Aspectos éticos e legais da estabilização protetora em odontologia ­ revisão integrativa / Ethical and legal aspects of protective stabilization in Dentistry ­ integrative review

A estabilização protetora tem sido utilizada em procedimentos na área da saúde por décadas para gestão do comportamento, em especial quando as técnicas comunicativas falham. O uso da estabilização tem como objetivo criar um ambiente seguro para a conduta terapêutica, promovendo agilidade nos procedimentos odontológicos, com manutenção da integridade física do paciente e da equipe. Embora apresente benefícios, a sua aplicação é um dilema especialmente em pacientes pediátricos e com necessidades especiais, devido à natureza da restrição física envolvida. O presente trabalho trata-se de uma revisão de literatura integrativa e teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos éticos e legais que envolvem o uso de estabilização protetora no atendimento odontológico. A busca abrangeu estudos desenvolvidos nos últimos 10 anos, pelos descritores "Ética", "Contenção Física", "Odontologia" de acordo com o DeCS e MeSH, além de legislações e normas brasileiras. Na tomada de decisão clínica, os princípios da autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência e justiça devem ser considerados. O consentimento informado, a ponderação dos riscos, benefícios e a informação aos responsáveis são requisitos fundamentais para evitar violações de direitos e preservar a integridade de pacientes e da equipe de cuidado à saúde

Protective stabilization has been used in healthcare procedures for decades to manage behavior, especially when communicative techniques fail. Protective stabilization aims to create a safe environment for therapeutic conduct, promoting efficiency in dental procedures while maintaining the physical integrity of the patient and the staff as well. Despite its benefits, its application poses a dilemma especially with pediatric and patients with special needs, due to the nature of physical restraint involved. The present study is an integrative literature review that aims to describe the ethical and legal aspects surrounding the use of protective stabilization in dental care. The search encompassed studies conducted in the last 10 years, using the descriptors "Ethics," "Physical Restraint," and "Dentistry" according to DeCS and MeSH, as well as Brazilian legislation and regulations. In clinical decision-making, the principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice should be considered. Informed consent, weighing risks and benefits, and providing information to guardians are fundamental requirements to prevent rights violations and preserve the integrity of patients and healthcare staff

Ethics of Nudging in the COVID-19 Crisis and the Necessary Return to the Principles of Shared Decision Making: A Critical Review.

Nudging, a controversial technique for modifying people's behavior in a predictable way, is claimed to preserve freedom of choice while simultaneously influencing it. Nudging had been largely confined to situations such as promoting healthy eating choices but has been employed in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in a shift towards measures that involve significantly less choice, such as shoves and behavioral prods. Shared decision making (SDM), a method for direct involvement and autonomy, is an alternative approach to communicate risk. Predominantly peer-reviewed scientific publications from standard literature databases like PubMed, PsycInfo, and Psyndex were evaluated in a narrative review. The so-called fear nudges, as well as the dissemination of strongly emotionalizing or moralizing messages can lead to intense psycho-physical stress. The use of these nudges by specialized units during the COVID-19 pandemic generated a societal atmosphere of fear that precipitated a deterioration of the mental and physical health of the population. Major recommendations of the German COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) study, which are based on elements of nudging and coercive measures, do not comply with ethical principles, basic psychological principles, or evidence-based data. SDM was misused in the COVID-19 crisis, which helped to achieve one-sided goals of governments. The emphasis on utilitarian thinking is criticized and the unethical behavior of decision makers is explained by both using the concept of moral disengagement and the maturity level of coping strategies. There should be a return to an open-ended, democratic, and pluralistic scientific debate without using nudges. It is therefore necessary to return to the origins of SDM.

Commitment, Cold War, and the battles of the self: Thomas Schelling on behavior control.

Economist Nobelist Thomas C. Schelling (1921-2016) is known for his contribution to the analysis of international conflict and many see him as the Cold Warrior par excellence. At a time of great uncertainties and dangers, Schelling combined a deep understanding of strategic analysis, a detailed knowledge of US commitments around the world and an inimitable talent for dissecting everyday behavior, which made him a think tank all on his own. When he turned to the analysis of bargaining in the mid-1950s, one question dominated policy discussions: "How to demonstrate the US commitment to the 'free world'"? Schelling answered unequivocally: By restricting one's choices so as to shift others' expectations and thereby influence their behavior in the desired direction. By the mid-1970s, after he had broken with the US administration and joined the Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior, Schelling transposed the tactics deployed in international conflict to the analysis of individuals trying to achieve self-control. In the process, he reproduced the logic of military conflict at the level of the self. The view of a conflicted self itself comprised of two selves made restricted choice the daily routine of individuals who wish to avoid the negative consequences of their present behavior in the future while it promised those who enjoy unbounded freedom of choice an unsettling future.

