Punishment-induced resurgence.

The phenomenon of extinction-induced resurgence is well established, but there is comparatively little experimental evidence for punishment-induced resurgence. Punishment-induced resurgence can by tested by contingent shocks following the alternative response. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to test whether low-intensity shocks, that do not decrease rate of reinforcement, result in resurgence. Four rats served as subjects. Rats were exposed to three sequential conditions: (a) variable-interval (VI) 30-s food delivery for a lever press (target response); (b) VI 30-s food delivery for a nose poke (alternative response) and extinction of the lever press; (c) VI 30-s reinforcement for a nose poke with superimposed VI 60-s shock delivery. In the final condition, shocks increased gradually from 0.1 to 0.5 mA. Experiment 2 evaluated whether an abrupt introduction of a high-intensity shock would result in resurgence. Three rats served as subjects and were exposed to three sequential conditions: (a) VI 30-s food delivery for a lever press; (b) VI 30-s food delivery for a nose poke and extinction of the lever press; (c) continued VI 30-s reinforcement for a nose poke with superimposed VI 60-s 0.6 mA shock delivery. Resurgence was observed in all subjects, including in situations in which rate of responding, but not rate of reinforcement, decreased. The present study provides additional evidence for punishment-induced resurgence, but future studies are warranted to determine the extent to which punishment can produce resurgence with or without decreases in rates of reinforcement.

Derived Relations and Meaning in Responding to Art.

The Argentine poet Jorge Luis Borges may have come closer than anyone else to envisioning a radical behavioristic aesthetics. What he said about poetry can be generalized to other art forms: that poetry happens when someone reads a poem. Art, therefore, is the behavioral episode in which someone responds to the stimuli arranged by the artist. Because each person that comes into contact with a work of art has a different history with the work and its elements, responding will vary widely for persons and for the same person at different times. An essential feature of this history is the network of derived relations involving the elements of the artwork, and the transfer and transformation of behavioral functions across this network.

Stimulus generalization of behavioral history: Interspecies generality and persistence of generalization gradients.

Four pigeons were exposed to a tandem variable-interval (VI) fixed-ratio (FR) schedule in the presence of a 50-pixel (about 15 mm) square or an 80-pixel (about 24 mm) square and to a tandem VI differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule when a second 80-pixel or 50-pixel square was present. The values of the VI and FR schedules were adjusted to equate reinforcement rates in the two tandem schedules. Following this, a square-size continuum generalization test was administered under a fixed-interval (FI) schedule or extinction. In the first testing session, response frequency was a graded function of the similarity of the test stimuli to the training stimuli for all pigeons. These systematic generalization gradients persisted longer under the FI schedule than under extinction.

Prediction and control of operant behavior: What you see is not all there is.

Prediction and control of operant behavior are major goals of behavior analysis. We suggest that achieving these goals can benefit from doing more than identifying the three-term contingency between the behavior, its setting stimulus, and its consequences. Basic research now underscores the idea that prediction and control require consideration of the behavior's history. As one example, if an operant is a goal-directed action, it is controlled by the current value of the reinforcer, as illustrated by the so-called reinforcer devaluation effect. In contrast, if the behavior is a habit, it occurs automatically, without regard to the reinforcer's value, as illustrated by its insensitivity to the reinforcer devaluation effect. History variables that distinguish actions and habits include the extent of their prior practice and their schedule of reinforcement. Other operants can appear to have very low or zero strength. However, if the behavior has reached that level through extinction or punishment, it may precipitously increase in strength by changing the context, allowing time to pass, presenting the reinforcer contingently or noncontingently, or extinguishing an alternative behavior. Behaviors that are not suppressed by extinction or punishment are not affected the same way. When predicting the strength of an operant behavior, what you see is not all there is. The behavior's history counts.

Extensão da história em FR e o desempenho subsequente em FI com custo / History extension in FR and the subsequent performance in FI-cost

Resumo Alguns estudos indicam que taxas altas de respostas, produzidas por uma história de exposição ao esquema FR, tendem a persistir no esquema FI-custo. Todavia, esse resultado é controverso. Nos estudos em que foi observada a persistência de taxas altas, a extensão da história em FR era de 10 h e, naqueles em que não houve persistência, a extensão do FR foi de 45 min a 3 h. O presente trabalho investigou o efeito da extensão da história de reforço sobre a persistência comportamental. Três grupos de participantes foram expostos a diferentes extensões de treino em FR (2 h 30 min, 5 h e 10 h), seguido por FI-custo. Os resultados indicaram diminuição da taxa de respostas para a maioria dos participantes; quando houve persistência comportamental, ela não foi correlacionada com a extensão da história.

