ABSTRACT
This paper describes four possible cases of metastasized prostate cancer in archaeological human skeletons from the north coast of Peru spanning the Middle Sicán to Colonial eras (roughly A.D. 900-1600). Varying combinations of exuberant abnormal new bone formation and some abnormal bone loss affecting lumbar vertebrae and the bony sacrum were observed in these individuals. Detailed lesion descriptions are followed by a differential diagnosis that systematically eliminates pseudopathology, infectious diseases, sclerosing bone disorders, and most metastatic processes. However, metastasized prostate cancer cannot be rejected and is highly consistent with the observed lesions. Metastasized pancreatic, bladder, or carcinoid tumors represent additional, though far less likely, diagnostic options. Anatomical and molecular signaling factors further validate this differential diagnosis. The paravertebral venous plexus of Baston plays an anatomical role in the metastatic seeding of lumbar vertebra from prostate cancer. Further, abundant molecular signaling mechanisms upregulate multiple bone-forming mechanisms in prostate metastases, though initially such lesions may originate as lytic phenomena. These multiple lines of evidence help demonstrate a multi-level framework for explanation in paleopathology and especially to help better elucidate the complexities of ancient neoplastic diseases.
Subject(s)
Bone Neoplasms/history , Bone Neoplasms/secondary , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Prostatic Neoplasms/history , Adult , Bone Neoplasms/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , History, 15th Century , History, Medieval , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Paleopathology , Peru , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
En los últimos años se ha incrementado la investigación con respecto al desarrollo de ayudas que mejoren la independencia de los discapacitados visuales. El propósito de esta revisión es determinar la evidencia científica relacionada con ayudas externas para mejorar la independencia en personas con discapacidad visual severa o ceguera. Para efectuar el trabajo fueron consultadas las bases de datos de PubMed, Cochrane Database-Wiley Online Library, LILACS y Scielo, además de las publicaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el Instituto Nacional de Ciegos en Colombia, el Consejo Internacional de Oftalmología y los patrones preferidos de práctica en rehabilitación visual, de la Academia Americana de Oftalmología. Se incluyó un total de 43 artículos y documentos en los idiomas inglés, portugués y español para ser analizados. La mayoría de estos estudios fueron descriptivos, y no se encontraron ensayos controlados ni metanálisis. La tendencia observada es hacia ayudas tecnológicas con un diseño dirigido al usuario y cada vez más pequeñas, discretas, con múltiples funciones que comprenden sus actividades de la vida diaria(AU)
In the last few years, research on the development of aids to improve the independence of visually impaired people has increased. The objective of this review was to determine the scientific evidence related to external aids to improve the independence of persons with severe visual impairment or blindness. To carry out the study, PubMed, Cochrane Database-Wiley Online Library, LILACS and Scielo databases were consulted in addition to publications by the World Health Organization, National Institute of Blind People in Colombia, the International Council of Ophthalmology and the preferred patterns in visual rehabilitation practice of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. A total number of 43 articles and documents in English, Portuguese and Spanish were included to be analyzed. Most of the studies were descriptive ones and neither controlled assays nor meta-analysis were found. The observed tendency is the use of technological aids with a user-tailored design and increasingly small, discreet, having many functions that cover the daily life activity of those persons(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Disabled Persons , Education of Visually Disabled , Social Work , Communication Aids for Disabled , Databases, BibliographicABSTRACT
En los últimos años se ha incrementado la investigación con respecto al desarrollo de ayudas que mejoren la independencia de los discapacitados visuales. El propósito de esta revisión es determinar la evidencia científica relacionada con ayudas externas para mejorar la independencia en personas con discapacidad visual severa o ceguera. Para efectuar el trabajo fueron consultadas las bases de datos de PubMed, Cochrane Database-Wiley Online Library, LILACS y Scielo, además de las publicaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el Instituto Nacional de Ciegos en Colombia, el Consejo Internacional de Oftalmología y los patrones preferidos de práctica en rehabilitación visual, de la Academia Americana de Oftalmología. Se incluyó un total de 43 artículos y documentos en los idiomas inglés, portugués y español para ser analizados. La mayoría de estos estudios fueron descriptivos, y no se encontraron ensayos controlados ni metanálisis. La tendencia observada es hacia ayudas tecnológicas con un diseño dirigido al usuario y cada vez más pequeñas, discretas, con múltiples funciones que comprenden sus actividades de la vida diaria(AU)