It Takes Two to Tango: How Ability and Morality Shape Consumers' Willingness to Refill and Reuse.

The waste problem in the U.S. has only intensified in recent years, first due to China's National Sword Policy and then to the COVID-19 pandemic. One solution to this problem is to encourage people to adopt pro-environmental behaviors such as opting for reusables and products with plastic-free alternate packaging. In this study, we employ the value-belief-norm theory to examine whether its proposed causal chain predicts consumers' willingness to use reusables and products with plastic-free alternate packaging. We also explore the moderating role of perceived behavior control, one of the strongest predictors of environmental behaviors. Our research provides support to the value-belief-norm theory in predicting behavioral willingness. The moderating role of perceived behavior control provides additional insight into the theoretical model and furnishes practical implications for strategic communication designed to encourage the adoption of reusables and alternative packaging.

Effect of Responsible Gaming Policy and Practice on Casino Gaming Behavior.

Casino gaming is considered as an entertainment but it may cause financial and psychological burdens to some individuals and their families. Therefore, casino operators have established and deployed responsible gaming policy and practice to mitigate such negative effects. This study explores whether and how responsible gaming policy and practice influences people's casino gaming intention and behavior. Data were collected from 644 Chinese adults in Macao. Results showed that responsible gaming policy and practice significantly influenced people's attitude towards casino gaming (as a legal activity and hobby), subjective norm (for disapproval of casino gaming), and perceived behavior control (for not engaging in casino gaming). Casino gaming intention was positively affected by attitude and negatively affected by subjective norm and perceived behavior control. Casino gaming behavior was positively affected by intention and negatively affected by perceived behavior control. As a whole, responsible gaming policy and practice had a small, negative but significant indirect effect on casino gaming behavior. Implications of the study were given.

Association Between Concerns About COVID-19 Infection and Blood Donation Intention: Cross-Sectional Survey Study Through a Mobile Communication Platform.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on blood transfusion and collection. At the beginning of the pandemic, most blood transfusion services had a tough challenge in maintaining an optimal blood inventory. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to understand the public's psychological cognition and intention toward blood donation as well as the factors influencing their worries. We aimed to find a solution for increasing blood donations and provide a scientific reference for policy formulation regarding blood donation during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the future. METHODS: A random survey with a 14-item scale on worries related to blood donation was conducted from December 31, 2022, to January 3, 2023, among residents aged 18-60 years in Zhejiang province via SMS text messaging. The results of 8 worry items in this study were compared with the survey results of March 2022, during which COVID-19 was not considered as an epidemic in Zhejiang province. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the factors affecting respondents' blood donation intention and concerns. The degree of worry about blood donation was assigned from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree), and 2-sided t tests were performed to analyze the differences in blood donation intention and worries about blood donation. RESULTS: In total, 1254 valid questionnaire responses were obtained. Males accounted for 62.36% (782/1254) of the sample, 78.39% (983/1254) were 18-45 years old, 60.61% (760/1254) had a university education, and 69.06% (866/1254) had no previous blood donation experience. Approximately 36.52% (458/1254) of the public clearly expressed that they had blood donation worries regarding COVID-19. The main concerns of the respondents were temporary physical weakness caused by blood donation, their own physical conditions not meeting the requirements of blood donation, inconvenient location and working hours for blood donation, and family (or friends) worrying about blood donation. Compared with the results in 2022, the results in 2023 regarding the harmful effects of blood donation on health, temporary physical weakness, infection in donated blood, and family (friends) worrying increased significantly (P<.001). The factors influencing blood donation worries regarding COVID-19 were COVID-19 infection status, adverse reactions to the donated blood, family (or friends) worrying, and unsatisfactory blood donation experience. The factors influencing blood donation intention were gender, age, previous blood donation times, blood donation worries regarding COVID-19, harmful effects of blood donation on health, and blood donation anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Blood transfusion services should make full use of the recovery phase of COVID-19 infection as an important time point, publicize the blood donation process and operation standardization, reduce the public's concerns about blood donation, correct negative evaluations, and increase perceived behavioral control and subjective norms.

