Múltiples niveles ecológicos en el estudio del sentido psicológico de comunidad con el barrio de residencia / Multiple Ecological Levels in the Study of the Psychological Sense of Community With the Neighborhood of Residence

Los estudios sobre el sentido psicológico de comunidad en barrios han profundizado en la experiencia subjetiva de los residentes, identificando algunos factores predictores relacionados con el tiempo invertido en la comunidad y las actividades realizadas. Sin embargo, es necesario concebir los barrios como entornos abiertos que interactúan con el espacio urbano que les rodea. Además, conviene combinar el estudio de las reacciones subjetivas y los sentimientos de pertenencia con la interacción social que tiene lugar en los contextos urbanos. En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las ventajas de adoptar un enfoque de múltiples niveles ecológicos de análisis, considerar múltiples comunidades de referencia simultáneamente y examinar el papel de los barrios colindantes en entornos urbanos (AU)

Studies on the psychological sense of community in neighborhoods have delved into the subjective experience of residents, identifying some predictive factors related to the time invested in the community and the activities carried out by residents. However, it is necessary to conceive neighborhoods as open environments that interact with the urban space that surrounds them. Furthermore, it is advisable to combine the study of subjective reactions and feelings of belonging with the social interaction that takes place in urban contexts. This article reflects on the advantages of adopting a multiple ecological levels of analysis approach, considering multiple reference communities simultaneously, and examining the role of neighboring neighborhoods in urban environments (AU)

Frecuentar lugares de barrios colindantes incide en el sentido psicológico de comunidad: estudio de caso en la ciudad de Sevilla (España) / Frequenting Places in Neighboring Neighborhoods Influences the Psychological Sense of Community: A Case Study in the City of Seville (Spain)

Los barrios de residencia proporcionan contextos de riesgo y protección con importantes repercusiones en el bienestar subjetivo y la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, la investigación previa ha prestado escasa atención al impacto psicológico de las relaciones entre barrios. En este estudio exploramos la frecuentación de lugares de interacción en barrios colindantes y su repercusión en el sentido psicológico de comunidad. A través de un estudio de caso de cuatro barrios de la ciudad de Sevilla que difieren en su nivel de renta, comprobamos que los residentes de los barrios vulnerables suelen usar los servicios de los barrios aledaños con más recursos, especialmente cuando cuentan con servicios y lugares de interacción atractivos. Con una muestra de 225 residentes mostramos que el sentido psicológico de comunidad varía en función de los años de residencia en el barrio, el nivel socioeconómico y la frecuentación de lugares en los barrios colindantes. Los resultados podrían ser útiles en el diseño de estrategias efectivas de desarrollo comunitario (AU)

Residential neighborhoods provide risk and protection contexts with important repercussions on subjective well-being and quality of life. However, previous research has paid scant attention to the psychological impact of relationships between neighborhoods. In this study we explore the frequentation of places of interaction in neighboring neighborhoods and its impact on the psychological sense of community. Through a case study of four neighborhoods in the city of Seville that differ in their income level, we verified that residents of vulnerable neighborhoods tend to use the services of neighboring neighborhoods with more resources, especially when they have attractive services and places. With a sample of 225 residents, we show that the psychological sense of community varies depending on the years of residence in the neighborhood, the socioeconomic level and the frequentation of places in the neighboring neighborhoods. The results could be useful in designing effective community development strategies (AU)

La influencia de los estilos de apego y los rasgos de personalidad en el sentido de comunidad en barrios de España y Colombia / The Influence of Attachment Styles and Personality Traits on the Sense ofa Community in Neighborhoods in Spain and Colombi

El sentido de comunidad es uno de los procesos más investigados en psicología comunitaria. Desde su formulación inicial, la pertenencia a estructuras sociales y geográficas más amplias forma parte de la definición del concepto. La investigación sobre el tema ha solido centrarse en el análisis de los factores ambientales y colectivos que modulan la integración de los individuos en grupos y comunidades y ha prestado menos atención a los aspectos individuales que orientan las interacciones directas que las personas mantienen en estos espacios. En este estudio analizamos la relación de los estilos apego individual y los rasgos de personalidad sobre el sentido de comunidad en 305 entrevistados de diversos barrios de Sevilla (España) y Barranquilla (Colombia). Los resultados muestran un efecto predictivo modesto del estilo de apego seguro y la amabilidad principalmente sobre las dimensiones de self y pertenencia del sentido de comunidad. Estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de tener en cuenta diferentes niveles de análisis en la evaluación de la pertenencia a contextos comunitarios y la utilidad de definir modelos que incluyan la interacción de factores individuales y contextuales en su explicación (AU)