Abstract Some studies have indicated that high response rate, produced by a exposition history to a FR, persist in a FI-cost. However, this is a controversial result. In studies which high response rate was observed, the FR extension history was 10 hours and in those which no persistence was seen the duration of FR ranged from 45 minutes to 3 hours. The present paper investigated the effect of the extension of history of reinforcement on behavioral persistence. Three groups of participants were exposed to different training extensions in FR (2 h 30 min; 5 h e 10 h), followed by an FI-cost. The results indicated a decrease on the response rate to most participants; when behavioral persistence happened was not correlated to history extension.

O efeito de instruções e de mudanças de instruções sobre o comportamento em DRL / Effect of rules and rule change on the behavior in DRL / El efecto de la instrucciones y de cambios de instrucciones sobre el comportamiento en DRL

O objetivo foi investigar o efeito da história comportamental com regras correspondentes, discrepantes e mínimas sobre o seguimento de uma regra discrepante subsequente. Participaram 20 estudantes universitários distribuídos em quatro grupos. Nas duas fases do estudo a tarefa foi clicar um botão e ganhar pontos, liberados de acordo com um DRL 5 segundos. Na Fase 1, os grupos foram caracterizados de acordo com a instrução fornecida: Grupo Controle e Grupo IM (Instrução Mínima), Grupo IC (Instrução Correspondente) e Grupo ID (Instrução Discrepante). Na Fase 2 o Grupo Controle recebeu novamente a instrução mínima e os demais grupos receberam uma instrução discrepante. A IM informava que os participantes deveriam ganhar pontos usando o mouse; a IC dizia que deveriam pressionar o botão a cada 5 s e a ID dizia que deveriam pressionar o botão a cada segundo. Os resultados do presente estudo sugeriram que as histórias com instruções correspondentes (Grupo IC) e discrepantes (Grupo ID) na Fase 1 aumentaram o tempo necessário para o contato com as contingências programadas na Fase 2 e a história com instruções mínimas aumentou a probabilidade de sensibilidade comportamental.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of behavioral history with correspondent, discrepant and minimum rules on the following of a subsequent discrepant rule. The participants were twenty students distributed into four groups. Along two phases the tasks was clicking a button and earn points released in accordance with a DRL 5 seconds. In Phase 1, groups were assigned according to the instruction provided to them: Group Control and Group IM (Minimum Instruction), Group IC (Correspondent Instruction) and Group ID (Discrepant Instruction). In Phase 2, participants of Group Control received the same minimum instruction and participants from the other groups received a new discrepant instruction. The MI informed that participants should earn points using the mouse; The CI informed that participant should press the button every 5 seconds and the DI informed that they should press the button every second. Results obtained suggested that histories with correspondent (Group IC) and discrepant (Group ID) instructions increased the time needed to contact the programmed contingencies in Phase 2 and the history with minimal instructions increased the likelihood of behavioral sensitivity.

El objetivo fue investigar el efecto de la historia comportamental con reglas correspondientes, discrepantes y mínimas sobre el seguimiento de una regla discrepante subsecuente. Participaron 20 universitarios distribuidos en cuatro grupos. En las dos fases del estudio la tarea fue clicar en un botón y ganar puntos, liberados de acuerdo con un DRL 5 segundos. En la Fase 1, los grupos fueron caracterizados de acuerdo con la instrucción suministrada: Grupo Control y Grupo IM (instrucción mínima), Grupo IC (Instrucción Correspondiente) y Grupo ID (Instrucción Discrepante). En la Fase 2 el Grupo Control recibió nuevamente la instrucción mínima y los demás grupos recibieron una instrucción discrepante. La IM informaba que los participantes deberían ganar puntos usando el ratón; la IC decía que deberían presionar el botón a cada 5 s y la ID decía que deberían presionar el botón a cada segundo. Los resultados del presente estudio sugirieron que las historias con instrucciones correspondientes (Grupo IC) y discrepantes (Grupo ID) en la Fase 1 aumentaron el tiempo necesario para el contacto con las contingencias programadas en la Fase 2 y la historia con instrucciones mínimas aumentó la posibilidad de sensibilidad comportamental.

