ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of maternal protein supplementation during mid or late gestation on energy metabolism of the skeletal muscle of beef calves. Sixteen pregnant cows were divided into 3 groups: CTRL (not supplemented); MID (supplemented from 30 to 180 days of gestation); and LATE (supplemented from 181 to 281 days of gestation). The supplement contained 30% crude protein. Thirty days after birth, blood and muscle samples of the calves were collected for analyses of gene expression, proteins, and metabolites. No differences (P ≥ 0.15) in birth weight, performance at weaning, or muscle expression of the genes evaluated (P ≥ 0.21) were observed. Calves born to CTRL cows had a lower ratio (P = 0.03) of p-AMPK/AMPK protein in the skeletal muscle. Calves born to MID cows had lower (P = 0.04) glucose concentration than those born to LATE cows. Changes in p-AMPK/AMPK protein, indicated a possible metabolic inflexibility in the skeletal muscle of calves born to CTRL cows. These results indicated that lack of protein supplementation in pregnant cows alter the energy metabolism of their calves and reflect in a metabolic inflexibility.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação proteica materna sobre o metabolismo energético do músculo esquelético de bezerros de corte. Dezesseis matrizes gestantes foram divididas em três grupos: CONTROLE (não suplementado); MÉDIO (suplementados entre 30 e 180 dias de gestação); e FINAL (suplementado entre 181 e 281 dias de gestação). O suplemento continha 30% de proteína bruta e foi fornecido em quantidades totais iguais aos tratamentos. Trinta dias após o nascimento, amostras de sangue e músculo dos bezerros foram coletadas para análises de expressão gênica, abundância de proteínas e metabólitos. Não foram observadas diferenças (P ≥ 0,15) no peso ao nascimento ou parâmetros de desempenho ao desmame, bem como na expressão dos genes avaliados (P ≥ 0,21). Os bezerros nascidos de matrizes do tratamento CONTROLE apresentaram menor proporção (P = 0,03) de proteína p-AMPK/AMPK no músculo esquelético. Os bezerros nascidos de matrizes do tratamento MÉDIO apresentaram concentração de glicose menor (P = 0,04) do que aqueles nascidos de matrizes do tratamento FINAL. Os resultados observados indicam que a ausência de suplementação proteica em matrizes gestantes pode alterar o metabolismo energético da progênie e refletir em uma inflexibilidade metabólica, a qual pode ocasionar limitações quanto à eficiência energética do tecido muscular esquelético e consequentemente, limitar o desempenho da progênie ao longo da fase pós-natal.
ABSTRACT
Most in vivo studies related to ruminal development in calves use invasive techniques involving rumen-fistulated or euthanized animals. In consideration of animal welfare, we developed an oral endoscopic biopsy procedure to allow the obtaining of rumen epithelial samples, thus serving as an alternative for measuring the height and width of rumen papillae in calves in a safe, quick, and efficient manner that allows the slaughtering of calves to be avoided. This procedure was tested on 12 Brangus crossbred calves randomly distributed in two groups, with one fed a meal starter and the other an extruded starter feed. Calves underwent a 12-h fasting period, were restrained in a squeeze chute, administered a dose of atropine, and sedated with xylazine before the oral endoscopic biopsy procedure. A 120 cm long Olympus® oral flexible video endoscope and forceps were used to collect cranial-dorsal sac rumen epithelial tissue samples of approximately 0.5 mm. Endoscopy was successful in all 12 calves and the collected tissue samples were placed in formalin (10%) for further processing for obtaining rumen papillae measurements. Consumption of the extruded starter feed resulted in the increased (p = 0.035) width of rumen papillae. The oral endoscopic biopsy procedure implemented in this study was demonstrated to be successful and is thus an alternative technique for studying rumen epithelial development and morphometric alterations in calf rumen tissue.
