descriptive, single-centered and observational study including 91 patients treated by this procedure was conducted at the Cardiocentro in Santiago de Cuba from July 2008 to June 2019. Clinical/epidemiological, echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were assessed, as well as immediate procedure outcomes. Results: Young individuals (60.4% between 15-44 years), female (86.8%), with a history of rheumatic fever (48.4%), NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class III (64.8%) and sinus rhythm (86.8%) predominated. An average increase in valve area of over double (0.99 vs. 2.12 cm2) the initial value and a reduction in atrial pressure of more than 50% (25 vs. 11.76 mmHg) was achieved; thus evidencing that the treatment was effective in 95.6% of the patients. A significant association (Fisher Test ≤ 0.05) was identified between Wilkins score ≤ 8 and satisfactory outcome of the procedure. Conclusions: The results of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in the medical center were successful and consistent with those achieved nationally and internationally.

Utilidad de la valvuloplastia en el paciente de alto riesgo con estenosis aórtica severa. Reporte de caso / Valvuloplasty usefulness in the high risk patient with severe aortic stenosis. Case report

Resumen: La estenosis aórtica severa (EAoS) se asocia a comorbilidad pulmonar en un porcentaje considerable de pacientes, siendo complejo decidir sobre el tratamiento definitivo; al poseer elevado riesgo quirúrgico surgen dudas sobre la futilidad del procedimiento. Con la aparición y el desarrollo del implante percutáneo aórtico transcatéter, la valvuloplastia aórtica con balón (VAB) ha resurgido, se ha modificado y juega un rol central en el manejo de los pacientes con EAoS sintomática de muy alto riesgo por inestabilidad hemodinámica o comorbilidad severa. Se reporta un caso clínico que evidencia la utilidad de la VAB como herramienta diagnóstica y como puente a una terapia definitiva.

Summary: Severe aortic stenosis is associated with pulmonary comorbidity in a significant percentage of patients, being difficult to define the definitive therapy, considering they are high surgical risk patients where doubt about the futility of the procedure arises. With the appearance and development of the transcatheter aortic valve implant, balloon aortic valvuloplasty has re-emerged, has been modified and plays a central role in the management of patients with symptomatic high-risk severe aortic stenosis due to hemodynamic instability or severe comorbidity. We report a clinical case which demonstrates the usefulness of the balloon aortic valvuloplasty as a diagnostic tool and as a bridge to a definitive therapy.

Uso de la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón en un hospital provincial / Use of the mitral percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in a provincial hospital

Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo, que incluyó a 46 pacientes tratados con valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón, en el Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2008 hasta diciembre de 2015, a fin de evaluar el resultado inmediato del proceder empleado. Se analizaron variables clinicoepidemiológicas, ecocardiográficas y hemodinámicas. Predominaron los pacientes jóvenes de 15-44 años (63,0 por ciento), las mujeres con antecedentes de fiebre reumática (87,0 por ciento), la clase III, según la clasificación funcional de la insuficiencia cardiaca (76,1 por ciento) y el ritmo sinusal (84,8 por ciento). Se logró un aumento del área valvular superior a 100,0 por ciento y una reducción de la presión auricular de aproximadamente 50,0 por ciento. El tratamiento fue satisfactorio en 93,5 por ciento de los afectados. Hubo asociación significativa entre los pacientes con una escala de Wilkins de 8 o menos y el sexo femenino, con un resultado favorable de dicho proceder

An observational and descriptive study that included 46 patients treated with mitral percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, was carried out in Saturnino Lora Torres Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from July, 2008 to December, 2015, in order to evaluate the immediate result of the procedure that was used. Clinical epidemiological, echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were analyzed. There was a prevalence of the young patients aged 15-44 (63.0 percent), women with history of rheumatic fever (87.0 percent), the class III, according to the functional classification of heart failure (76.1 percent) and the sinus rhythm (84.8 percent). A 100.0 percent increase from the upper valvular area and an approximately 50.0 percent reduction of the atrial pressure were achieved. The treatment was satisfactory in 93.5 percent of the affected patients. There was a significant association between the patients with an 8 or less Wilkins scale and the female sex, with a favorable result of the procedure

Direct Transcatheter Heart Valve Implantation Versus Implantation With Balloon Predilatation: Insights From the Brazilian Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Registry.