Sense of Community is one of the most researched processes in Community Psychology. Since its initial formulation, belonging to broader social and geographical structures has been part of the definition of the concept. Research on the topic has tended to focus on the analysis of the environmental and collective factors that modulate the integration of individuals into groups and communities and has paid less attention to the individual aspects that guide the direct interactions that people have in these spaces. In this study we analyse the relationship between individual attachment styles and personality traits on the sense of community in 305 respondents from different neighborhoods in Seville (Spain) and Barranquilla (Colombia). The results show a modest predictive effect of secure attachment style and agreeableness mainly on the self and belonging dimensions of sense of community. These results show the need to take into account different levels of analysis in the assessment of belonging to community contexts and the usefulness of defining models that include the interaction of individual and contextual factors in their explanation (AU)

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Breve de Sentido de Comunidad (BSCS) en los barrios de Barranquilla, Colombia / Psychometric Properties of the Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS) in the Neighborhoods of Barranquilla (Colombia

Se analizan las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Breve de Sentido de Comunidad (BSCS) en colombianos que residían en Barranquilla, norte de Colombia, teniendo en cuenta la categorización en estratos socioeconómicos de los barrios en la ciudad. Se examina si el modelo teórico de cuatro factores se mantiene o no en este contexto y si la variable estrato socioeconómico de los barrios afecta a su puntuación. Se encuestó a 858 personas: 491 mujeres, 367 hombres, con edades de 18 a 82 años (M =31.2 años, DE = 14.6). Se utilizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio para examinar la estructura de los factores y la igualdad de los parámetros del BSCS entre los grupos de barrios con alta y baja categorización socioeconómica. Se encontró que, de tres modelos en comparación, el modelo de un factor de segundo orden que explica las cuatro dimensiones del Sentido de Comunidad (SC), brindó el mejor ajuste a los datos y responde mejor al modelo de McMillan y Chavis (1986). Las medidas de confiabilidad interna fueron ω de 0.92 y α de 0.91. Se propone una norma de corrección calculada para la matriz de correlación policórica, donde las puntuaciones más altas indican un mayor SC. Se termina identificando que el SC es mucho mayor en los barrios de estratos socioeconómicos altos y medios con respecto a los barrios de estratos bajos (AU)

The psychometric properties of the Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS) are analyzed in Colombians residing in Barranquilla, northern Colombia, taking into account the socioeconomic strata categorization of neighborhoods in the city. We examine whether or not the four-factor theoretical model holds in this context and whether the socioeconomic strata variable of the neighborhoods affects their score. We surveyed 858 people: 491 women, 367 men, aged 18-82 years (M =31.2 years, SD= 14.6). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure and equality of BSCS parameters between groups of neighborhoods with high and low socioeconomic categorization. It was found that, of three models in comparison, the second-order one-factor model explaining the four dimensions of Sense of Community (SC) provided the best fit to the data and is most responsive to the McMillan and Chavis (1986) model.The internal reliability measures were ω of 0.92 and α of 0.91. A correction rule calculated for the polychoric correlationmatrix is proposed, where higher scores indicate higher SC. It ends up identifying that the SC is much higher in high and middle socioeconomic strata neighborhoods with respect to low strata neighborhoods (AU)

Usos exploratorios de los paseos comunitarios en barrios urbanos / Exploratory Uses of Community Walks in Urban Neighborhoods

Los paseos comunitarios consisten en la realización de un itinerario urbano comentado por los participantes. En los últimos años se han extendido como un medio para descubrir las ciudades, promover la toma de conciencia sobre los problemas urbanos y contribuir indirectamente al desarrollo local. En este comentario mostramos que los paseos comunitarios pueden utilizarse también como herramienta de investigación, tanto en la evaluación etnográfica rápida como en la identificación de líderes locales y escenarios de conducta (AU)

Community walks consist of carrying out an urban itinerary commented by the participants. In recent years they have spread as a means to discover cities, promote awareness of urban problems and contribute to local development. In this commentary we show that community walks can also be used as a research tool, both in rapid ethnographic assessment and in the identification of local leaders and behavior setting (AU)

Mulheres de Bairros Populares em Caxias-MA: Vidas que (Re)Existem / Women From Low-Income Neighborhoods in Caxias-MA: Lives that Exist / Mujeres de Barrios Populares de Caxias-MA: Vidas que (Re) Existen