Experience that Much Work Produces Many Reinforcers Makes the Sunk Cost Fallacy in Pigeons: A Preliminary Test.

The sunk cost fallacy is one of the irrational choice behaviors robustly observed in humans. This fallacy can be defined as a preference for a higher-cost alternative to a lower-cost one after previous investment in a higher-cost alternative. The present study examined this irrational choice by exposing pigeons to several types of trials with differently illuminated colors. We prepared three types of non-choice trials for experiencing different outcomes after presenting same or different colors as alternatives and three types of choice trials for testing whether pigeons demonstrated irrational choice. In non-choice trials, animals experienced either of the following: (1) no reinforcement after the presentation of an unrelated colored stimulus to the alternatives used in the choice situation, (2) no reinforcement after investment in the lower-cost alternative, or (3) reinforcement or no reinforcement after investment in the higher-cost alternative. In choice trials, animals were required to choose in the following three situations: (A) higher-cost vs. lower-cost alternatives, (B) higher-cost vs. lower-cost ones after some investment in the higher-cost alternative, and (C) higher-cost vs. lower-cost alternatives after the presentation of an unrelated colored stimulus. From the definition of the sunk cost fallacy, we assumed that animals would exhibit this fallacy if they preferred the higher-cost alternative in situation (B) compared with (A) or (C). We made several conditions, each of which comprised various combinations of three types of non-choice trials and tested their preference in three choice trials. Pigeons committed the sunk cost fallacy only in the condition that contained non-choice trials (3), i.e., pigeons experienced reinforcement after investing in the higher-cost alternative. This result suggests that sunk cost fallacy might be caused by the experiences of reinforcement after investing in the higher-cost alternative.

Efeitos da História Comportamental e de Instruções sobre a Aquisição e a Resistência à Extinção em um Esquema Múltiplo FR DRL / The Effects of Behavioral History and Instructions upon the Acquisition and Resistance to Extinction with a Multiple FR DRL Schedule

RESUMOPara verificar os efeitos da história comportamental e de instruções sobre a aquisição e a resistência à extinção, 15 universitários foram distribuídos em três grupos. Na Fase 1, o Grupo 1 foi exposto a aumentos graduais nos valores dos componentes até um múltiplo FR 60 DRL 20 s; os grupos 2 e 3 foram expostos diretamente a esse esquema, mas o Grupo 3 recebeu instruções. Na Fase 2, o FR foi ajustado e um múltiplo FR n DRL 20 s foi mantido até a estabilidade. Na Fase 3 estava em vigor um múltiplo Extinção Extinção. As instruções, em comparação com a exposição gradual ou direta aos esquemas, facilitaram a aquisição de taxas diferenciadas de respostas, mas aumentaram a resistência à extinção.

ABSTRACTTo investigate the effects of the behavioral history and instructions on acquisition and resistance to extinction with a multiple schedule, 15 students were distributed into three groups. In Phase 1, Group 1 was exposed to gradual increases in the values of the components until a multiple FR 60 DRL 20 s; groups 2 and 3 were directly exposed to that multiple schedule, but Group 3 received instructions. In Phase 2, the FR was adjusted and a multiple FR n DRL 20 s was maintained until stability. In Phase 3, a multiple Extinction schedule was in effect. Instructions, as compared to direct or gradual exposure to the schedules, facilitated acquisition of differentiated response rates, but increased resistance to extinction.

Failure to observe untested derived stimulus relations in extinction: implications for understanding stimulus-equivalence formation.

