Species and seasonality can affect recent trends in beak and feather disease virus prevalence in captive psittacine birds.

Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is globally distributed in psittacine birds. BFDV is considered a key threat to biodiversity because it has the ability to transmit and shift between host species. Data from captive psittacine birds can help to identify potential risk factors for viral transmission management. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used to examine the association of sample type, species, and season on the prevalence of BFDV in captive exotic birds in Thailand. In this study, the overall prevalence of BFDV was 8.2 %, with 346 of 4243 birds being positive. The prevalence in feather samples (12.1 %) and pooled (dried blood and feather) samples (15.4 %) was higher than that in the dried blood samples (4.8 %). A GLM test revealed that the sample type, species, and season were significant factors influencing the prevalence of BFDV. Based on the model, two species (blue-eyed cockatoo; Cacatua ophthalmica, and ring-necked parakeet; Psittacula krameri) were associated with higher BFDV prevalence. By studying the seasonal BFDV prevalence, we can gather important insights into the environmental factors that contribute to its spread. The higher prevalence observed during the wet season suggest a possible affect between BFDV prevalence and environmental factors such as heavy rainfall and humidity. In conclusion, our analysis of the trends in BFDV prevalence offers valuable insights into the prevalence or distribution of BFDV in the studied population. By monitoring BFDV prevalence, identifying high-risk species, and understanding seasonal patterns, we can develop targeted management approaches to control the spread of the virus. This information is crucial for mitigating the impact of BFDV on aviculture.

The phylogenetic and phylogeographic landscape of the beak and feather disease virus, 1996-2022.

The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), causative agent of Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), is a highly fatal and widespread virus that infects both the wild and captive Psittaciformes around the world. The BFDV genome is a ssDNA of approximately 2 kb in size, making it among the smallest known pathogenic viruses. Though, the virus is placed in Circoviridae family of the Circovirus genus, there is no classification system on clade and sub-clade level according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the strains are grouped on the bases of geographic locations. Thus, we provide the latest and robust phylogenetic classification of BFDVs in this study based on full-length genomic sequences, grouping all the available 454 strains detected during 1996-2022 into two distinct clades, e.g., GI and GII. The GI clade is further divided into six sub-clades (GI a-f), while GII into two sub-clades (GII a and b). In addition, the phylogeographic network identified high variability among the BFDV strains, showing several branches, where all the branches are connected to four strains, e.g., BFDV-ZA-PGM-70A(GenBank ID: HM748921.1, 2008-South Africa), BFDV-ZA-PGM-81A(GenBank ID: JX221009.1, 2008-South Africa), BFDV14(GenBank ID: GU015021.1, 2010-Thailand) and BFDV-isolate-9IT11(GenBank ID: KF723390.1, 2014-Italy). Furthermore, we identified 27 recombination events in the rep (replication-associated protein) and cap (capsid protein) coding regions using the complete genomes of BFDVs. Similarly, the amino acids variability analysis indicated that both the rep and cap regions are highly variable with values exceeding the variability coefficient estimation limit of 1.00, speculating the possible amino acids drift with the emergence of new strains. The findings provided in this study may offer the latest phylogenetic, phylogeographic and evolutionary landscape of the BFDVs.

Evaluation of beak and feather disease virus, avian polyomavirus and avian papillomavirus of captives psittacine birds in Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia

Aims@#Psittacine birds such as parrots, macaws, cockatoos, lovebirds and parakeets, are widely reared as household pets or at aviary due to their attractive features. However, the status of virus-causing diseases of psittacine species in Malaysia is fairly under-documented. Therefore, this study was aimed to detect the presence of three common avian viruses that infect psittacine birds, i.e. beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus and avian papillomavirus. @*Methodology and results@#Faecal samples from twelve asymptomatic captive psittacine birds of different species were collected from an undisclosed animal garden in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Briefly, the sample was homogenised and resuspended with SM buffer with the ratio 1:1 (weight of sample/g: volume of SM buffer/mL) before centrifugation at 1,000 × g for 20 min. The supernatant was collected and filtered before subjected to genomic DNA extraction using a commercialised kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to screen the V1, VP1 and L1 genes of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus and avian papillomavirus, respectively. Findings revealed that the samples were negative for BFDV and avian polyomavirus. However, positive results of 1.5 kbp PCR amplicon were detected for avian papillomavirus in four out of the 12 samples (33.33%), which was from the white-crested cockatoo, African grey parrot, yellow-collared macaw and Senegal parrot. Sequence analysis of the L1 gene from the Senegal parrot Poicephalus senegalus revealed 93% identity to a reference Psittacus erithacus timneh avian papillomavirus.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study added to the limited prevalence data of three important avian viruses which infect captive psittacines in Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia. Avian papillomavirus, but not BFDV and avian polyomavirus, was detected in the collected captive psittacine birds. Therefore, a routine screening can be performed to monitor the health status of birds despite their asymptomatic manifestation, in order to prevent possible virus transmission.