O presente estudo parte das experiências das mulheres nos bairros populares de uma cidade do interior do Maranhão, Caxias. Objetivou-se conhecer as histórias de vida das mulheres desses bairros, os seus modos de vida e resistência em suas vivencias diárias. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que tem como base a produção de sentido no cotidiano. Participaram cinco mulheres de quatro bairros populares do município. Foram utilizadas a observação no cotidiano, conversas no cotidiano e entrevista semiestruturada. Para a análise foi utilizado o mapa dialógico de produção de sentidos. Percebeu-se que as mulheres atuam enquanto sujeitas ativas em seus bairros buscando por melhores condições de vida, em prol de educação e infraestrutura, a partir da formação de uma rede de sociabilidade e solidariedade, à frente de clube de mães, associação de moradores e grupo de dança enquanto formas de resistência. Logo, entende-se que esse estudo pode contribuir com a literatura e discussões sobre mulheres de contextos periféricos de regiões não metropolitanas.

The present study is based on the experiences of women from the low-income neighborhoods of Caxias, a country town in the Brazilian State of Maranhão. The purpose was to investigate the life stories of women who live in that neighborhoods, their ways of life, and resistance in their daily experiences. This is a qualitative research that is based on the production of meaning in everyday life. We have researched five women from four low-income neighborhoods in the city through daily observation, daily conversations, and semi-structured interviews. We have used the dialogic map of production of meaning for this analysis. It was noticed that women act as active subjects in their neighborhoods, looking for better living conditions towards education and infrastructure. They do it building a network of sociability and solidarity which includes a front of mothers' club, community association, and dance group as forms of resistance. Therefore, we realize that this study can contribute to the literature and to the discussion about women from peripheral contexts of non-metropolitan regions.

El presente estudio se basa en las experiencias de mujeres en los barrios populares de una ciudad del interior de Maranhão, Caxias. El objetivo fue conocer las historias de vida de mujeres que viven en barrios populares de Caxias do Maranhão, sus formas de vida y resistencia en sus experiencias cotidianas. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa que se fundamenta en la producción de sentido en la vida cotidiana. Participaron cinco mujeres de cuatro barrios populares de la ciudad. Se utilizó la observación diaria, conversaciones diarias y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Para el análisis se utilizó el mapa dialógico de producción de sentido. Se percibió que las mujeres actúan como sujetos activos en sus barrios buscando mejores condiciones de vida, a favor de la educación e infraestructura, a partir de la formación de una red de sociabilidad y solidaridad, al frente del club de madres, asociación de vecinos y grupo de baile como formas de resistencia. Por lo tanto, se entiende que este estudio puede contribuir a la literatura y discusiones sobre mujeres de contextos periféricos de regiones no metropolitanas.

Influence of home/school environments on children's obesity, diet, and physical activity: the SUECO study protocol / Impacto del entorno residencial/escolar en la obesidad, la dieta y la actividad física en población infantil: protocolo del estudio SUECO

Objective: The SUECO study examines the relationship between urban obesogenic environments and health outcomes among school-age children in the city of Madrid, Spain. We will study how features of the urban environment (related to the food- and the physical activity environment) associate with children's anthropometrics, eating habits, and physical activity levels. Method: We describe the study protocol of this multilevel study in a representative sample of school-age children in the city of Madrid (2017; n=5,961 children ages 3-12). Main outcome variables include anthropometrics (body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat), healthy and unhealthy consumption measures, and physical activity measures. The primary explanatory variables are grouped into food environment (e.g., unhealthy food retailers' density) and physical activity environment (e.g., walkability, physical activity opportunities) variable categories. Multilevel models will be used to calculate the associations between each indicator and obesity and physical inactivity. (AU)

Objetivo: El estudio SUECO evaluará la relación entre el entorno urbano obesogénico y los resultados en salud en la población infantil escolarizada en Madrid. El estudio explorará cómo influyen las características del entorno urbano (relacionadas con la alimentación y con la actividad física) en las variables antropométricas, los hábitos alimentarios y la actividad física. Método: Se presenta el protocolo de este estudio multinivel, realizado con una muestra representativa de población infantil escolarizada en la ciudad de Madrid (2017; n=5961 escolares de 3 a 12 años). Las principales variables de resultado incluyen antropometría (índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y porcentaje de grasa corporal), hábitos alimentarios (saludables y no saludables) y actividad física. Las principales variables independientes son contextuales (del entorno alimentario y del entorno de actividad física). Se utilizarán modelos de regresión multinivel para evaluar las asociaciones entre cada indicador contextual, la obesidad y la inactividad física. (AU)