ABSTRACT
Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P<0.05). In addition, weaning-related stress caused an increase in chromium excretion in the urine, and chromium supplementation reduced stress, which resulted in lower cortisol and total protein levels during weaning.(AU)
O estudo foi realizado para avaliar a hipótese de que a suplementação dietética com cromo antes, durante e após a desmama possa diminuir a concentração de cortisol causado por este processo em bezerros de corte. Para tal, foram utilizados 150 bezerros mestiços, machos e fêmeas, entre cinco e seis meses de idade. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente por sexo e grupo genético em dois grupos homogêneos (n=75), um mantido como controle e outro suplementado com 0,9mg de carboaminofosfoquelato de cromo/100 kg PV misturado a um sal proteinado para ser consumido na base de 0,1% do PV via creep feeding, no decorrer de 60 dias antes e 60 dias após à desmama forçada. Os animais foram pesados e foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas e urinárias no M0 (60 dias antes da desmama), M1 (desmama), M2 (48 horas após a desmama) e M3 (60 dias após à desmama) para determinação de cromo, cortisol, proteína total e albumina no sangue e da concentração urinária de creatinina e cromo. O ganho acumulado de peso foi superior nos bezerros suplementados com cromo antes da desmama e no decorrer de todo o experimento (P<0,05). A suplementação com cromo reduziu os teores de cortisol e de proteína total durante a desmama. O estresse da desmama provocou aumento da excreção de cromo pela urina.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Weaning , Cattle/growth & development , Cortisone/antagonists & inhibitors , Weight Gain , Chromium/therapeutic use , Dietary Supplements , UrineABSTRACT
Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P<0.05). In addition, weaning-related stress caused an increase in chromium excretion in the urine, and chromium supplementation reduced stress, which resulted in lower cortisol and total protein levels during weaning.(AU)
O estudo foi realizado para avaliar a hipótese de que a suplementação dietética com cromo antes, durante e após a desmama possa diminuir a concentração de cortisol causado por este processo em bezerros de corte. Para tal, foram utilizados 150 bezerros mestiços, machos e fêmeas, entre cinco e seis meses de idade. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente por sexo e grupo genético em dois grupos homogêneos (n=75), um mantido como controle e outro suplementado com 0,9mg de carboaminofosfoquelato de cromo/100 kg PV misturado a um sal proteinado para ser consumido na base de 0,1% do PV via creep feeding, no decorrer de 60 dias antes e 60 dias após à desmama forçada. Os animais foram pesados e foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas e urinárias no M0 (60 dias antes da desmama), M1 (desmama), M2 (48 horas após a desmama) e M3 (60 dias após à desmama) para determinação de cromo, cortisol, proteína total e albumina no sangue e da concentração urinária de creatinina e cromo. O ganho acumulado de peso foi superior nos bezerros suplementados com cromo antes da desmama e no decorrer de todo o experimento (P<0,05). A suplementação com cromo reduziu os teores de cortisol e de proteína total durante a desmama. O estresse da desmama provocou aumento da excreção de cromo pela urina.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Weaning , Cattle/growth & development , Cortisone/antagonists & inhibitors , Weight Gain , Chromium/therapeutic use , Dietary Supplements , UrineABSTRACT
Early weaning (EW) has been adopted in cattle breeding farms in Pantanal as a strategy to increase the rate of pregnancy in cows. The primary income of these properties is the production of beef calves, and the price of these animals depends on their weight. Therefore, the calves subjected to EW should present weight similar to or higher than those of calves subjected to conventional weaning (CW). This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of pure (Nellore) calves and crossbred (Nellore/Angus) calves reared in the Pantanal and subjected to either EW or CW. After EW, the calves were supplemented with concentrate at 1 kg/animal/day (low-energy diet) or 1% of live weight (high-energy diet). The weights adjusted to 300 days of age were higher for EW calves fed the high-energy diet (p<0.01) in both genetic groups. No significant differences were observed in the weight of EW animals fed the low-energy diet and CW animals (p>0.01), and animal weight was 241.17 and 236.27 kg in crossbred calves and 184.44 and 189.78 in Nellore calves, respectively. The EW adopted in this experimental model did not affect the productive performance of calves raised in the Pantanal.(AU)
A desmama precoce (DP) vem sendo adotada nas fazendas de cria do Pantanal como alternativa para o aumento dos índices de concepção das vacas. A principal receita dessas propriedades são os bezerros (as), sendo o seu valor dependente dos seus respectivos pesos. Assim é necessário que os bezerros submetidos à DP, apresentem pesos semelhantes ou acima dos bezerros desmamados convencionalmente. Desta forma o estudo teve como objetivo, acompanhar o desempenho de bezerros nascidos no Pantanal, submetidos à DP ou a desmama convencional (DC), puros (Nelore) ou Cruzados (Nelore/Angus). Após a DP os animais receberam suplemento específico para bezerros, na quantidade fixa de 1 kg/animal/dia (baixa energia) ou ao nível de 1% do Peso Vivo (alta energia). Os pesos ajustados aos 300 dias de idade foram maiores para os bezerros de DP sob alta energia (P<0,01), em ambos os grupos genéticos. Os pesos dos animais de DP de baixa energia e de DC, não se diferiram (P>0,01), sendo de 241,17 e 236,27 kg para o grupo de bezerros Cruzados e de 184,44 e 189,78 para o grupo de bezerros Nelore respectivamente. A DP adotada no modelo experimental não prejudicou o desempenho dos bezerros nascidos no Pantanal.