Wilson and Hayes (1996) and Doughty, Kastner, and Bismark (2011) observed resurgence of past equivalence relations when newer equivalence relations were punished or extinguished, respectively. Their findings support the notion that deriving stimulus relations is a form of operant behavior. Although there is consensus regarding the operant nature of deriving untrained stimulus relations, the necessary and sufficient conditions that establish these relations remain unclear. For example, in the aforementioned work, the resurgent equivalence relations were tested earlier in each study. The present research investigated whether this resurgence of equivalence relations requires their initial testing. In Experiment 1, college students received arbitrary matching-to-sample training in Phase 1. After these baseline discriminations were established, equivalence testing was omitted. In Phase 2, four 4-member equivalence classes were established that were inconsistent with the Phase-1 training. These Phase-2 relations then were extinguished to test whether the equivalence relations consistent with Phase-1 training would occur. Unlike in earlier research, these untested relations did not occur reliably. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2, and additional tests of stimulus relatedness did not reveal any evidence of derived stimulus relations consistent with the Phase-1 training. The present research extends other findings suggesting that the equivalence-testing context helps establish these stimulus classes.

Stimulus control and generalization of remote behavioral history.

Two experiments were conducted to assess stimulus control and generalization of remote behavioral history effects with humans. Undergraduates first responded frequently under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule in the presence of one line length (16 mm or 31 mm) and infrequently on a tandem FR 1 differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule when a second line length (31 mm or 16 mm) was present. Next, an FR 1 schedule in effect in the presence of either stimulus produced comparable response rates between the stimuli. Finally, a tandem FR 1 fixed-interval (FI) schedule was in effect under those same stimuli (Experiment 1) or under 12 line lengths ranging from 7 to 40 mm (Experiment 2). In both experiments, responses under the tandem FR 1 FI schedule were frequent in the presence of stimuli previously correlated with the FR schedule and infrequent in the presence of stimuli previously correlated with the tandem FR 1 DRL schedule. Short-lived but systematic generalization gradients were obtained in Experiment 2. These results show that previously established rates of behavior that disappear when the establishing contingencies are changed can subsequently not only reappear when the contingencies change, but are controlled by and generalize across antecedent stimuli.

Resurgence in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens.

Resurgence of previously reinforced responding was investigated in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Swimming through a ring produced 15-s mirror presentations according to, with different fish, either a fixed-ratio 1 or a variable-interval 60-s schedule of reinforcement. When responding was stable, a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedule was substituted for the mirror-presentation schedule. Following this, mirror presentations were discontinued (extinction). During this latter phase, there were transient increases in the ring-swim response relative to the frequency of such responding during the differential-reinforcement-of-other behavior schedule. Resurgence was similar for the fish exposed previously to the fixed-ratio or to the variable-interval schedule. These results extend to Siamese fighting fish a well-established behavioral phenomenon previously not observed in this species or with this response topography, and only rarely reported following the removal of a non-consumable reinforcer.

Diferentes magnitudes do custa da resposta em um múltiplo F1 F1, após uma história em um múltiplo Fr Fr / Different reponse-cost mgnitudes on a multiple F1 F1 after a multiple Fr Fr history

O estudo investigou (1) se a mudança de um múltiplo FR FR para um FI-custo FI-custo produziria diminuição na taxa de respostas e (2) o papel da magnitude do custo e sua ordem de apresentação. Participaram nove universitários expostos a um múltiplo FR60 FR60 até que o responder estabilizasse. Na Fase 2 distribuíram-se em dois grupos que variavam em relação a ordem de apresentação dos componentes: G1 múltiplo FI custo 1 FI custo 10 e G2 múltiplo FI custo 10 FI custo 1. Todos os participantes emitiram altas taxas de respostas na Fase 1 e diminuíram as taxas na Fase 2

Interação Psicol.,Curitiba, v. 17, n. 1, p. 11-26, jan./abr. 201311Diferentes Magnitudes do Custo da Resposta em UmMúltiplo FI FI,Após Uma História emUmMúltiplo FR FR1Carlos Eduardo Costa*a,João Paulo Pereira de Souzaa,Thais Bianchini,Tatiany Honório Portob&Luiz Alexandre Barbosa de FreitascaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brasil,bUniversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil &cUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, BrasilRESUMOO estudo investigou (1) se a mudança de um múltiplo FR FR para um FI-custo FI-custo produziriadiminuição na taxa de respostas e (2) o papel da magnitude do custo e sua ordem de apresentação.Participaram nove universitários expostos aum múltiplo FR60 FR60 até que o responderestabilizasse. Na Fase 2 distribuíram-se em dois grupos que variavam em relação a ordem deapresentação dos componentes: G1múltiplo FI custo 1 FI custo 10 e G2múltiplo FI custo 10 FIcusto 1. Todos os participantes emitiram altas taxas de respostas na Fase 1 e diminuíram as taxas naFase 2.Palavras-chave:custo da resposta; história comportamental; magnitude do custo; esquema de reforço;humanos.ABSTRACTDifferent Response-cost Magnitudes on a Multiple FI FI After a Multiple FR FR HistoryThis study investigated (1) if the transition from a multiple FR FR to a multiple FI-cost FI-cost wouldlower response rates and (2) the effects of different cost magnitudes and their order of presentation.Nine undergraduates were exposed to a multiple FR 60 FR 60 in Phase 1 until responding was stable.In Phase 2 they were distributed into two groups: G1multiple FI-cost 1 FI-cost 10 and G2multiple FI-cost 10 FI-cost 1. For all participants, response rates decrease from Phase 1 to Phase 2were high and low, respectively, in Phases 1 and 2.