Behavior and anxiety levels in pediatric patient: The behavioral changes and anxiety of pediatric patient in dental clinic.

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavioral patterns and anxiety levels of pediatric patients in dental clinics, discern their behavioral expectations, and investigate the associations between these factors and the patient's age and gender. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 150 pediatric patients visiting Sharjah Thumbay Dental Hospital for treatment were recruited over a study period of 23 weeks (February 12, 2022 to July 23, 2022). The patient's age ranged from 2 to 14 years. Guardians were informed about the study and their written consent was taken. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Children over 14 years old, children whose guardians refused to participate in the study, and medically compromised children. Frankl's behavior rating scale, Categorical rating scale, and Venham anxiety and behavioral rating scales were used to evaluate the pediatric patient's behavior and anxiety at the end of the dental visit, the evaluation was done by the same trained dental student for all the patients. RESULTS: When the Mann-Whitney U test was used for gender, no significant differences were observed in behavior and anxiety between male and female patients across all scales employed in this study. Conversely, when examining various age groups for behavior and anxiety using the Kruskal-Wallis test, significant findings emerged across nearly all scales. In the categorical rating scale, the age group of 11-14 years exhibited the most notable results in subscales of crying (p = .034), cooperativeness (p = .002), and apprehensiveness (p = .003). CONCLUSION: The pediatric patients who took part in this study exhibited heightened anxiety when attending dental clinics. This study underscores the importance of understanding child behavior and utilizing effective communication with children and their guardians. Dental professionals should consider implementing strategies to manage child behavior during visits. Further research is required to develop sufficient strategies tailored to different pediatric populations, aiming to enhance dental care outcomes for pediatric patients.

Exploring the Category and Use Cases on Digital Therapeutic Methodologies.

OBJECTIVES: As the Fourth Industrial Revolution advances, there is a growing interest in digital technology. In particular, the use of digital therapeutics (DTx) in healthcare is anticipated to reduce medical expenses. However, analytical research on DTx is still insufficient to fuel momentum for future DTx development. The purpose of this article is to analyze representative cases of different types of DTx from around the world and to propose a classification system. METHODS: In this exploratory study examining DTx interaction types and representative cases, we conducted a literature review and selected seven interaction types that were utilized in a large number of cases. Then, we evaluated the specific characteristics of each DTx mechanism by reviewing the relevant literature, analyzing their indications and treatment components. A representative case for each mechanism was provided. RESULTS: Cognitive behavioral therapy, distraction therapy, graded exposure therapy, reminiscence therapy, art therapy, therapeutic exercise, and gamification are the seven categories of DTx interaction types. Illustrative examples of each variety are provided. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts from both the government and private sector are crucial for success, as standardization can decrease both the expense and the time required for government-led DTx development. The private sector should partner with medical facilities to stimulate potential demand, carry out clinical research, and produce scholarly evidence.

Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination intention among parents of children aged 5-11 years in South Korea: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting parents' intentions to have their children aged 5-11 years vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: The participants of the study were 298 parents with children aged 5-11 years in South Korea. Data collection took place from October 20 to October 26, 2022 and used an online survey (Google Forms). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t test, analysis of variance, the Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression in IBM SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS: The factors influencing participants' vaccination intentions for their children aged 5-11 years were cognitive behavioral control (ß=.40, p<.001), attitudes (ß=.37, p<.001), subjective norms (ß=.20, p<.001), and awareness of whether their child could receive the COVID-19 vaccine (ß=.07, p=.016). The explanatory power of the regression equation was 89%. CONCLUSION: Parents' intentions to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 are influenced by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control toward vaccines. Since parents are concerned about vaccine side effects, it is important to establish a trusted line of communication to keep them informed about vaccinations.

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Students Intention to Use E-Learning Among Malaysian Higher Education Institutions.