In the last few years, research on the development of aids to improve the independence of visually impaired people has increased. The objective of this review was to determine the scientific evidence related to external aids to improve the independence of persons with severe visual impairment or blindness. To carry out the study, PubMed, Cochrane Database-Wiley Online Library, LILACS and Scielo databases were consulted in addition to publications by the World Health Organization, National Institute of Blind People in Colombia, the International Council of Ophthalmology and the preferred patterns in visual rehabilitation practice of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. A total number of 43 articles and documents in English, Portuguese and Spanish were included to be analyzed. Most of the studies were descriptive ones and neither controlled assays nor meta-analysis were found. The observed tendency is the use of technological aids with a user-tailored design and increasingly small, discreet, having many functions that cover the daily life activity of those persons(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Disabled Persons , Education of Visually Disabled , Social Work , Communication Aids for Disabled/statistics & numerical data , Databases, BibliographicABSTRACT
CLINICAL CASE: A 27-year-old woman with a history of nyctalopia and constriction of visual field of the right eye. The ophthalmological examination showed a visual field and electroretinogram that were compatible with unilateral retinitis pigmentosa (RP). After a one year follow-up, the unilateral condition remained. DISCUSSION: Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa is a rare condition, with a frequency between 0.2%-5% of the RP. It mainly affects women and older age groups than bilateral RP. For a definitive diagnosis, it is necessary to have a funduscopy and electroretinogram (ERG) altered unilaterally, and exclude infectious, inflammatory, and vascular causes.
Subject(s)
Retinitis Pigmentosa/diagnosis , Adult , Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Eye Infections/diagnosis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Night Blindness/etiology , Retinitis Pigmentosa/complications , Retinitis Pigmentosa/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
El pueblo griego brindó las bases no solo del llamado pensamiento occidental o racional, sino que influenció con su mitología en mu-chos aspectos que circundan el contexto mé-dico. Algunos de estos elementos son tratados en este artículo; a saber: el origen de Asclepio Esculapio para los romanos- Dios de la me-dicina, sus formas de curar, el símbolo que lo identifica -el bastón con la serpiente enrolla-da, y el origen de confusión con el caduceo de Hermes.
The Greeks provided not just the bases of the western though or rationalism, but their knowledge also influenced with their mytholo-gy in many aspects related to medicine. Some of those aspects are shown in this paper. We will start with the origin of Asclepius Aescula-pius for the Romans- God of medicine, his the-rapeutic system, the symbol that identifies it a wooden staff encircled by a single snake-, and finally with the origin of confusion with the ca-duceus of Hermes.
Subject(s)
History, 16th Century , Greek World , Medicine , Mythology , Culture , Narration , HistoryABSTRACT
El símbolo de la Medicina es un elemento de indispensable conocimiento para los profesionales de la salud; sin embargo muchos desconocen su significado o no lo identifican adecuadamente. Este símbolo llamado también el bastón de Esculapio representa la profesión médica como relación desinteresada con los pacientes. Sus elementos son: una vara fina con un nudo en el extremo superior, rematado por un espejo; una serpiente enroscada en la vara, cuya cabeza queda mirando hacia la izquierda frente al espejo; también está adornado por una rama de laurel a la izquierda y una de roble a la derecha. Esculapio fue un médico notable en la antigua Grecia y después de su muerte fue inmortalizado en la mitología. Además de este símbolo, y tan antiguo como él, aparece otro caduceo con elementos similares, que representa a Mercurio o Hermes, personaje mitológico que los romanos consideraban el dios del comercio y era adorado por comerciantes y mercaderes por ser el protector de los cambios, el tráfico y el comercio en general; también se le atribuía la invención de los pesos y las medidas
The symbol of Medicine is an indispensable element of knowledge for health professionals; however, many of them do not know its meaning or are not able to identify it adequately. This symbol also called Aesculapius' baton represents the medical profession as an uninterested relationship with the patients. Its elements are: a fine cane with a knot in the upper extreme, terminated with a mirror, and a snake twisted in the cane, looking at the left in front of the mirror. It is also adorned with a branch of laurel on the left and a branch of oak on the right. Aesculapius was an outstanding doctor in old Greece and after his death he was inmortalized in mythology. In addition to this symbol and as old as it, there is another caduceus with similar elements representing Mercury or Hermes, a mythological character considered by the Romans as the God of Commerce and that was adored by traders and merchants for being the protector of changes, traffic and commerce in general. The invention of weights and measures was also attributed to him.