Controle de estímulos e história comportamental em humanos / Stimuli control and behavioral history in human beings

O controle de estímulos da história comportamental foi analisado com quatro universitários, expostos inicialmente a um múltiplo razão-fixa (FR) - reforçamento-diferencial-de-baixas-taxas (DRL) e, depois, a um múltiplo intervalo-fixo (FI) - FI. Três participantes apresentaram efeitos da história (altas e baixas taxas de respostas nos componentes do múltiplo FI-FI previamente correlacionados, respectivamente, ao FR e ao DRL) por, no máximo, três sessões e um participante durante todo o teste. Para este participante, os estímulos correlacionados aos componentes do múltiplo FI-FI (cor do botão de respostas) foram alterados por 10 sessões e seu comportamento ficou semelhante ao dos outros três (não diferenciação na taxa de respostas dos componentes).(AU)

Stimuli control of behavioral history was studied in a sample of four undergraduates who were first exposed to a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) - differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates (DRL) and then, to a multiple fixed-interval (FI) - FI. Three participants showed history effects (high and low response rates in the multiple FI components previously correlated with the FR and DRL) for no more than three sessions, and one participant during the entire test. For this participant, the stimuli correlated with the components of the multiple FI (color of the response button) were changed in 10 sessions, and his behavior became similar to that of the other three participants (no differentiation in response rates between components). These results suggest that human behavior tends to be controlled by current contingencies.(AU)

Controle de estímulos e história comportamental em humanos / Stimuli control and behavioral history in human beings

O controle de estímulos da história comportamental foi analisado com quatro universitários, expostos inicialmente a um múltiplo razão-fixa (FR) - reforçamento-diferencial-de-baixas-taxas (DRL) e, depois, a um múltiplo intervalo-fixo (FI) - FI. Três participantes apresentaram efeitos da história (altas e baixas taxas de respostas nos componentes do múltiplo FI-FI previamente correlacionados, respectivamente, ao FR e ao DRL) por, no máximo, três sessões e um participante durante todo o teste. Para este participante, os estímulos correlacionados aos componentes do múltiplo FI-FI (cor do botão de respostas) foram alterados por 10 sessões e seu comportamento ficou semelhante ao dos outros três (não diferenciação na taxa de respostas dos componentes)...

Stimuli control of behavioral history was studied in a sample of four undergraduates who were first exposed to a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) - differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates (DRL) and then, to a multiple fixed-interval (FI) - FI. Three participants showed history effects (high and low response rates in the multiple FI components previously correlated with the FR and DRL) for no more than three sessions, and one participant during the entire test. For this participant, the stimuli correlated with the components of the multiple FI (color of the response button) were changed in 10 sessions, and his behavior became similar to that of the other three participants (no differentiation in response rates between components). These results suggest that human behavior tends to be controlled by current contingencies...

Some determinants of remote behavioral history effects in humans.

Undergraduates were exposed to a series of reinforcement schedules: first, to a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule in the presence of one stimulus and to a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule in the presence of another (multiple FR DRL training), then to a fixed-interval (FI) schedule in the presence of a third stimulus (FI baseline), next to the FI schedule under the stimuli previously correlated with the FR and DRL schedules (multiple FI FI testing), and, finally, to a single session of the multiple FR DRL schedule again (multiple FR DRL testing). Response rates during the multiple FI FI schedule were higher under the former FR stimulus than under the former DRL stimulus. This effect of remote histories was prolonged when either the number of FI-baseline sessions was small or zero, or the time interval between the multiple FR DRL training and the multiple FI FI testing was short. Response rates under these two stimuli converged with continued exposure to the multiple FI FI schedule in most cases, but quickly differentiated when the schedule returned to the multiple FR DRL.