BACKGROUND: Direct transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is regarded as having potential advantages over TAVR with balloon aortic valve predilatation (BAVP) in reducing procedural complications, but there are few data to support this approach. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients included in the Brazilian TAVR registry with CoreValve and Sapien-XT prosthesis were compared according to the implantation technique, with or without BAVP. Clinical and echocardiographic data were analyzed in overall population and after propensity score matching. A total of 761 consecutive patients (BAVP=372; direct-TAVR=389) were included. Direct-TAVR was possible in 99% of patients, whereas device success was similar between groups (BAVP=81.2% versus direct-TAVR=78.1%; P=0.3). No differences in clinical outcomes at 30 days and 1 year were observed, including all-cause mortality (7.6% versus 10%; P=0.25 and 18.1% versus 24.5%; P=0.07, respectively) and stroke (2.8% versus 3.8%; P=0.85 and 5.5% versus 6.8%; P=0.56, respectively). Nonetheless, TAVR with BAVP was associated with a higher rate of new onset persistent left bundle branch block with the CoreValve (47.7% versus 35.1%; P=0.01 at 1 year). Mean gradient and incidence of moderate/severe aortic regurgitation were similar in both groups at 1 year (11% versus 13.3%; P=0.57 and 9.8±5.5 versus 8.7±4.3; P=0.09, respectively). After propensity score matching analysis, all-cause mortality and stroke remained similar. By multivariable analysis, BAVP and the use of CoreValve were independent predictors of new onset persistent left bundle branch block. CONCLUSIONS: The 2 TAVR strategies, with or without BAVP, provided similar clinical and echocardiographic outcomes over a midterm follow-up although BAVP was associated with a higher rate of new onset persistent left bundle branch block, particularly in patients receiving a CoreValve.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation and Morbidity and Mortality-Related Factors: a 5-Year Experience in Brazil / Implante de Válvula Aórtica por Cateter e Seus Fatores de Morbimortalidade em Experiência de 5 Anos no Brasil

Abstract Background: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has become an option for high-surgical-risk patients with aortic valve disease. Objective: To evaluate the in-hospital and one-year follow-up outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Methods: Prospective cohort study of transcatheter aortic valve implantation cases from July 2009 to February 2015. Analysis of clinical and procedural variables, correlating them with in-hospital and one-year mortality. Results: A total of 136 patients with a mean age of 83 years (80-87) underwent heart valve implantation; of these, 49% were women, 131 (96.3%) had aortic stenosis, one (0.7%) had aortic regurgitation and four (2.9%) had prosthetic valve dysfunction. NYHA functional class was III or IV in 129 cases (94.8%). The baseline orifice area was 0.67 ± 0.17 cm2 and the mean left ventricular-aortic pressure gradient was 47.3±18.2 mmHg, with an STS score of 9.3% (4.8%-22.3%). The prostheses implanted were self-expanding in 97% of cases. Perioperative mortality was 1.5%; 30-day mortality, 5.9%; in-hospital mortality, 8.1%; and one-year mortality, 15.5%. Blood transfusion (relative risk of 54; p = 0.0003) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (relative risk of 5.3; p = 0.036) were predictive of in-hospital mortality. Peak C-reactive protein (relative risk of 1.8; p = 0.013) and blood transfusion (relative risk of 8.3; p = 0.0009) were predictive of 1-year mortality. At 30 days, 97% of patients were in NYHA functional class I/II; at one year, this figure reached 96%. Conclusion: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation was performed with a high success rate and low mortality. Blood transfusion was associated with higher in-hospital and one-year mortality. Peak C-reactive protein was associated with one-year mortality.