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Animals, Suckling/growth & development , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Animal Feed , Animal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different supplementation plans on the nutrient intake, apparent total-tract digestibility, grazing behavior, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of beef cattle under grazing conditions from ages 4 to 18 months old. The beef calves grazed Brachiaria decumbens in four seasons: rainy-dry transition, dry, dry-rainy transition, and rainy. Forty-four animals (11 per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of four nutritional plans of supplementation defined by the quantity of supplement offered: control, low, medium, and high supplementation. There was no difference (P > 0.10) in dry matter intake (DMI). However, animals receiving medium and high supplementation had decreased (P < 0.10) forage dry matter intake (FDMI) compared with those under non- and low supplementation. The DMI and FDMI were lower (P < 0.10) in the dry season. During the rainy season, the grazing time decreased (P < 0.10) for animals receiving supplementation compared with non-supplemented ones, but was similar between medium and high supplementation. The performance and carcass characteristics were greater (P < 0.10) for high and medium supplementation compared with low and control. In conclusion, increasing the supplementation plans for beef cattle in tropical pastures increases the nutrient intake but decreases FDMI. The performance also increases with the supplementation plan; however, the growth rate is affected by the grazing season.(AU)
Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes planos de suplementação sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade aparente total, comportamento ingestivo, crescimento e características de carcaça de bovinos de corte de 4 a 18 meses de idade, em pastejo. Os animais foram mantidos em pastagem com Brachiaria decumbens em quatro períodos: transição águas-seca, seca, transição seca-águas e águas. Quarenta e quatro animais (11 por tratamento) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um dos quatro planos nutricionais de suplementação definidos pela quantidade de suplemento ofertada: controle (somente mistura mineral), baixo, médio e alto plano de suplementação. Não houve diferença (P > 0,10) no consumo de matéria seca (CMS). No entanto, os animais que receberam médio e alto plano de suplementação reduziram (P < 0,10) o consumo de matéria seca de forragem (CMSF) comparado ao controle e baixo plano. O CMS e CMSF foram menores (P < 0,10) durante o período seco. Durante a estação chuvosa, o tempo de pastejo reduziu (P < 0,10) para os animais que receberam suplementação em comparação ao controle, mas foi semelhante entre os planos médio e alto. O desempenho e as características de carcaça foram maiores (P < 0,10) para o alto e médio plano comparados ao baixo e controle. Conclui-se que o aumento nas suplementações para bovinos de corte em pastagens tropicais aumenta a ingestão de nutrientes, mas diminui o consumo de forragem. O desempenho também aumenta com o plano de suplementação; no entanto, a taxa de crescimento é afetada pela época do ano.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Pasture , Brachiaria , Animal Husbandry/methods , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
Early weaning (EW) has been adopted in cattle breeding farms in Pantanal as a strategy to increase the rate of pregnancy in cows. The primary income of these properties is the production of beef calves, and the price of these animals depends on their weight. Therefore, the calves subjected to EW should present weight similar to or higher than those of calves subjected to conventional weaning (CW). This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of pure (Nellore) calves and crossbred (Nellore/Angus) calves reared in the Pantanal and subjected to either EW or CW. After EW, the calves were supplemented with concentrate at 1 kg/animal/day (low-energy diet) or 1% of live weight (high-energy diet). The weights adjusted to 300 days of age were higher for EW calves fed the high-energy diet (p0.01), and animal weight was 241.17 and 236.27 kg in crossbred calves and 184.44 and 189.78 in Nellore calves, respectively. The EW adopted in this experimental model did not affect the productive performance of calves raised in the Pantanal.
A desmama precoce (DP) vem sendo adotada nas fazendas de cria do Pantanal como alternativa para o aumento dos índices de concepção das vacas. A principal receita dessas propriedades são os bezerros (as), sendo o seu valor dependente dos seus respectivos pesos. Assim é necessário que os bezerros submetidos à DP, apresentem pesos semelhantes ou acima dos bezerros desmamados convencionalmente. Desta forma o estudo teve como objetivo, acompanhar o desempenho de bezerros nascidos no Pantanal, submetidos à DP ou a desmama convencional (DC), puros (Nelore) ou Cruzados (Nelore/Angus). Após a DP os animais receberam suplemento específico para bezerros, na quantidade fixa de 1 kg/animal/dia (baixa energia) ou ao nível de 1% do Peso Vivo (alta energia). Os pesos ajustados aos 300 dias de idade foram maiores para os bezerros de DP sob alta energia (P0,01), sendo de 241,17 e 236,27 kg para o grupo de bezerros Cruzados e de 184,44 e 189,78 para o grupo de bezerros Nelore respectivamente. A DP adotada no modelo experimental não prejudicou o desempenho dos bezerros nascidos no Pantanal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Animals, Suckling/growth & development , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animal Feed , Dietary Supplements/analysisABSTRACT
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different supplementation plans on the nutrient intake, apparent total-tract digestibility, grazing behavior, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of beef cattle under grazing conditions from ages 4 to 18 months old. The beef calves grazed Brachiaria decumbens in four seasons: rainy-dry transition, dry, dry-rainy transition, and rainy. Forty-four animals (11 per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of four nutritional plans of supplementation defined by the quantity of supplement offered: control, low, medium, and high supplementation. There was no difference (P > 0.10) in dry matter intake (DMI). However, animals receiving medium and high supplementation had decreased (P < 0.10) forage dry matter intake (FDMI) compared with those under non- and low supplementation. The DMI and FDMI were lower (P < 0.10) in the dry season. During the rainy season, the grazing time decreased (P < 0.10) for animals receiving supplementation compared with non-supplemented ones, but was similar between medium and high supplementation. The performance and carcass characteristics were greater (P < 0.10) for high and medium supplementation compared with low and control. In conclusion, increasing the supplementation plans for beef cattle in tropical pastures increases the nutrient intake but decreases FDMI. The performance also increases with the supplementation plan; however, the growth rate is affected by the grazing season.
Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes planos de suplementação sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade aparente total, comportamento ingestivo, crescimento e características de carcaça de bovinos de corte de 4 a 18 meses de idade, em pastejo. Os animais foram mantidos em pastagem com Brachiaria decumbens em quatro períodos: transição águas-seca, seca, transição seca-águas e águas. Quarenta e quatro animais (11 por tratamento) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um dos quatro planos nutricionais de suplementação definidos pela quantidade de suplemento ofertada: controle (somente mistura mineral), baixo, médio e alto plano de suplementação. Não houve diferença (P > 0,10) no consumo de matéria seca (CMS). No entanto, os animais que receberam médio e alto plano de suplementação reduziram (P < 0,10) o consumo de matéria seca de forragem (CMSF) comparado ao controle e baixo plano. O CMS e CMSF foram menores (P < 0,10) durante o período seco. Durante a estação chuvosa, o tempo de pastejo reduziu (P < 0,10) para os animais que receberam suplementação em comparação ao controle, mas foi semelhante entre os planos médio e alto. O desempenho e as características de carcaça foram maiores (P < 0,10) para o alto e médio plano comparados ao baixo e controle. Conclui-se que o aumento nas suplementações para bovinos de corte em pastagens tropicais aumenta a ingestão de nutrientes, mas diminui o consumo de forragem. O desempenho também aumenta com o plano de suplementação; no entanto, a taxa de crescimento é afetada pela época do ano.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Brachiaria , Animal Husbandry/methods , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Pasture , Dietary Supplements/analysisABSTRACT
Marketing is a stressful process for beef calves, because they are removed from their environment, often weaned just before loading, loaded, transported, and unloaded. It also involves extended periods without food and water and mixing with unfamiliar animals in an unknown environment. Some studies have shown that calves sold through markets are exposed to extended fasting periods even when they undergo only short transportation times. The aim of this controlled study was to determine the consequences for beef calves of a short transportation time followed by a prolonged time without food and water on their tympanic temperature (TT), maximum eye temperature (MET), blood variables related to stress, and live weight. Ten calves were transported for 3 h and then kept in an outdoor pen for 21 h, completing a 24 h fasting period. Sampling took place before loading, after transport and unloading, and then after completing 24 h without food and water. TT, MET, blood glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) increased significantly after transportation. Live weight decreased across sample times (mean of 10 kg per calf after 24 h of fasting), which was consistent with the higher concentration of ß-HB found after fasting. Further studies to measure the actual consequences of true, commercial marketing on calf welfare and productivity are needed.
ABSTRACT
Calf diarrhea causes substantial economic losses to beef cattle production worldwide. It is a complex multifactorial pathological condition influenced by infectious, nutritional and environmental factors. The present study focused on analyzing the pathological and molecular characterization of bovine rotavirus A (BoRVA) during a diarrhea outbreak in a beef cattle herd located in the state of Mato Grosso, central-western region, Brazil. The outbreak caused high morbidity (80%) and mortality (12%) among 1,100 calves up to 30 days of age. The BoRVA was identified in 53.3% (16/30) of the diarrheic fecal samples analyzed using the silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) technique. The nucleotide sequence analysis of VP7 (G genotype) and VP4 (P genotype) via RT-PCR from eight BoRVA-positive fecal samples showed the genotypes G6P[5] (n = 6), G6P[11] (n = 1) and G6P[X] (n = 1). Three calves were necropsied and the gross findings included edema and thickened, wrinkled bowel mucosa in the small intestine. Microscopic lesions were confined to the villi of the small intestine, characterized mainly by villus fusion and moderate multifocal lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. Immunohistochemical examination of three cases was positive for BoRVA. The 53.3% of the diarrheic fecal samples that were positive for BoRVA in this study suggested that RV was the etiological agent involved in this neonatal calf diarrhea outbreak.(AU)