Influence of home/school environments on children's obesity, diet, and physical activity: the SUECO study protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The SUECO study examines the relationship between urban obesogenic environments and health outcomes among school-age children in the city of Madrid, Spain. We will study how features of the urban environment (related to the food- and the physical activity environment) associate with children's anthropometrics, eating habits, and physical activity levels. METHOD: We describe the study protocol of this multilevel study in a representative sample of school-age children in the city of Madrid (2017; n=5,961 children ages 3-12). Main outcome variables include anthropometrics (body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat), healthy and unhealthy consumption measures, and physical activity measures. The primary explanatory variables are grouped into food environment (e.g., unhealthy food retailers' density) and physical activity environment (e.g., walkability, physical activity opportunities) variable categories. Multilevel models will be used to calculate the associations between each indicator and obesity and physical inactivity.

Factors affecting retention in the Philippine National Rural Physician Deployment Program from 2012 to 2019: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: To address the maldistribution of healthcare providers and the shortage of physicians in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas of the Philippines, the Philippine National Rural Physician Deployment Program, or more commonly known as the Doctors to the Barrios (DTTB) program was established in 1993. However, as of 2011, only 18% of the DTTBs chose to stay in their assigned municipalities after their two-year deployment, termed retention. This study aims to identify the individual, local, work, national, and international factors affecting the retention of DTTBs in their assigned communities after their two-year deployment. METHODS: A descriptive, mixed-methods, explanatory design was used. For the quantitative part, the modified and updated Stayers Questionnaire was given to all current DTTBs present in a Continuing Medical Education session in the Development Academy of the Philippines. Descriptive statistics were then presented. For the qualitative part, individual, semi-structured key informant interviews were conducted in-person or via phone with current and alumni DTTBs from 2012 to 2019. Proceedings of the interviews were transcribed, translated, and analyzed thematically. RESULTS: 102 current DTTBs participated in the quantitative part of our study, while 10 current and former DTTBs participated in the interviews. Demographic factors and location, personal beliefs, well-being, friends and family dynamics, and perceptions about work were the individual factors identified to affect retention. Social working conditions, career development, and infrastructure, medical equipment, and supplies were among the work factors identified to affect retention. Geography, living conditions, local social needs, and technology were among the local factors identified to affect retention. Compensation, the recently signed Universal Healthcare Law, and Safety and Security were identified as national factors that could affect retention. International factors did not seem to discourage DTTBs from staying in their communities. CONCLUSIONS: A host of individual, work-related, local, national, and international factors influence the DTTB's decision to be retained in different, complex, interconnected, and dynamic ways. We also identified implementation issues in the DTTB program and suggested interventions to encourage retention.

Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en Barrios Patrimoniales / Place Attachment and Place Identity in Heritage Neighborhoods

Resumen La política internacional de protección del patrimonio mundial de la UNESCO se integró en las agendas de desarrollo nacional y local de los países de América Latina, gestionando proyectos de mejoramiento social y urbano en barrios históricos de las ciudades. Los efectos sociales, ambientales y económicos de estos procesos de patrimonialización de los lugares no han sido suficientemente analizados. En este sentido, y asumiendo una perspectiva psicoambiental, esta investigación describe y compara los índices de Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en habitantes de tres barrios de la ciudad de Valparaíso (n=544) (Chile) y dos en la ciudad de Quito (n=209) (Ecuador), que se encuentran ubicados en zonas catalogadas como Patrimonio de la Humanidad. A través de la aplicación de pruebas t de Student de comparación de medias y d de Cohen de valoración del tamaño del efecto, se observó que las personas que cuentan con mayor tiempo de residencia, que habitan barrios patrimoniales consolidados (donde las dimensiones socio-urbanas del entorno se encuentran mayormente intervenidas y desarrolladas) y que son propietarias de sus viviendas presentan puntajes más altos de Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar. Se observó un nivel moderado de Apego de Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en los habitantes de los barrios patrimoniales de las ciudades de Valparaíso y Quito.

Abstract UNESCO's international policy for the protection of world heritage was integrated into the national and local development agendas of Latin American countries, managing social and urban improvement projects in historic city districts. The social, environmental and economic effects of these processes of heritage sites have not been sufficiently analyzed. In this sense and assuming a psycho-environmental perspective, this research describes and compares the indices of place attachment and place identity in 3 neighborhoods in the city of Valparaiso (n=544) and 2 in the city of Quito (n=209), which are located in areas classified as World Heritage. Through the application of Student t tests for comparing means and Cohen d tests for assessing the size of the effect, it was observed that people who have resided for longer periods of time, who live in consolidated heritage neighborhoods and who own their own homes, show higher scores in terms of place attachment and place identity. A moderate level of Place Attachment and Place Identity was observed in Valparaíso and Quito.