Resumo Fundamento: O implante de válvula aórtica por cateter tornou-se uma opção para pacientes com doença valvar aórtica de elevado risco cirúrgico. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados dos seguimentos intra-hospitalar e de até 1 ano do implante de válvula aórtica por cateter. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva de casos de implante de válvula aórtica por cateter entre julho de 2009 e fevereiro de 2015. Análise de variáveis clínicas e do procedimento, correlacionando com mortalidade intra-hospitalar e de 1 ano. Resultados: Foram submetidos ao implante 136 pacientes, com média de idade de 83 (80-87) anos, sendo 49% mulheres, 131 (96,3%) deles com estenose aórtica, um (0,7%) com insuficiência aórtica e quatro (2,9%) com disfunção de prótese. A classe funcional da NYHA foi III ou IV em 129 (94,8%) casos. A área valvar inicial foi 0,67 ± 0,17 cm2 e o gradiente ventrículo esquerdo-aorta médio de 47,3 ± 18,2 mmHg, com STS de 9,3% (4,8%-22,3%). As próteses implantadas eram autoexpansíveis em 97% dos casos. A mortalidade peroperatória em 1,5% dos casos; em 30 dias em 5,9%; intra-hospitalar em 8,1%; e após 1 ano em 15,5% dos casos. A hemotransfusão (risco relativo de 54; p = 0,0003) e a hipertensão arterial pulmonar (risco relativo de 5,3; p = 0,036) foram preditoras de mortalidade hospitalar; e a proteína C-reativa pico (risco relativo de 1,8; p = 0,013) e a hemotransfusão (risco relativo de 8,3; p = 0,0009) de mortalidade em 1 ano. Aos 30 dias, 97% dos pacientes estavam em classe NYHA I/II e, em 1 ano, o número chegou a 96%. Conclusão: O implante de válvula aórtica por cateter foi realizado com alto índice de sucesso e baixa mortalidade. A hemotransfusão associou-se com maior mortalidade hospitalar e de 1 ano. Proteína C-reativa pico se associou com a mortalidade de 1 ano.

Importância do comprometimento subvalvar nos resultados da valvoplastia mitral com cateter de inoue / Severity of subvalvular impairment in the results of mitral valvuloplasty with inoue catheter

Fundamentos: A valvoplastia mitral por cateter-balão foi introduzida em 1984 por Inoue e colaboradores, e atualmente é considerada o método de eleição no tratamento da estenose mitral. Objetivo: Comparar resultados de valvoplastia mitral em pacientes com estenose mitral com comprometimento subvalvar ≥3 e <3. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com 104 pacientes submetidos à valvoplastia mitral com balão de Inoue. Os pacientes foram estratificados em dois grupos: com comprometimento subvalvar (ASV) ≥3 e ASV <3. Realizada a comparação dos resultados imediatos, aos 12 meses e aos 24 ou mais meses entre os grupos com os dados obtidos por estudo ecocardiográfico e hemodinâmico. Resultados: Os resultados imediatos mostraram sucesso nos dois grupos, com significância estatística pré/pós procedimento, quanto aos parâmetros ecocardiográficos e hemodinâmicos, e ausência de diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Os resultados ecocardiográficos aos 12 meses evidenciaram que o gradiente médio e a área valvar foram semelhantes e sem significância estatística entre os grupos, o mesmo a correndo na comparação dos resultados ecocardiográficos aos 24 ou mais meses. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos com a valvoplastia mitral com o balão de Inoue não diferiram tanto nos pacientes com comprometimento do aparelho subvalvar ≥3 quanto <3.

Background: Balloon mitral valvuloplasty was introduced in 1984 by Inoue et al and is currently considered the method of choice in the treatment of mitral stenosis. Objective: To compare results of mitral valvuloplasty in patients with mitral stenosis with subvalvular impairment ≥3 and <3. Methods: Retrospective study with 104 patients undergoing mitral valvuloplasty with Inoue balloon. Patients were stratified into two groups: subvalvular impairment (SVI) ≥3 and SVI <3. The immediate results were compared at 12 months and 24 months or more between the groups with data obtained by echocardiography and hemodynamic study. Results: The immediate results revealed success in both groups, with statistical significance pre/post-procedure regarding the echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters and no significant differences between groups. Echocardiographic results at 12 months showed that the mean gradient and the valve area were similar and not statistically significant between the groups, the same occurring in the comparison of echocardiographic results at 24 or more months. Conclusion: The results obtained with mitral valvuloplasty with Inoue balloon did not differ both in patients with subvalvular impairment ≥3 and <3.