In the emergence of pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), the delivery of education service becomes a global issue, and many traditional higher education institutes are shifting toward digital alternatives methods. E-learning is considered the most appropriate effective method of knowledge delivery to meet the current academic requirements. This study investigates the key determinants which influence the Intentions to use e-learning among students in higher education institutes in Malaysia due to the outbreak of the novel Covid-19 pandemic. The data were collected through structured questionnaires from students. The data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling using partial least squares (SEMPLS). The research findings revealed that Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived usefulness, and Perceived behavioral becomes a positive predictor of Intention to use e-learning. However, Subjective norms found no significant effect on Intention to use e-learning in the Malaysian context. It is due to the COVID-19 emergency that an individual must choose for the e-learning method disregarding their perceptions. Perceived ease of use and Perceived usefulness has a significant positive effect on attitude. These findings offer guidelines to educational institutes for the implementation of the e-learning system during unavoidable circumstances for the sustainable education system.

Characteristics and related factors of family functioning in Chinese families during early pregnancy.

Introduction: Family functioning has been found to significantly impact each family member's health mentally, physically, and socially. A number of the research has focused on the impact of impaired family functioning in general, but limited studies explore family functioning in the vulnerable period, early pregnancy. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the characteristics and related factors in Chinese females and partners during early pregnancy. Methods: The cross-sectional study enrolled 226 pregnant women and 166 partners. Assessment tools included the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item, Social Support Rating Scale, and Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Short Form. Correlation analysis was applied to investigate the related factors. Results: In the present study, FAD-Behavior Control (BC) was the only dysfunctional dimension and had the highest dysfunctional rates than other dimensions. Length of time living with a partner, depressive and anxious symptoms, and quality of life were all associated with the dysfunctional family functioning of BC. Conclusions: The study reinforced the important clues of family functioning during early pregnancy. Also, it provided new entry points for the general population and healthcare providers to minimize the negative impact that impaired family function might bring to a family.

Effective practices for improving service professionals' ethical behaviors: A multiple method study.

Introduction: Enhancing frontline professional service employees' ethics has been an increasingly important issue for organizations in sustaining their reputation and long-term profitability. While many organizations have implemented general ethics programes such as ethics codes and ethical training, unethical scandals regularly still appear in many service organizations. This research offers new insights into the practices that can effectively enhance marketing practitioners' ethical behaviors and the pertinent contextual factors that have a bearing on the effectiveness of ethics programes. Methods: It uses a multi-method methodology to conduct two studies in the Chinese banking setting. Based on the rank of revenue and profitability published by Fortune magazine of year 2021, in Study 1, we choose five main Chinese banking organizations to conduct case studies to explore the framework of effective ethics programes of banks. In Study 2 we use the valid instruments from the literature to measure the involved constructs and employs data from randomly selected 146 frontline banking teams in five main Chinese banking organizations to examine the effectiveness of three specific ethics practices and ascertain the moderating role of role stress in such effectiveness. Results and discussion: Our findings indicate the effective behavior control practices within organizations' ethics programes and the implications of having a stressful workplace when adopting such practices. In addition, we integrate organizational concepts regarding behavior control and employee ethics, and use two empirical methods to systematically explore the effectiveness of ethics programes. This paper advances the management and marketing literature and has significant managerial implications for improving frontline service professionals' ethical behaviors.

Anticipating Z-generation tourists' green hotel visit intention utilizing an extended theory of planned behavior.

Due to the effect COVID-19 epidemic, promoting green consumption is now a key marketing strategy in the hospitality and tourism industry. As it is vital green hotels predict their customers' visit intention, this study attempts to discover the factors affecting Taiwan's Z-generation tourists' green hotel visit intention using an extended theory of planned behavior [including personal moral norms (PMN) and environmental concern (EC)]. Data were gathered from 296 Z-generation tourists via an online survey, which was subsequently analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results evidence that Z-generation tourists' attitude, subjective norms, (SN) and perceived behavioral control positively and significantly influence their green hotel visit intention, with attitude being the most significant factor. Moreover, the mediation model analysis indicates Z-generation tourists' attitude toward green hotels mediates the relationships between PMN, SN, EC, and visit intention. This study provides new insights into tourists' green hotel visit intention and emphasizes the importance of attitude in the formation of intention.