Abundancia de perros vagabundos en un barrio vulnerable de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante 2020 / Abundance of stray dogs in a vulnerable neighborhood of Buenos Aires city during 2020

NTRODUCCIÓN: Las poblaciones de perros sin dueño en zonas urbanizadas son uno de los inconvenientes con los que se enfrenta la salud pública, ya que como potenciales transmisoras de zoonosis representan un riesgo para las personas. Para poder abordar estas situaciones, es vital contar con información de la abundancia de las poblaciones a fin de desarrollar programas de promoción de la salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la abundancia y composición de la población de perros vagabundos en un barrio vulnerable de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron 3 métodos de captura-recaptura fotográfica (Petersen, Schnabel y Schumacher-Eschmeyer) para analizar abundancia, sexo y puntuación de la condición corporal de la población. RESULTADOS: Con el método de Petersen se obtuvo una abundancia de 282 (236-396) perros; con el de Schnabel, de 359 (290-475); y con el de Schumacher-Eschmeyer, de 378 (265-662). El 50,5% de los perros fueron hembras, el 48% presentó una puntuación corporal regular, el 35% mostró una condición buena y el 16% fueron animales obesos. DISCUSIÓN: Los valores de abundancia obtenidos implican un riesgo para los habitantes que residen en el barrio debido a la alta probabilidad de transmisión de enfermedades y lesiones por mordeduras. Para disminuir los valores de abundancia de este tipo de poblaciones, es crucial implementar campañas de esterilización quirúrgica y promover prácticas de tenencia responsable de animales.

Can We Uncouple Neighborhood Disadvantage and Delinquent Behaviors? An Experimental Test of Family Resilience Guided by the Social Disorganization Theory of Delinquent Behaviors.

Although the influence of neighborhood disadvantage on youth development of delinquent behavior is well established, findings from this research have yet to inform the development of family-centered prevention programming to protect youth from these erosive effects. The current paper examines the role of family integration in buffering the impact of social disadvantage in a sample of N = 298 families randomly assigned either to a control condition or to a family-based prevention program previously shown to enhance marriage and parenting. We first confirmed that neighborhood concentrated disadvantage predicted change in delinquent behaviors across the course of the study. Additionally, replicating prior work, parents participating in the Protecting Strong African American Families (ProSAAF) program, relative to those randomly assigned to the control group, significantly improved their use of effective communication strategies with each other and reduced ineffective conflict in front of youth. This resulted in a significant indirect effect of ProSAAF on change in youth delinquent behaviors. Furthermore, using mediated moderation analysis, the study tested the buffering effect of greater family integration, showing that experimentally produced change in interparental communication skills and the resulting reduction in youth exposure to parental conflict buffered the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on change in youth delinquent behaviors, supporting a mediated moderation model in which family environments buffer neighborhood effects.

Aunque la influencia de los barrios desfavorecidos en el desarrollo de conductas delictivas en los jóvenes está firmemente consolidada, los hallazgos de esta investigación contribuirán al desarrollo de un programa de prevención centrado en la familia para proteger a los jóvenes de estos efectos erosivos. El presente artículo analiza el papel de la integración familiar en la moderación del efecto de las desventajas sociales en una muestra de N = 298 familias asignadas aleatoriamente a una condición de control o a un programa de prevención basado en la familia que anteriormente ha demostrado mejorar el matrimonio y la crianza. Primero confirmamos que la desventaja concentrada de los barrios predijo el cambio de conductas delictivas a lo largo del transcurso del estudio. Además, replicando trabajos anteriores, los padres que participaron en el programa "Protección de Familias Afroamericanas Fuertes" (Protecting Strong African American Families, ProSAAF), en comparación con aquellos asignados aleatoriamente al grupo de control, mejoraron considerablemente su uso de estrategias de comunicación eficaz entre ellos y redujeron el conflicto ineficaz en frente de los jóvenes. Esto resultó en un efecto indirecto considerable del ProSAAF en el cambio de las conductas delictivas en los jóvenes. Además, mediante el uso del análisis de moderación mediada, el estudio evaluó el efecto moderador de una mayor integración familiar, lo cual demostró que el cambio producido experimentalmente en las habilidades de comunicación interparental y la reducción resultante de la exposición de los jóvenes al conflicto parental moderaron el efecto de la desventaja del barrio en el cambio de las conductas delictivas de los jóvenes. Todo esto respaldó un modelo de moderación mediada en el cual los entornos familiares moderan los efectos del barrio.