Valvuloplastia percutánea con balón de válvula mitral durante la gestación. Reporte de dos casos en un hospital de cuarto nivel de atención en Cali, Colombia y revisión de la literatura / Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty during pregnancy. Report of two cases in a level IV hospital in Cali, Colombia, and review of the literature

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de dos casos de gestantes con estenosis mitral valvular, llevadas a valvuloplastia percutánea con balón y dilatación como alternativa terapéutica para contrarrestar los riesgos de colapso y deterioro materno-fetal y permitir la progresión del embarazo sin complicaciones cardiovasculares o el deterioro funcional, y realizar una revisión de la literatura publicada sobre la realización del procedimiento en gestantes. Materiales y métodos: Se presentan dos casos de estenosis mitral severa y compromiso funcional asociado, de aparición en el segundo trimestre del embarazo, atendidos en una institución de cuarto nivel de complejidad, centro de referencia regional. Se manejaron por medio de valvuloplastia mitral con balón, con desenlaces clínicos maternos perinatales favorables. La revisión de la literatura se hizo a partir de los términos: "valvuloplastia", "estenosis mitral" y "embarazo". Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos Medline vía PubMed, Medes y Scopus. Se excluyeron los procedimientos descritos que estaban dirigidos al reparo valvular del feto. Los estudios se centraron en los cambios en las mediciones de la válvula, los resultados obstétricos y la seguridad. Resultados: Se identificaron doce títulos. Los resultados obtenidos son comparables a los reportes de casos de estenosis de válvula mitral con procedimiento asistido por balón para dilatación de la válvula. En general, el procedimiento es exitoso, incrementa el área de la válvula mitral y reduce el gradiente de presión en la válvula. No obstante, existe el riesgo de desarrollar insuficiencia de válvula mitral tras la conducta, trombosis y muerte. Conclusión: La valvuloplastia percutánea con balón y dilatación como alternativa terapéutica es una opción por considerar en el manejo de la estenosis mitral en la gestante con deterioro de la clase funcional y el aumento durante el seguimiento de la presión en cuña pulmonar. Se requieren estudios controlados que validen los resultados de los estudios observacionales.

Objective: To describe the experience of two cases of pregnant women with mitral stenosis taken to percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty and dilatation as a therapeutic option to counteract the risk of collapse and maternal and foetal deterioration, and to allow progression of the gestation without cardiovascular complications or functional impairment; and to conduct a review of the published literature regarding this procedure in pregnant women. Materials and methods: Two cases of severe mitral stenosis and associated functional involvement of early onset during the second trimester of pregnancy, seen in a level IV regional referral centre. The two cases were managed with balloon mitral valvuloplasty, with favourable perinatal maternal outcomes. The review of the literature was done using the terms Valvulopasty, Mitral Stenosis and Pregnancy. A search was conducted in Medline via Pubmed and in the MEDES and SCOPUS databases. Procedures described for the performance of foetal valve repair were excluded. Studies were focused on the diagnostic findings and the course of the surgical procedure. Results: Overall, 12 titles were identified. The results obtained are comparable with the case reports found in the literature on mitral valve stenosis using balloon-assisted procedures for valve dilatation. In general terms, the procedure is successful, increasing the area of the mitral valve and reducing the pressure gradient across the valve. However, there is a risk of mitral regurgitation, thrombosis and death following the procedure. Conclusion: Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty with balloon dilatation is a therapeutic option that may be considered for the management of mitral stenosis in pregnant women with functional class deterioration and increasing pulmonary wedge pressure during follow-up. Controlled studies are required in order to validate the results of observational studies.

Desfechos hospitalares e tardios de pacientes submetidos à valvoplastia mitral percutânea em centro com volume intermediário de procedimentos estruturais / In-hospital and late outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty in a center with intermediate volume of structural procedures