Identification and Characterization of a Distinct Strain of Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Southeast China.

Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is an infectious agent responsible for feather degeneration and beak deformation in birds. In March 2017, an epidemic of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) struck a farm in Fuzhou in the Fujian Province of southeast China, resulting in the death of 51 parrots. In this study, the disease was diagnosed and the pathogen was identified by PCR and whole genome sequencing. A distinct BFDV strain was identified and named as the FZ strain. This BFDV strain caused severe disease symptoms and pathological changes characteristic of typical PBFD in parrots, for example, loss of feathers and deformities of the beak and claws, and severe pathological changes in multiple organs of the infected birds. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the FZ strain was more closely related to the strain circulating in New Caledonia than the strains previously reported in China. Nucleotide homology between the FZ strain and other 43 strains of BFDV ranged from 80.0% to 92.0%. Blind passage experiment showed that this strain had limited replication capability in SPF Chicken Embryos and DF-1 Cells. Furthermore, the capsid (Cap) gene of this FZ strain was cloned into the pGEX-4T-1 expression vector to prepare the polyclonal anti-Cap antibody. Western blotting analysis using the anti-Cap antibody further confirmed that the diseased parrots were infected with BFDV. In this study, a PBFD and its pathogen was identified for the first time in Fujian Province of China, suggesting that future surveillance of BFDV should be performed.

Faecal Virome Analysis of Wild Animals from Brazil.

The Brazilian Cerrado fauna shows very wide diversity and can be a potential viral reservoir. Therefore, the animal's susceptibility to some virus can serve as early warning signs of potential human virus diseases. Moreover, the wild animal virome of this biome is unknown. Based on this scenario, high-throughput sequencing contributes a robust tool for the identification of known and unknown virus species in this environment. In the present study, faeces samples from cerrado birds (Psittacara leucophthalmus, Amazona aestiva, and Sicalis flaveola) and mammals (Didelphis albiventris, Sapajus libidinosus, and Galictis cuja) were collected at the Veterinary Hospital, University of Brasília. Viral nucleic acid was extracted, submitted to random amplification, and sequenced by Illumina HiSeq platform. The reads were de novo assembled, and the identities of the contigs were evaluated by Blastn and tblastx searches. Most viral contigs analyzed were closely related to bacteriophages. Novel archaeal viruses of the Smacoviridae family were detected. Moreover, sequences of members of Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, Caliciviridae, and Parvoviridae families were identified. Complete and nearly complete genomes of known anelloviruses, circoviruses, and parvoviruses were obtained, as well as putative novel species. We demonstrate that the metagenomics approach applied in this work was effective for identification of known and putative new viruses in faeces samples from Brazilian Cerrado fauna.

Development and evaluation of TaqMan real-time PCR assay for detection of beak and feather disease virus.

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is one of the most significant viral diseases in psittacine birds. The aim of the presented study was to develop a highly specific and sensitive TaqMan real-time PCR assay for universal detection of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). Primers and a hydrolysis probe were selected on the highly conserved regions belonging to the ORF1 of the BFDV genome which were identified by aligning 814 genomic sequences downloaded from the GenBank database. The evaluation of the reaction parameters suggested a reaction efficiency of 97.1%, with consistent detection of 101 virus copies/µl of nucleic acid extract. The low values of standard deviation and coefficient of variation indicate a high degree of reproducibility and repeatability. The diagnostic applicability of the assay was proven on 36 BFDV positive and 107 negative specimens of psittacine origin representing 28 species. The assay showed a 100% ability to detect distinct genetic variants of the virus. Our data suggest that the presented TaqMan real-time PCR represents a specific, sensitive and reliable assay facilitating the molecular detection of BFDV.