Understanding Urban Health Inequalities: Methods and Design of the Heart Health Hoods Qualitative Project.

OBJECTIVE: Qualitative methods may help to understand features related to health urban inequalities as a way to include citizens' perceptions of their neighbourhoods in relation to their health-related behaviours. The aim of this article is to describe the methods and design of a qualitative urban health study. METHODS: The Heart Healthy Hoods (HHH) analyses cardiovascular health in an urban environment using mixed methods: electronic health records, quantitative individual questionnaires, physical examination, semi-structured Interviews (SSIs), focus groups (FGs) and participatory technics such as photovoice. This article focuses on the HHH qualitative methods and design. A case study was used to select three neighbourhoods in Madrid with different socioeconomic levels: low, medium, and high. The selection process for these three neighbourhoods was as follows: classification of all Madrid's neighbourhoods (128) according to their socioeconomic level; after ranking this classification, nine neighbourhoods, three by socioeconomic level, were short-listed; different urban sociology criteria and non-participant observation were used for the final selection of three neighbourhoods. After selecting the three neighbourhoods, thirty SSIs were held with residents and six SSIs were held with key informants. Finally, twenty-nine FGs will be conducted over the course of 8 months, between May and December of 2018. CONCLUSIONS: Systematization in the selection of neighbourhoods and the use of adequate techniques are essential for the qualitative study of urban health inequalities.

Towards a policy relevant neighborhoods and health agenda: engaging citizens, researchers, policy makers and public health professionals. SESPAS Report 2018.

A large volume of public health literature has shown how the social and physical features of a neighbourhood affect residents' health, and how they contribute to health inequalities. In this article, we argue that citizens, researchers, policy makers and health professionals should engage in creating a common, policy-relevant neighbourhood and health agenda to effectively improve population health and reduce health inequalities. We discuss four critical processes for advancing this neighbourhood and health agenda: 1) citizen participation and community empowerment; 2) policy making; 3) producing relevant research; and 4) how to best communicate between stakeholders. Various methodologies and experiences currently exist to secure and promote citizen participation. Sufficient funding of research projects and specific policies, as well as continued communication strategies among stakeholders, are necessary elements of this neighbourhood and health agenda. Establishing collaborative and sustained relationships between citizens, policy makers, health professionals and researchers at local and higher political levels is a challenging but necessary step. Developing participatory action research and local participatory policy efforts are important steps towards developing a policy- relevant neighbourhood and health agenda.

[Infobarris: an interactive tool to monitor and disseminate information on health and its determinants in the neighbourhoods of Barcelona (Spain)]. / Infobarris: una herramienta interactiva para monitorizar y divulgar información sobre la salud y sus determinantes en los barrios de Barcelona.

In order to know about the health of the population, it is necessary to perform a systematic and continuous analysis of their health status and social and economic health determinants. The objective of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of the Infobarris tool, which allows to visualize a wide battery of indicators and social determinants of health by neighbourhoods in the city of Barcelona (Spain). For the development of the Infobarris tool, we used an agile methodology that allows the development of a project in iterative and incremental stages, which are the following: selection of indicators, design of the prototype, development of the tool, data loading, and tool review and improvements. Infobarris displays 64 indicators of health and its determinants through graphics, maps and tables, in a friendly, interactive and attractive way, which facilitates health surveillance in the neighbourhoods of Barcelona.

The Cultural Adaptation of a Community-Based Child Maltreatment Prevention Initiative.

A unique primary prevention effort, Strong Communities for Children (Strong Communities), focuses on changing attitudes and expectations regarding communities' collective responsibilities for the safety of children. Findings from a 6-year pilot of the initiative in South Carolina have shown promise in reducing child maltreatment, but efforts to adapt the initiative to different cultural contexts have been lacking. No models exist for adapting an initiative that takes a community-level approach to ensuring children's safety. Thus, this article addresses the gap by providing an overview of the original initiative, how the initiative was adapted to the Israeli context, and lessons learned from the experience. Building on conceptualizations of cultural adaptation by Castro et al. (Prevention Science, 5, 2004, 41) and Resnicow et al. (Ethnicity and Disease, 9, 1999, 11), sources of nonfit (i.e., sociodemographic traits, political conflict, government services, and the presence and role of community organizations) were identified and deep and surface structure modifications were made to the content and delivery. Ultimately, this article describes the adaption and dissemination of a community-based child maltreatment prevention initiative in Tel Aviv, Israel, and addresses researchers' calls for more publications describing the adaptation of interventions and the procedures that need to be implemented to achieve cultural relevance.