A valvoplastia mitral percutânea é o tratamento de escolha da estenose mitral reumática comanatomia favorável, por sua capacidade de prevenir complicações inerentes ao tratamento cirúrgico e com manutenção da eficácia. Faz-se necessário promover comparações entre os resultados obtidos com o procedimento por centros de referência e alta drenagem de pacientes e por instituições de menor volume e casuística, sendo este o objetivo principal deste estudo. Métodos: Foram analisados 31 pacientes consecutivos submetidos à valvoplastia mitral percutânea no período de setembro de 2006 a janeiro de 2015. Avaliaram-se o sucesso imediato do procedimento e a sobrevida livre de eventos tardios, definidos como morte cardiovascular ou necessidade de novaintervenção valvar mitral. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 40,9 ± 14,2 anos, com predomínio do sexo feminino (96,8%). O escore médio de Wilkins e Block foi de 8,1 ± 1,2. A totalidade dos procedimentos foi efetivada pela técnica de Inoue, com taxa de sucesso imediato de 90,3%. Em acompanhamento médio de 6,8 ± 2,5 anos, foram constatadossete eventos (22,6%), sendo dois óbitos de etiologia cardiovascular, quatro cirurgias de troca valvar mitral e uma comissurotomia mitral. Conclusões: Em um hospital com volume intermediário de procedimentos, os resultados da valvoplastia mitral percutânea no tratamento da estenose mitral reumática com anatomia favorável foram comparáveis àqueles alcançados por centros de alto referenciamento...

Background: Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty is the treatment of choice for rheumatic mitral stenosis with favorable anatomy, for its ability to prevent complications inherent to a surgical procedure, while maintaining effectiveness. It is necessary to promote comparisons between the results obtained by the procedure performed at referral centers with high patient inflow and at institutions with lower volume and fewer patients, which represents the main objective of this study. Methods: Thirty-one consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty were analyzed from September 2006 to January 2015. Immediate procedural success and late event-free survival rates were evaluated, defined as cardiovascular death or need for a new mitral valve intervention. Results: The mean age was 40.9 ± 14.2 years, with a predominance of females (96.8%). The mean Wilkinsand Block score was 8.1 ± 1.2. All procedures were performed using the Inoue technique, with na immediate success rate of 90.3%. At mean follow-up of 6.8 ± 2.5 years, seven events (22.6%) were observed: two cardiovascular deaths, four surgeries for mitral valve replacement, and one mitral commissurotomy Conclusions: In a hospital with intermediate procedure volume, the results of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty in the treatment of rheumatic mitral stenosis with favorable anatomy were comparable to those achieved by high-volume centers...

Resultados a largo plazo de la valvuloplastía mitral con balón / Long term results of mitral balloon valvuloplasty

Background: Mitral balloon valvuloplasty (MBV) is the therapy of choice for the treatment of symptomatic mitral stenosis with suitable anatomy. Although its short and mid-term results are favorable, there is a paucity of information about long-term follow-up. Aim: To assess the late results of MBV. Material and Methods: A cohort of 225 patients aged 8 to 20 years who were subjected to a MBV from 1989 to 2001, was studied. All variables at the time of the procedure, short and long-term results and major events during follow-up (new mitral intervention and mortality) were recorded. Uni and multivariate analysis were used to assess prognosis. Results: The mean follow-up lapse was 13.5 years (range 8 to 20 years). During this period, 88 patients (39.1%) remained event-free and in acceptable functional capacity. Eight percent died, 8% required a second MBV and 43.5% required a surgical mitral valve replacement. A post-procedural area equal or greater to 1.9 cm² was associated with a greater likelihood of free-event survival (log rank test: p = 0.02/Cox proportional regression model: coefficient 0.54, p = 0.04). Conclusions: MBV is effective, although there is a high chance of new interventions in the long-term follow-up. A larger post-procedure mitral area is associated with a better prognosis.

Valvuloplastia con balón en una paciente con estenosis aórtica crítica / Balloon valvuloplasty in a patient with critical aortic stenosis

La prevalencia de estenosis aórtica degenerativa es creciente y predomina en personas mayores de 75 años. La aparición de síntomas es marcador de gravedad con implicaciones pronósticas; no hay tratamiento farmacológico que revierta su evolución. Tan pronto aparecen los síntomas, se indica tratamiento quirúrgico de sustitución de la válvula aórtica. La valvuloplastia con balón está indicada en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica o contraindicación temporal para procedimiento definitivo. Debe ser adoptada como puente para una intervención definitiva. Se reporta un caso de valvuloplastia aórtica con balón en una paciente con comorbilidades y muerte súbita intrahospitalaria revertida.