Efeitos da exposição a estímulos aversivos e apetitivos incontroláveis sobre o comportamento verbal em contingências de reforço positivo / Effects of exposure to uncontrollable, aversive and appetitive stimuli on verbal behavior under positive reinforcement contingencies

Foram analisados efeitos de diferentes histórias de incontrolabilidade por perda ou ganho de pontos sobre o desempenho posterior de participantes humanos na construção de frases. Inicialmente, os participantes podiam ganhar ou perder pontos independentemente de qualquer característica da frase construída. Posteriormente, recebiam pontos por construir frases iniciadas apenas pelo pronome "ele". Os resultados mostram que a exposição à incontrolabilidade pode dificultar condições posteriores de novas aprendizagens sob reforçamento positivo. Interessantemente, essas dificuldades foram menos acentuadas e, em certos casos, até mesmo superadas, no caso de uma história de exposição a ganhos incontroláveis de pontos. Em contrapartida, no caso de uma história de perdas incontroláveis de pontos, aprendizagens subsequentes sob reforço positivo tenderam a ser prejudicadas. Esses resultados contribuem para os estudos de incontrolabilidade e desamparo aprendido, em particular por apresentar alternativas metodológicas passíveis de aplicação a respostas verbais em humanos.(AU)

Human participants were exposed to a task in which, by constructing sentences, the effects of different stories of uncontrollability were assessed through the loss or acquisition of points in a subsequent exposure to a new learning condition. Initially, subjects could lose or win points regardless of any specific response. Subsequently, they would receive points for constructing any sentence beginning with the pronoun "he". Results show that exposure to uncontrollability can make it difficult to acquire a subsequent learning task. In particular, the effects of the history of exposure to uncontrollable points gains were relatively short-lived, concentrated at the beginning of the learning process and tending to recover throughout the exposure to the new task. On the other hand, the effects of uncontrollability through the loss of points had a detrimental effect on the acquisition of the new task. These results contribute to the study of uncontrollability and learned helplessness, particularly by proposing alternative methods using human verbal responses.(AU)

Efeitos da exposição a estímulos aversivos e apetitivos incontroláveis sobre o comportamento verbal em contingências de reforço positivo / Effects of exposure to uncontrollable, aversive and appetitive stimuli on verbal behavior under positive reinforcement contingencies

Foram analisados efeitos de diferentes histórias de incontrolabilidade por perda ou ganho de pontos sobre o desempenho posterior de participantes humanos na construção de frases. Inicialmente, os participantes podiam ganhar ou perder pontos independentemente de qualquer característica da frase construída. Posteriormente, recebiam pontos por construir frases iniciadas apenas pelo pronome "ele". Os resultados mostram que a exposição à incontrolabilidade pode dificultar condições posteriores de novas aprendizagens sob reforçamento positivo. Interessantemente, essas dificuldades foram menos acentuadas e, em certos casos, até mesmo superadas, no caso de uma história de exposição a ganhos incontroláveis de pontos. Em contrapartida, no caso de uma história de perdas incontroláveis de pontos, aprendizagens subsequentes sob reforço positivo tenderam a ser prejudicadas. Esses resultados contribuem para os estudos de incontrolabilidade e desamparo aprendido, em particular por apresentar alternativas metodológicas passíveis de aplicação a respostas verbais em humanos.

Human participants were exposed to a task in which, by constructing sentences, the effects of different stories of uncontrollability were assessed through the loss or acquisition of points in a subsequent exposure to a new learning condition. Initially, subjects could lose or win points regardless of any specific response. Subsequently, they would receive points for constructing any sentence beginning with the pronoun "he". Results show that exposure to uncontrollability can make it difficult to acquire a subsequent learning task. In particular, the effects of the history of exposure to uncontrollable points gains were relatively short-lived, concentrated at the beginning of the learning process and tending to recover throughout the exposure to the new task. On the other hand, the effects of uncontrollability through the loss of points had a detrimental effect on the acquisition of the new task. These results contribute to the study of uncontrollability and learned helplessness, particularly by proposing alternative methods using human verbal responses.