A diarreia neonatal provoca perdas econômicas substanciais na produção de bovinos em todo o mundo. É uma condição patológica multifatorial complexa influenciada por fatores infecciosos, nutricionais e ambientais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar o rotavírus tipo A (BoRVA) através da análise patológica e molecular durante um surto de diarreia em um rebanho bovino localizado no estado de Mato Grosso, região centro-oeste, no Brasil. O surto causou alta morbidade (80%) e letalidade (12%) em um rebanho composto 1.100 bezerros até 30 dias de idade. O BoRVA foi identificado em 53,3% (16/30) das amostras fecais diarreicas analisadas usando a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida corada com prata (ss-PAGE). A análise da sequência nucleotídica de VP7 (genótipo G) e VP4 (genótipo P) via RT-PCR a partir de oito amostras fecais BoRVA-positivas mostrou os genótipos G6P [5] (n = 6), G6P [11] (n = 1) e G6P [X] (n = 1). Três bezerros foram submetidos à necropsia e os achados macroscópicos incluíram edema e espessamento da mucosa do intestino delgado. As lesões microscópicas foram observadas nas vilosidades do intestino delgado, sendo caracterizadas principalmente por fusiosamento de vilosidades e enterite linfoplasmocitária multifocal moderada. O exame imunohistoquímico dos três casos foram positivos para o BoRVA. As 53,3% das amostras fecais diarreicas positivas para o BoRVA sugeriram que o rotavírus é o agente etiológico envolvido neste surto de diarreia neonatal em bezerros.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Rotavirus Infections/pathology , Rotavirus Infections/veterinary , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Cattle Diseases , Rotavirus/pathogenicity , Diarrhea/pathology , Diarrhea/veterinary , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Animals, Newborn/virologyABSTRACT
Calf diarrhea causes substantial economic losses to beef cattle production worldwide. It is a complex multifactorial pathological condition influenced by infectious, nutritional and environmental factors. The present study focused on analyzing the pathological and molecular characterization of bovine rotavirus A (BoRVA) during a diarrhea outbreak in a beef cattle herd located in the state of Mato Grosso, central-western region, Brazil. The outbreak caused high morbidity (80%) and mortality (12%) among 1,100 calves up to 30 days of age. The BoRVA was identified in 53.3% (16/30) of the diarrheic fecal samples analyzed using the silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) technique. The nucleotide sequence analysis of VP7 (G genotype) and VP4 (P genotype) via RT-PCR from eight BoRVA-positive fecal samples showed the genotypes G6P[5] (n = 6), G6P[11] (n = 1) and G6P[X] (n = 1). Three calves were necropsied and the gross findings included edema and thickened, wrinkled bowel mucosa in the small intestine. Microscopic lesions were confined to the villi of the small intestine, characterized mainly by villus fusion and moderate multifocal lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. Immunohistochemical examination of three cases was positive for BoRVA. The 53.3% of the diarrheic fecal samples that were positive for BoRVA in this study suggested that RV was the etiological agent involved in this neonatal calf diarrhea outbreak.(AU)
A diarreia neonatal provoca perdas econômicas substanciais na produção de bovinos em todo o mundo. É uma condição patológica multifatorial complexa influenciada por fatores infecciosos, nutricionais e ambientais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar o rotavírus tipo A (BoRVA) através da análise patológica e molecular durante um surto de diarreia em um rebanho bovino localizado no estado de Mato Grosso, região centro-oeste, no Brasil. O surto causou alta morbidade (80%) e letalidade (12%) em um rebanho composto 1.100 bezerros até 30 dias de idade. O BoRVA foi identificado em 53,3% (16/30) das amostras fecais diarreicas analisadas usando a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida corada com prata (ss-PAGE). A análise da sequência nucleotídica de VP7 (genótipo G) e VP4 (genótipo P) via RT-PCR a partir de oito amostras fecais BoRVA-positivas mostrou os genótipos G6P [5] (n = 6), G6P [11] (n = 1) e G6P [X] (n = 1). Três bezerros foram submetidos à necropsia e os achados macroscópicos incluíram edema e espessamento da mucosa do intestino delgado. As lesões microscópicas foram observadas nas vilosidades do intestino delgado, sendo caracterizadas principalmente por fusiosamento de vilosidades e enterite linfoplasmocitária multifocal moderada. O exame imunohistoquímico dos três casos foram positivos para o BoRVA. As 53,3% das amostras fecais diarreicas positivas para o BoRVA sugeriram que o rotavírus é o agente etiológico envolvido neste surto de diarreia neonatal em bezerros.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Rotavirus Infections/pathology , Rotavirus Infections/veterinary , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Cattle Diseases , Rotavirus/pathogenicity , Diarrhea/pathology , Diarrhea/veterinary , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Animals, Newborn/virologyABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the production, reproductive performance, and productive efficiency of predominantly Charolais cows and their calves (Straightbred, ¾ C, » N) according to body size at calving. Sixty-three cow-calf pairs were used and classified into three weight groups: Light (331.3±5.8 kg), Moderate (385.9±5.3 kg), and Heavy (424.4±6.2 kg). The classes were formed using half standard deviations above or below the average weight of the cows at calving. For each pair, the body weight was evaluated at calving, at weaning (63 days), at the beginning and at end of the reproductive period, and at 9 months for the calves. Pregnancy rates were similar (P > 0.05) between weight groups. The