Las diferentes aproximaciones al estudio de los barrios en las ciencias sociales

Este artículo tiene el objetivo de hacer una revisión de los estudios que desde las ciencias sociales, especialmente la antropología urbana, han trabajado sobre los barrios y vecindarios y, por ende, sobre la ciudad. Para ello, se desarrolla una breve reseña de los primeros estudios que se realizaron sobre los vecindarios en la Escuela de Chicago y en la Escuela de Mánchester. En la segunda parte, se muestran las diferentes aproximaciones sobre los barrios desde la década de 1990, miradas que, en el escenario teórico, reproducen supuestos de "lugar" anteriores al giro espacial y herederos de la Escuela de Chicago. Para finalizar, se concluye sobre los límites de los estudios barriales, entre los que se destacan pensar y reconceptualizar los barrios y desligarse de fronteras geométricas definidas y de la visión de comunidad. Por tanto, el presente artículo apuesta por la reflexión en torno a las nuevas concepciones del lugar que se dan después del giro espacial, unas concepciones más dinámicas y relacionales, en las que los barrios se configuran a partir de trayectorias, influencias, intercambios, prácticas e historias de sus residentes. Así, el barrio se entiende de una forma interconectada, articulado con los múltiples lugares que conforman la ciudad, y no como una entidad aislada o un telón de fondo sobre el que se produce lo social.

This article aims to review the made by social sciences and urban anthropology about neighborhoods, and thus the city. For this porpuse a brief overview of the initial work of the Chicago School and the University of Machester about neighborhoods is developed. In the second part, the different approaches since the 90's about neighborhoods are shown. Views that in a theoretical scenario reproduced assumptions of "place" before the spatial turn and the heirs of the School of Chicago. Finally, the challenges that neighborhood studies face are discussed. Among the challenges is the need to think and reconceptualized the neighborhood, separating them from geometric boundaries and the community vision. Therefore, this article focuses on reflection of the new conceptions of the place given after the spatial turn, more dynamic and relational conceptions, in which the neighborhoods are configured out of its inhabitant's trajectories, influences, interchanges, practices and histories (Massey, 2004). Thus, the neighborhood is understood interconnected, articulated with the multiple places that make up the city, and not as an isolated entity or a backdrop on which the social is produced

Distribución espacial de la contaminación ambiental por Geohelmintos en Villa 20 (CABA-2016) / Spatial distribution of environmental contamination by Geohelminths in Villa 20 (CABA-2016)

INTRODUCCIÓN En Argentina la prevalencia de las geohelmintiasis es variable (9-38%), dentro de ellas los agentes más comúnmente involucrados son Toxocara cani, Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris vulpis y Strongyloides spp. Estudiar el nivel de contaminación del suelo con estos parásitos es el indicador más directo del riesgo de infestación de las personas de una población. OBJETIVOS Estudiar la prevalencia y distribución espacial de los diferentes géneros de geohelmintos en Villa Nº 20 durante 2016. MÉTODOS Se analizaron muestras de suelo de diferentes manzanas del lugar, elegidas al azar, y procesadas por técnicas de flotación. Los resultados se cargaron a tablas de Excel para su análisis. RESULTADOS La prevalencia total fue del 40%, el (31,4%) resultaron positivas para más de un geohelminto. La prevalencia por geohelminto, fue de (36%) para toxocara spp., (30%) para ancylostoma spp, (25%) para trichuris spp y (8%) para strongyloides spp. La prevalencia por manzana fue del 100%. Las de mayor prevalencia fueron las manzanas 6, 16, 23 y 30 (4,4%) y las que menor prevalencia fueron las 8, 10, 11, 12 y 18 (1,1%). De las tres técnicas utilizadas la que mayor prevalencia detecto fue la técnica de flotación de Willis (43%) sin presentar una diferencia significativa con la técnica de tween-citrato. DISCUSIÓN En base a los resultados presentados, podemos señalar que las calles de Villa N° 20, están contaminadas con huevos de geohelmintos asociados con enfermedades zoonoticas, representando un riesgo ambiental para su población humana y animal. Por lo tanto, debe ser parte de la agenda en política social la mejora en las actividades colectivas destinadas a combatir las parasitosis caninas, crear y poner en funcionamiento programas de educación comunitaria que generen conciencia y conductas sobre tenencia responsable de animales, y la posible transmisión de enfermedades zoonoticas