Efeitos do reforçador empregado em história de reforço recente e remota / Effects of the type of reinforcer in recent and remote reinforcement history

Doze universitários, distribuídos em quatro grupos, clicaram com o mouse sobre um botão na tela de um computador. Os participantes dos Grupos 1 e 3 foram expostos à seqüência FR - DRL - FI e os dos Grupos 2 e 4 à seqüência DRL - FR - FI. Os reforçadores foram pontos trocados por dinheiro (Grupos 1 e 2) ou pontos apenas (Grupos 3 e 4). Efeitos de histórias recentes em FI foram preponderantes quando pontos foram trocados por dinheiro. História, recente ou remota, de DRL afetou o comportamento subseqüente principalmente quando o reforçador consistia de pontos apenas. Sugere-se que o reforçador empregado modula efeitos de história em FI e que sua manipulação pode esclarecer discrepâncias entre humanos e não-humanos sob programas de reforço.(AU)

Twelve undergraduates in four groups responded by clicking on a button presented on a computer screen. Participants of Groups 1 and 3 were exposed to the sequence FR - DRL - FI and those of Groups 2 and 4 to the sequence DRL - FR - FI. Reinforcers were points exchanged by money (Groups 1 and 2) or points only (Groups 3 and 4). Effects of recent histories over FI performance were consistently observed when points were exchanged by money. DRL histories, recent or remote, affected subsequent performance especially when reinforcers were points only. Results suggest that the reinforcer that is used modulates history effects over FI performance and that its manipulation can clarify some discrepancies between human and non-human in schedules of reinforcement.(AU)

Efeitos do reforçador empregado em história de reforço recente e remota / Effects of the type of reinforcer in recent and remote reinforcement history

Doze universitários, distribuídos em quatro grupos, clicaram com o mouse sobre um botão na tela de um computador. Os participantes dos Grupos 1 e 3 foram expostos à seqüência FR - DRL - FI e os dos Grupos 2 e 4 à seqüência DRL - FR - FI. Os reforçadores foram pontos trocados por dinheiro (Grupos 1 e 2) ou pontos apenas (Grupos 3 e 4). Efeitos de histórias recentes em FI foram preponderantes quando pontos foram trocados por dinheiro. História, recente ou remota, de DRL afetou o comportamento subseqüente principalmente quando o reforçador consistia de pontos apenas. Sugere-se que o reforçador empregado modula efeitos de história em FI e que sua manipulação pode esclarecer discrepâncias entre humanos e não-humanos sob programas de reforço.

Twelve undergraduates in four groups responded by clicking on a button presented on a computer screen. Participants of Groups 1 and 3 were exposed to the sequence FR - DRL - FI and those of Groups 2 and 4 to the sequence DRL - FR - FI. Reinforcers were points exchanged by money (Groups 1 and 2) or points only (Groups 3 and 4). Effects of recent histories over FI performance were consistently observed when points were exchanged by money. DRL histories, recent or remote, affected subsequent performance especially when reinforcers were points only. Results suggest that the reinforcer that is used modulates history effects over FI performance and that its manipulation can clarify some discrepancies between human and non-human in schedules of reinforcement.

Resurgence of temporal patterns of responding.

The resurgence of temporal patterns of key pecking by pigeons was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, positively accelerated and linear patterns of responding were established on one key under a discrete-trial multiple fixed-interval variable-interval schedule. Subsequently, only responses on a second key produced reinforcers according to a variable-interval schedule. When reinforcement on the second key was discontinued, positively accelerated and linear response patterns resurged on the first key, in the presence of the stimuli previously correlated with the fixed- and variable-interval schedules, respectively. In Experiment 2, resurgence was assessed after temporal patterns were directly reinforced. Initially, responding was reinforced if it approximated an algorithm-defined temporal pattern during trials. Subsequently, reinforcement depended on pausing during trials and, when it was discontinued, resurgence of previously reinforced patterns occurred for each pigeon and for 2 of 3 pigeons during a replication. The results of both experiments demonstrate the resurgence of temporally organized responding and replicate and extend previous findings on resurgence of discrete responses and spatial response sequences.