calves did not differ (P > 0.05) in terms of body weight and weight gain from calving until pregnancy diagnosis (210 days). The heavy cows had greater weight variations from 210 days to 270 days than the light cows. The calf production rate (kg calf/cow kept in herds) did not differ between weight groups. However, in relation to the weight of the cows at 210 days, light cows were 11.28% and 13.02% more productive (P < 0.05), than moderate and heavy cows, respectively. Light cows were more efficient than the other classes of cows at calving and at 210 days old. Our simulations showed that there were more kilograms for sale in herds of light cows (53.085 kg) than moderate and heavy cows (52.310 and 52.870 kg, respectively), while maintaining the structures of the herd constant. The size of the Charolais cow did not influence the weight of calves from calving until 7 months of age or their reproductive performance provided they were weaned early. The need for space for the maintenance of the cow-calf pair increased as the weight of the cows increased. In herds with smaller cows, higher numbers and a higher production of weight for sale are observed than in herds with moderate and heavy cows...(AU)
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produção, desempenho reprodutivo e eficiência produtiva de vacas de cria com predominância Charolês (Puras e ¾ C, » N) e seus bezerros de acordo com seu tamanho corporal no parto. Foram utilizados sessenta e três pares de vaca:bezerro classificadas em três grupos de pesos: Leves (331,4±5,8 kg), Moderadas (385,9±5,3 kg) e Pesadas (424,3±6,2 kg). As classes foram formadas com meio desvio padrão acima ou abaixo da média geral de peso das vacas ao parto. Para cada par, o peso corporal foi avaliado ao parto, no desmame (63 dias), no início e no final do período reprodutivo e nos bezerros aos nove meses de idade. As taxas de prenhez foram semelhantes (P > 0,05) entre os grupos de peso. Os bezerros não diferiram (P > 0,05) em peso e ganho de peso corporal do parto até os 210 dias. Os bezerros das vacas Pesadas apresentaram maiores variações de peso dos 210 aos 270 dias se comparados às vacas Leves. O índice de produção de bezerro (kg de bezerro/vaca mantida) não diferiu. No entanto, ao relacioná-lo ao peso das vacas aos 210 dias, as vacas Leves forma mais produtivas (P < 0,05), com aumento em 11,28 e 13,02% na produção de bezerro quando comparada às vacas Moderadas e Pesadas, respectivamente. Vacas Leves foram mais eficientes ao parto e aos 210 dias. Através de simulação, verificaram-se mais quilos passíveis de venda no rebanho de vacas Leves (53.085 kg) comparado aos grupos Moderadas e Pesadas (52.310 e 52.870 kg, respectivamente), mantendo as estruturas do rebanho constante. O tamanho da vaca Charolês não influencia o peso do terneiro do parto aos sete meses de idade, nem o desempenho reprodutivo das mesmas, desde que desmamadas precocemente. A necessidade de área para a manutenção do par vaca:bezerro é crescente conforme o aumento do peso das vacas. Nos rebanhos com vacas menores, foi estimado maior número de matrizes e uma maior produção de peso para venda comparado às vacas Moderadas e Pesadas...(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Cattle , Animal Husbandry , Weaning , Animals, Suckling/growth & development , Body WeightABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the production, reproductive performance, and productive efficiency of predominantly Charolais cows and their calves (Straightbred, ¾ C, » N) according to body size at calving. Sixty-three cow-calf pairs were used and classified into three weight groups: Light (331.3±5.8 kg), Moderate (385.9±5.3 kg), and Heavy (424.4±6.2 kg). The classes were formed using half standard deviations above or below the average weight of the cows at calving. For each pair, the body weight was evaluated at calving, at weaning (63 days), at the beginning and at end of the reproductive period, and at 9 months for the calves. Pregnancy rates were similar (P > 0.05) between weight groups. The calves did not differ (P > 0.05) in terms of body weight and weight gain from calving until pregnancy diagnosis (210 days). The heavy cows had greater weight variations from 210 days to 270 days than the light cows. The calf production rate (kg calf/cow kept in herds) did not differ between weight groups. However, in relation to the weight of the cows at 210 days, light cows were 11.28% and 13.02% more productive (P < 0.05), than moderate and heavy cows, respectively. Light cows were more efficient than the other classes of cows at calving and at 210 days old. Our simulations showed that there were more kilograms for sale in herds of light cows (53.085 kg) than moderate and heavy cows (52.310 and 52.870 kg, respectively), while maintaining the structures of the herd constant. The size of the Charolais cow did not influence the weight of calves from calving until 7 months of age or their reproductive performance provided they were weaned early. The need for space for the maintenance of the cow-calf pair increased as the weight of the cows increased. In herds with smaller cows, higher numbers and a higher production of weight for sale are observed than in herds with moderate and heavy cows...