The prevalence of degenerative aortic stenosis predominates in individuals above 75 years old. The marker of severity is the onset of symptoms, there is no pharmacologic treatment that can reverse its natural history. As soon as symptoms appear, surgical replacement of the aortic valve is indicated. Balloon valvuloplasty is indicated for patients that are hemodynamically unstable or with a temporary contraindication for a definitive procedure. It should be adopted as a bridge therapy until a definite intervention is done. The objective of this case report is the narration of aortic balloon valvuloplasty in a patient with comorbidities and inpatient sudden cardiac death.

Resultados inmediatos y seguimiento a largo plazo de la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea / Immediate Outcomes and Long-Term Follow-Up of Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty

Introducción El tratamiento de la estenosis mitral ha cambiado en las últimas décadas. Se ha demostrado que, frente al tratamiento quirúrgico, la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea (VMP) presenta resultados hemodinámicos comparables y una evolución similar. Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia y la evolución clínica y ecocardiográfica inmediata y a largo plazo de la VMP. Material y métodos Se incluyeron 132 pacientes que habían sido sometidos a VMP, con una mediana de seguimiento de 48 meses. Se consideró éxito primario cuando se obtuvo un área pos-VMP ≥ 1,5 cm². En el seguimiento se evaluaron: muerte, necesidad de reemplazo valvular mitral o de nueva VMP y reestenosis valvular. Resultados La media de edad fue de 44,6 años; el 88,5% de los pacientes (n = 115) eran de sexo femenino. La mediana del área valvular mitral pre-VMP era de 0,90 cm² (IIC 25-75: 0,81-1,00), la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar era de 44 mm Hg (IIC 25-75: 35-52) y el puntaje ecocardiográfico, de 7 (IIC 25-75: 6-9). Se obtuvo éxito primario en 104 pacientes (78,8%). En el seguimiento a 4 años, el 86,5% de los pacientes (n = 109) se encontraban asintomáticos. Se registraron tres muertes intrahospitalarias (2,2%) y tres en el seguimiento (2,2%). Se realizó una nueva VMP en 10 pacientes y reemplazo valvular mitral en cuatro. Las variables asociadas con reestenosis en el seguimiento fueron el puntaje ecocardiográfico > 8 (p = 0,04) y el área valvular mitral pos-VMP < 1,8 cm² (p = 0,02). Luego del análisis multivariado, el área valvular mitral pos-VMP < 1,8 cm² fue el único predictor de reestenosis (OR: 2,6; IC 95%: 1,08-6,25). Conclusiones La VMP es segura y eficaz, eficacia que se mantiene a largo plazo. Los mejores resultados inmediatos se obtienen en pacientes con puntaje ecocardiográfico bajo y en ritmo sinusal, mientras que aquellos con un área valvular mitral mayor pos-VMP son los que presentan menor reestenosis en el seguimiento.(AU)

Background The treatment of mitral valve stenosis has changed over the last decades. The hemodynamic results and the outcome of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) have proved to be comparable to those of surgical treatment. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and the immediate and long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcome of PMV. Methods A total of 132 patients undergoing PMV were included, with a median follow-up of 48 months. The primary success was defined as a mitral valve area of ≥ 1.5 cm² following PMV. Mortality, need for mitral valve replacement or new PMV and mitral valve restenosis were evaluated during follow-up. Results Mean age was 44.6 years; 88.5% of patients (n=115) were women. Median mitral valve area before PMV was 0.90 cm² (IQR 25-75: 0.81-1.00), systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 44 mm Hg (IQR 25-75: 35-52) and the echocardiographic score was 7 (IQR 25-75: 6-9). Primary success was achieved in 104 patients (78.8%). After four years of follow-up, 86.5% of patients (n=109) were free of symptoms. Three patients (2.2%) died during hospitalization and three (2.2%) during follow-up. A new PMV was performed in 10 patients and four patients underwent mitral valve replacement. During follow-up, an echocardiographic score of >8 (p=0.04) and a mitral valve area following PMV of 2 (p=0.02) were the variables associated with restenosis. After performing multivariate analysis, the only predictor associated with restenosis following PMV was a mitral valve area 2 (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.08-6.25). Conclusions Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty is a safe and efficient method with long-term efficacy. The best outcomes are achieved in patients with low echocardiographic score and who are in sinus rhythm, and those with greater mitral valve area following PMV have lower restenosis during follow-up.(AU)