Ciudades saludables / ciudades enfermas / Healthy cities / sick cities

Las ciudades son el producto material más grandioso, complejo, e importante del hombre. Su proliferación y dominio como forma de asentamiento humano ha sido indetenible. Hoy día la ciudad es la principal fuerza productiva, indispensable para contar con sociedades más avanzadas. La forma contemporánea de las ciudades presenta características y problemas complejos no resueltos. En las ciudades de Asia, África y América Latina, el desempleo y el subempleo campean, las normas de habitabilidad no valen y existen zonas desprovistas de servicios urbanos, incluidos el suministro de agua potable y el saneamiento básico. Es necesario repensar la ciudad, tal como la conocemos hoy, fortaleciendo las ciudades existentes con especial énfasis en el desarrollo de las infraestructuras, el desarrollo de las áreas públicas, así como el transporte colectivo eficiente para todo el conjunto urbano. Debe lograrse la mayor calidad del medio ambiente que facilite la vida urbana al conjunto de pobladores, incluyendo desarrollar programas especiales para homologar en estas condiciones de vida a los habitantes de los desarrollos no controlados o barrios(AU)

Cities are the greatest, most complex and important achievements produced by humankind. Their growth and power as human settlements are unstoppable. Today the city is considered to be the principal productive settlement necessary for advanced societies. Contemporary cities present features as well as acute problems yet unsolved. In cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America unemployment and under-employment prevail while living standards are deprived of their value; at the same time, these cities face the problem of being constituted by large settlements which are characterized by the lack of adequate (in some cases, almost to the point of non-existence)urban services, including water supply and basic drainage. Therefore is necessary to rethink cities, as we know them today, in order to reinforce them with special emphasis on infrastructure development, the construction of public spaces as well as public transportation for the city as a whole. The best way of building a healthy environment is through the task of providing the benefits of urban life to all inhabitants. This policy must include the implementation of special upgrading programs in order to cope with the growing problem of uncontrolled settlements or squatters(AU)

Distribución espacial de casos e incidencia dedengue: análisis de la situación para MedellínColombia / Spatial distribution and incidence of dengue cases: an analysis of the situation in Medellín, Colombia

Objetivo: analizar la distribución espacial de los casos y laincidencia de dengue. Metodología: se ubicaron espacialmente17.400 casos de dengue notificados por las Unidades PrimariasGeneradoras de Datos a la Secretaría de Salud de Medellínen el período 2007 a 2011 a través de las direcciones de lasviviendas de los pacientes. Se calcularon las incidencias y seubicaron geoespacialmente utilizando el software ArcGis 9,3,categorizándolas por niveles de riesgo según la OrganizaciónPanamericana de la Salud. Resultados y discusión: laenfermedad se distribuyó heterogéneamente en los diferentesbarrios de la ciudad. Los años 2007 y 2010 presentaron elmayor número de casos, correspondiendo a años epidémicos,mientras que los demás años mostraron un comportamientoendémico. En el 2007 ningún barrio se ubicó en la categoríariesgo muy alto, pero sí 49 localidades para el año 2010. Paralos años endémicos según la incidencia de dengue, de los249 barrios de la ciudad, en los años 2008 y 2009, solo dosse encontraron en riesgo alto y ninguno para 2011, y un granporcentaje de barrios en estos años se ubicaron en riesgo bajo...

Objective: to analyze the spatial distribution of denguecases and the incidence of this disease. Methodology:17.400 dengue cases were spatially located by means of theaddresses of patients which were reported by Data GeneratingPrimary Units to the Medellin Office of the Health Secretaryfrom 2007 to 2011. Dengue incidences were calculated andgeospatially ranked with the ArcGIS 9.3 software, and theywere categorized by risk level according to the Pan AmericanHealth Organization. Results and Discussion: the diseasewas distributed heterogeneously throughout the variousneighborhoods of the city. The years 2007 and 2010 had thehighest number of cases, thus being epidemic years; the other years showing an endemic behavior. In 2007 none of theneighborhoods was in very high risk category; however, in2010, 49 neighborhoods were placed inside this category. Asfor endemic years according to dengue incidence, of the 249neighborhoods of the city, just two of them were found in highrisk in 2008 and 2009, but none in 2011. Moreover, a largepercentage of neighborhoods in these years were considered tobe in the low risk category...