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produção, desempenho reprodutivo e eficiência produtiva de vacas de cria com predominância Charolês (Puras e ¾ C, » N) e seus bezerros de acordo com seu tamanho corporal no parto. Foram utilizados sessenta e três pares de vaca:bezerro classificadas em três grupos de pesos: Leves (331,4±5,8 kg), Moderadas (385,9±5,3 kg) e Pesadas (424,3±6,2 kg). As classes foram formadas com meio desvio padrão acima ou abaixo da média geral de peso das vacas ao parto. Para cada par, o peso corporal foi avaliado ao parto, no desmame (63 dias), no início e no final do período reprodutivo e nos bezerros aos nove meses de idade. As taxas de prenhez foram semelhantes (P > 0,05) entre os grupos de peso. Os bezerros não diferiram (P > 0,05) em peso e ganho de peso corporal do parto até os 210 dias. Os bezerros das vacas Pesadas apresentaram maiores variações de peso dos 210 aos 270 dias se comparados às vacas Leves. O índice de produção de bezerro (kg de bezerro/vaca mantida) não diferiu. No entanto, ao relacioná-lo ao peso das vacas aos 210 dias, as vacas Leves forma mais produtivas (P < 0,05), com aumento em 11,28 e 13,02% na produção de bezerro quando comparada às vacas Moderadas e Pesadas, respectivamente. Vacas Leves foram mais eficientes ao parto e aos 210 dias. Através de simulação, verificaram-se mais quilos passíveis de venda no rebanho de vacas Leves (53.085 kg) comparado aos grupos Moderadas e Pesadas (52.310 e 52.870 kg, respectivamente), mantendo as estruturas do rebanho constante. O tamanho da vaca Charolês não influencia o peso do terneiro do parto aos sete meses de idade, nem o desempenho reprodutivo das mesmas, desde que desmamadas precocemente. A necessidade de área para a manutenção do par vaca:bezerro é crescente conforme o aumento do peso das vacas. Nos rebanhos com vacas menores, foi estimado maior número de matrizes e uma maior produção de peso para venda comparado às vacas Moderadas e Pesadas...
Subject(s)
Female , Animals , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Cattle , Animals, Suckling/growth & development , Animal Husbandry , Weaning , Body WeightABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of beef calves' supplementation in creep feeding systems on milk yield, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) of their dams on tropical pastures using a meta-analytical approach. The database was obtained from 11 experiments conducted between 2009 and 2014 in Brazil, totaling 485 observations (cows). The database consisted of 273 Nellore and 212 crossbred (7/8 Nellore × 1/8 Holstein) cows. All experiments were carried out in the suckling phase (from 3 to 8 months of age of calves) during the transition phase between rainy and dry seasons from February to June of different years. The data were analyzed by a meta-analytical approach using mixed models and taking into account random variation among experiments. Calves' supplementation (P ≥ 0.59) and the calves' sex (P ≥ 0.48) did not affect milk yield of cows. The average fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield was 6.71 and 6.83 kg/day for cows that had their calves supplemented and not supplemented, respectively. Differences were observed (P < 0.0001) for milk yield due to the genetic group where crossbred cows presented greater FCM yield (7.37 kg/day) compared with Nellore cows (6.17 kg/day). There was no effect of the calves' supplementation on BW change (P ≥ 0.11) and BCS change (P ≥ 0.23) of the cows. Therefore, it is concluded that supplementation of beef calves using creep feeding systems in tropical pastures does not affect milk yield, body weight, or body condition of their dams.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Husbandry , Cattle/physiology , Dairying , Milk/metabolism , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Animals, Suckling/physiology , Body Composition , Body Weight , Brazil , Dietary Supplements , Female , Lactation , Red Meat/standards , Seasons , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
Diarrhea is considered as one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates calves. Fecal samples from 100 diarrheic and 30 non-diarrheic (control group) Nelore calves less than 9 weeks old were collected for Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium spp., and for helminth eggs investigation. Enteropathogens were detected in 79.0 percent diarrheic samples and 70.0 percent non-diarrheic samples. Among diarrheic calves, Escherichia coli (69.0 percent) was the most common agent found, following by Cryptosporidium spp. (30.0 percent), coronavirus (16.0 percent), and rotavirus (11.0 percent). In the control group, E. coli, Cryptosporidium spp. and coronavirus were detected in 66.7 percent, 10.0 percent and 3.3 percent of the samples, respectively. Salmonella spp. and strongylids were not found in any of the calves from either group. The K99 fimbrial only was detected in E. coli strains from diarrheic calves (5.8 percent). Enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, and gentamicin were the most effective among the antimicrobials tested. The weight of 210-day-old calves did not show statistic differences between diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves.