Resultados inmediatos y seguimiento a largo plazo de la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea / Immediate Outcomes and Long-Term Follow-Up of Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty

Introducción El tratamiento de la estenosis mitral ha cambiado en las últimas décadas. Se ha demostrado que, frente al tratamiento quirúrgico, la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea (VMP) presenta resultados hemodinámicos comparables y una evolución similar. Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia y la evolución clínica y ecocardiográfica inmediata y a largo plazo de la VMP. Material y métodos Se incluyeron 132 pacientes que habían sido sometidos a VMP, con una mediana de seguimiento de 48 meses. Se consideró éxito primario cuando se obtuvo un área pos-VMP ≥ 1,5 cm². En el seguimiento se evaluaron: muerte, necesidad de reemplazo valvular mitral o de nueva VMP y reestenosis valvular. Resultados La media de edad fue de 44,6 años; el 88,5% de los pacientes (n = 115) eran de sexo femenino. La mediana del área valvular mitral pre-VMP era de 0,90 cm² (IIC 25-75: 0,81-1,00), la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar era de 44 mm Hg (IIC 25-75: 35-52) y el puntaje ecocardiográfico, de 7 (IIC 25-75: 6-9). Se obtuvo éxito primario en 104 pacientes (78,8%). En el seguimiento a 4 años, el 86,5% de los pacientes (n = 109) se encontraban asintomáticos. Se registraron tres muertes intrahospitalarias (2,2%) y tres en el seguimiento (2,2%). Se realizó una nueva VMP en 10 pacientes y reemplazo valvular mitral en cuatro. Las variables asociadas con reestenosis en el seguimiento fueron el puntaje ecocardiográfico > 8 (p = 0,04) y el área valvular mitral pos-VMP < 1,8 cm² (p = 0,02). Luego del análisis multivariado, el área valvular mitral pos-VMP < 1,8 cm² fue el único predictor de reestenosis (OR: 2,6; IC 95%: 1,08-6,25). Conclusiones La VMP es segura y eficaz, eficacia que se mantiene a largo plazo. Los mejores resultados inmediatos se obtienen en pacientes con puntaje ecocardiográfico bajo y en ritmo sinusal, mientras que aquellos con un área valvular mitral mayor pos-VMP son los que presentan menor reestenosis en el seguimiento.

Background The treatment of mitral valve stenosis has changed over the last decades. The hemodynamic results and the outcome of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) have proved to be comparable to those of surgical treatment. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and the immediate and long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcome of PMV. Methods A total of 132 patients undergoing PMV were included, with a median follow-up of 48 months. The primary success was defined as a mitral valve area of ≥ 1.5 cm² following PMV. Mortality, need for mitral valve replacement or new PMV and mitral valve restenosis were evaluated during follow-up. Results Mean age was 44.6 years; 88.5% of patients (n=115) were women. Median mitral valve area before PMV was 0.90 cm² (IQR 25-75: 0.81-1.00), systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 44 mm Hg (IQR 25-75: 35-52) and the echocardiographic score was 7 (IQR 25-75: 6-9). Primary success was achieved in 104 patients (78.8%). After four years of follow-up, 86.5% of patients (n=109) were free of symptoms. Three patients (2.2%) died during hospitalization and three (2.2%) during follow-up. A new PMV was performed in 10 patients and four patients underwent mitral valve replacement. During follow-up, an echocardiographic score of >8 (p=0.04) and a mitral valve area following PMV of 2 (p=0.02) were the variables associated with restenosis. After performing multivariate analysis, the only predictor associated with restenosis following PMV was a mitral valve area 2 (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.08-6.25). Conclusions Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty is a safe and efficient method with long-term efficacy. The best outcomes are achieved in patients with low echocardiographic score and who are in sinus rhythm, and those with greater mitral valve area following PMV have lower restenosis during follow-up.