Factors influencing physician's behavioral intention to use Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat coronavirus disease 2019 based on the theory of planned behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the factors influencing physicians' intentions to use Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: A cross-sectional, self-report online survey was conducted from March 16, 2020, to April 2, 2020, in China. Participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. Data were collected by using a self-designed questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 494 physicians were enrolled in this study. Overall, the model explained 75.4% and 75.5% of the total variance in intention and attitude, respectively. Specifically, attitudes (ß = 0.467, P < 0.001), past behavior (ß = 0.384, P < 0.05), subjective norms (SN) (ß = 0.177, P < 0.001), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) (ß = 0.133, P < 0.05) significantly affected physicians' intention to use TCM. Cognition (ß = 0.606, P < 0.001) and PBC (ß = 0.569, P < 0.01) significantly influenced physicians' attitudes toward using TCM. SN (ß = 0.064, P = 0.263) was not a factor affecting attitude. CONCLUSION: Physicians' intention to use TCM was significantly associated with attitude, past behavior, PBC, and SN. The findings may not only be useful for understanding the influencing factors and paths of physicians' intention to use TCM to treat COVID-19 but also provide a reference for health authorities and policymakers to promote physicians to utilize TCM.

Empathy of Marine Aquaculture on Aquatic Products Consumption.

The prolonged COVID-19 has caused a global lockdown and greatly impacts the supply chain and consumers' consumption behavior of aquatic products. Specifically, consumers' increasing awareness of environmental protection drives the marine aquaculture enterprises to supply green products and establish empathy with consumers in a bid to achieve sustainable consumption. This paper conducts a study on the international green marketing paths of marine aquatic products through PLS-SEM analysis of the 407 valid samples collected from the questionnaire survey. The findings indicate that empathy marketing has a significant positive effect on consumers' purchase intention; subjective norm has a significant positive effect on consumers' purchase intention. Additionally, perceived behavior control has a significant mediating effect between consumers' subjective norm and purchase intention; the consumption environment has a significant positive moderating effect on individual consumption intention. The study suggests that sustainable development can be further propelled by means of coordinating the consumers' awareness of ecological environment protection and their enhanced consumption intention.

Negative vs. Positive Psychology: a Review of Science of Well-Being.

Happiness, well-being, human freedom, and life events are interconnected. Nevertheless, the debate about human well-being struggles to find an exact definition. Literature debates on the importance of positive psychology or adverse effects of negative psychology in the well-being context discuss separately. However, both counter each other but have their significance and indisputable fact. Human psychology evolves around determinism and Free Will. One type of determinism is hard, while the other is soft. Individuals who are adamant about and embrace acceptance of chances are driven by their nature and psychology to choose negative behaviors under hard determinism. They give up their free will, whereas soft determinists use it to make choices and behave positively. However, the researchers looked at negative psychology as a useful aspect and positive psychology's dark side. We argued that there are reasons to suppose that chances can develop into options and vice versa. From a well-being perspective, negative and positive psychological strengths and weaknesses can be investigated. From the literature review, useful hypotheses for future research have been derived from our synthesis.

Vaccination Intention and Behavior of the General Public in China: Cross-sectional Survey and Moderated Mediation Model Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Promoting vaccination and eliminating vaccine hesitancy are key measures for controlling vaccine-preventable diseases. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to understand the beliefs surrounding and drivers of vaccination behavior, and their relationships with and influence on vaccination intention and practices. METHODS: We conducted a web-based survey in 31 provinces in mainland China from May 24, 2021 to June 15, 2021, with questions pertaining to vaccination in 5 dimensions: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior. We performed hierarchical regression analysis and structural equation modeling based on the theory of planned behavior-in which, the variables attitude, subjective norms, and intention each affect the variable intention; the variable intention mediates the relationships of attitude and subjective norms with behavior, and the variable perceived behavioral control moderates the strength of this mediation-to test the validity of the theoretical framework. RESULTS: A total of 9924 participants, aged 18 to 59 years, were included in this study. Vaccination intention mediated the relationships of attitude and subjective norms with vaccination behavior. The indirect effect of attitude on vaccination behavior was 0.164 and that of subjective norms was 0.255, and the difference was statistically significant (P<.001). The moderated mediation analysis further indicated that perceived behavioral control would affect the mediation when used as moderator, and the interaction terms for attitude (ß=-0.052, P<.001) and subjective norms (ß=-0.028, P=.006) with perceived behavioral control were significant. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective norms have stronger positive influences on vaccination practices than attitudes. Perceived behavioral control, as a moderator, has a substitution relationship with attitudes and subjective norms and weakens their positive effects on vaccination behavior.