A diarréia é considerada uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade de bezerros neonatos. Foram colhidas 100 amostras fecais diarréicas e 30 amostras não diarréicas (grupo controle), de bezerros Nelore com até nove semanas de idade com o objetivo de detectar os enteropatógenos Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, rotavírus, coronavírus, Cryptosporidium spp. e ovos de helmintos. Enteropatógenos foram detectados em 79,0 por cento das amostras diarréicas e em 70,0 por cento das amostras não-diarréicas. No grupo de bezerros com diarréia, E. coli (69,0 por cento) foi o agente mais freqüentemente isolado, seguido de Cryptosporidium spp. (30,0 por cento), coronavírus (16,0 por cento) e rotavírus (11,0 por cento). No grupo controle, E. coli, Cryptosporidium spp. e coronavírus foram detectados, respectivamente, em 66,7 por cento, 10,0 por cento e 3,3 por cento das amostras. Salmonella spp. e ovos de estrongilídeos não foram encontrados nos dois grupos avaliados. A fímbria K99 foi identificada exclusivamente nas linhagens de E. coli isoladas de bezerros com diarréia (5,8 por cento). Entre os antimicrobianos avaliados "in vitro" a enrofloxacina, a norfloxacina e a gentamicina foram os mais efetivos. O peso dos bezerros aos 210 dias de idade não apresentou diferença significativa entre os animais com e sem diarréia.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Cattle , Coronavirus/isolation & purification , Cryptosporidium/isolation & purification , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Diarrhea/mortality , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Rotavirus/isolation & purification , Salmonella/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
SUMMARY The experiment evaluated the weight gain of beef calves weaned 101 days after calving, kept before weaning on cultivated winter pasture or native pasture. After early weaning, the calves were kept on a drylot and fed during 41 days, afterward they were kept on cultivated summer pasture. One control group of calves was kept on native pasture and weaned 213 days after calving. Prior to early weaning, calves kept on cultivated winter pasture had a higher weight gain (P 0.01). After early weaning, the weight gain was similar (P>0.05) for calves previously kept on cultivated winter pasture to those kept on native pasture. Calves from the control group showed a higher weight gain (P 0.05) from 101 to 213 days, than those early weaned. At the end of the experiment, when the calves of the control group were weaned (213 days after calving), the calves early weaned and previously kept on cultivated winter pasture had the highest weight (P 0.05).
RESUMO O experimento visou avaliar o desempenho de terneiros desmamados aos 101 dias de idade que no período de aleitamento estavam submetidos a pastagem cultivada de inverno (T¹), ou campo nativo (T²), e terneiros desmamados aos 213 dias (T³) mantidos exclusivamente em campo nativo. Após o desmame, aos 101 dias, os terneiros desmamados foram alimentados no cocho, durante 41 dias. Após este período, foram mantidos em pastagem cultivada de verão até os 213 dias de idade. No período que antecedeu o desmame antecipado, o ganho de peso foi superior (P 0,01) para os terneiros mantidos em pastagem cultivada. No período seguinte, o ganho de peso foi similar (P > 0,05 )para os terneiros do T¹ e T² e superior (P 0,05) para os terneiros que continuaram ao pé das vacas em campo nativo (T³). O peso ao final do experimento (01.04.86) foi superior (P 0,01) para aqueles mantidos no período pré desmame em pastagem cultivada.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY The experiment evaluated the weight gain of beef calves weaned 101 days after calving, kept before weaning on cultivated winter pasture or native pasture. After early weaning, the calves were kept on a drylot and fed during 41 days, afterward they were kept on cultivated summer pasture. One control group of calves was kept on native pasture and weaned 213 days after calving. Prior to early weaning, calves kept on cultivated winter pasture had a higher weight gain (P 0.01). After early weaning, the weight gain was similar (P>0.05) for calves previously kept on cultivated winter pasture to those kept on native pasture. Calves from the control group showed a higher weight gain (P 0.05) from 101 to 213 days, than those early weaned. At the end of the experiment, when the calves of the control group were weaned (213 days after calving), the calves early weaned and previously kept on cultivated winter pasture had the highest weight (P 0.05).
RESUMO O experimento visou avaliar o desempenho de terneiros desmamados aos 101 dias de idade que no período de aleitamento estavam submetidos a pastagem cultivada de inverno (T¹), ou campo nativo (T²), e terneiros desmamados aos 213 dias (T³) mantidos exclusivamente em campo nativo. Após o desmame, aos 101 dias, os terneiros desmamados foram alimentados no cocho, durante 41 dias. Após este período, foram mantidos em pastagem cultivada de verão até os 213 dias de idade. No período que antecedeu o desmame antecipado, o ganho de peso foi superior (P 0,01) para os terneiros mantidos em pastagem cultivada. No período seguinte, o ganho de peso foi similar (P > 0,05 )para os terneiros do T¹ e T² e superior (P 0,05) para os terneiros que continuaram ao pé das vacas em campo nativo (T³). O peso ao final do experimento (01.04.86) foi superior (P 0,01) para aqueles mantidos no período pré desmame em pastagem cultivada.