Implante valvular aórtico transarterial: experiencia en Chile / Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Experience in 17 patients

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is taking a leading role in the management of patients with severe aortic stenosis. Valve replacement surgery prolongs survival and is the technique of choice considering its historical background and long experience worldwide. Recently however, TAVI has positioned itself as the only standard therapy for symptomatic patients who are not candidates for surgery. Aim: To report the experience with this new technique comparing our results with those reported in the literature. Material and Methods: Between May 2010 and December 2011,17patients aged 81 ± 7.3 years (58.8% men with an Euro SCORE 29 ± 22.4%) underwent a TAVI. Results: The median transvalvular gradient was 54 ± 15.7 mmHg. All patients received a CoreValveTM. Technical success was 100%, with a post implant gradient of 6.29 ± 3.3 mmHg. Residual aortic regurgita-tion was observed in 94%, none greater than grade II. There were no complications at the vascular access site. One patient developed cardiac tamponade during the procedure. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 35.2%. Hospital mortality rate was 5.8%, a figure that remained unchanged at 30 days offollow-up. Conclusions: In high-risk patients with aortic stenosis, TAVI has a high success rate and a low rate of complications. Besides an appropriate patient selection, a trained multidisciplinary team and technical conditions to solve possible complications of the procedure are required.

Left ventricular guidewire pacing for transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Previous reports prove the safety and efficacy of cardiac pacing employing a guidewire in the left ventricle as unipolar pacing electrode. We describe the use of left ventricular guidewire pacing as an alternative to conventional transvenous temporary right ventricular pacing in the context of transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Valvuloplastia aórtica por cateter balão na estenose aórtica degenerativa: impacto terapêutico em pacientes em condição clínica in extremis / Balloon aortic valvuloplasty in degenerative aortic stenosis: therapeutic impact on patients in extremis

INTRODUÇÃO: A valvuloplastia aórtica por cateter balão (VAB) é utilizada como estratégia paliativa em pacientes inelegíveis tanto para troca valvar cirúrgica quanto para implante valvar aórtico transcateter, ou como ponte para essas modalidades de tratamento. Não se sabe o impacto terapêutico da VAB quando realizada como medida de salvamento para pacientes em condições clínicas extremas (in extremis). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados pacientes com estenose aórtica grave de etiologia degenerativa submetidos à VAB entre julho de 2008 e janeiro de 2013. Os pacientes foram divididos entre o grupo in extremis (definido pela presença de duas ou mais das seguintes disfunções orgânicas: ventilação mecânica, instabilidade hemodinâmica, terapia renal dialítica, coagulopatia ou disfunção hepática graves) e o grupo controle, que incluiu os demais pacientes. RESULTADOS: Um total de 19 pacientes realizaram VAB no período. A condição clínica in extremis esteve presente em 42,1%. Os pacientes do grupo in extremis tiveram EUROSCORE II mais elevado (41,1 ± 24,7 vs. 15,9 ± 14,0; P = 0,01) e fração de ejeção do VE mais baixa que o grupo controle (33,9 ± 17,3% vs. 49,0 ± 12,5%; P = 0,04). Nenhum paciente do grupo in extremis sobreviveu ao período intra-hospitalar, enquanto que, no grupo controle, a mortalidade foi de 27,3% (P < 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Para o tratamento de pacientes com estenose aórtica grave de etiologia degenerativa, a VAB tem resultado desfavorável quando indicada para pacientes com duas ou mais disfunções orgânicas, ou seja, em condição clínica in extremis.

BACKGROUND: Balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) is used as a palliative strategy in patients who are not eligible for valve replacement surgery, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, or as a bridge to these treatment modalities. The impact of BAV as a salvage procedure for patients in extreme clinical conditions (in extremis) is unknown. METHODS: Patients with severe degenerative aortic stenosis undergoing BAV between July 2008 and January 2013 were evaluated. Patients were divided into the in-extremis group (defined by the presence of two or more of the following organ dysfunctions: mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic instability, dialysis, coagulopathy or severe hepatic dysfunction) and the control group, which included the remaining patients. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients underwent BAV. The clinical condition in-extremis was present in 42.1% of them. Patients from the in-extremis group had a higher EUROSCORE II (41.1 ± 24.7 vs. 15.9 ± 14.0; P = 0.001) and LV ejection fraction lower than the control group (33.9 ± 17.3% vs. 49.0 ± 12.5; P = 0.04). None of the patients in the in-extremis group survived past the hospitalization period, whereas the control group mortality was 27.3% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: BAV has an unfavorable result in patients with severe degenerative aortic stenosis with two or more organ dysfunctions, that is, patients in extremis.