Is audio a mandatory component of multimedia distraction for reduction of pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients? A split-mouth crossover randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background: Control of pain, fear, and anxiety of pediatric dental patients is a common concern for the parents and dental clinicians. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of audiovisual distraction (AVD) and mute-video distraction (MVD) for reduction of pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized split-mouth crossover clinical trial evaluated 60 systemically healthy children between 4 and 7 years requiring bilateral pulpotomy of primary maxillary first molars. The samples were randomly divided into 6 groups based on the distraction technique and sequence of its receipt: (I) control-AVD, (II) AVD-control, (III) control-MVD, (IV) MVD-control, (V) AVD-MVD, and (VI) MVD-AVD and were treated. The severity of pain and anxiety of patients during anesthetic injection was measured using physiological (pulse rate [PR]), sound, eyes, and motor (SEM) and faces pain rating (FPR) scales. Data were compared between Groups 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 using crossover clinical trial analysis (P = 0.05). Results: The increase in PR and the mean FPR and SEM scales during anesthetic injection was significantly smaller in AVD than MVD (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted between MVD and control technique regarding PR and mean FPR or SEM (P = 1.00). Conclusion: It appears that MVD has no significant efficacy for reduction of pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients. AVD, however, can effectively decrease the pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients during anesthetic injection.

Use of Behavior Change Techniques Alongside Exercise in the Management of Rotator Cuff-Related Shoulder Pain: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this scoping review were to: (1) determine the frequency and types of behavior change techniques (BCTs) and education utilized in trials investigating exercise interventions for rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP); (2) subcategorize the BCTs and education found in the trials to summarize all behavior change approaches reported by trials; and (3) compare the frequency, types, and subcategories of BCTs and education utilized in the clinical guidelines for managing RCRSP between the trials. METHODS: Data sources included Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar and PubMed, which were searched from inception to June 2020. Trials assessing exercise interventions for RCRSP were included. Three authors independently determined eligibility and extracted data. The frequency and types of BCTs and education in the trials and clinical practice guidelines were reported and compared descriptively. Two authors assessed the content of the BCTs to develop subcategories. RESULTS: Most trials reported including at least 1 type of BCT (89.2%), which was most commonly feedback and monitoring (78.5%). There were many different approaches to the BCTs and education; for example, feedback and monitoring was subcategorized into supervised exercise, exercise monitoring, and feedback through external aids, such as mirrors. Clinical guidelines recommend supervision, goal setting, activity modification, pain management recommendations, information about the condition, and exercise education. CONCLUSION: Although over two-thirds of trials reported including a BCT alongside exercise interventions for RCRSP, the breadth of these interventions is limited (supervision is the only common one). Future trialists should consider using any type of BCT that may improve exercise adherence and outcomes. IMPACT: The findings of this review have: (1) identified gaps in the literature; and (2) contributed to the design of future exercise interventions for RCRSP.

Information, control and health promotion in the Brazilian context of the pandemic.

This article discusses how preventive and promotional discourses have been incorporated by the Brazilian population in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. It analyzes materials posted on the internet and social after the first case of COVID 19-related death in Brazil that are related health promotion and COVID-19 aimed at orienting society's response to the pandemic. The analysis considers two key factors: the mismanagement of the pandemic by the Brazilian government and infodemic. There is complex use of scientific information with recommendations that focus on what people should do (intervention) and in transforming individuals' behaviors, based on an ideal model of healthy behaviors. Narratives aimed to delegate to the population and specific groups the task of taking care of themselves have been reinforced, removing from the State the responsibility to offer conditions for the population to address the situation. There is a sophistication of strategies that blame individual practices, personal organization and that are disconnected from the collective, especially for those who live in situation of extreme vulnerability. Concomitantly, there are also discourses based on notions of solidarity and renewed social connections, which are empowering and consistent with the practice of health promotion as it attributes meanings to the subjects and their ways of life. We conclude that greatest advocacy in the field of health promotion at this moment is political and could be directed toward reaffirming health promotion principles, supporting permanent mobilization against setbacks in the public sphere and defending a new, democratic, inclusive and collective vision of society.