Clinical implications of persistent joint pain after gout flare.

OBJECTIVES: A subset of gout patients developed persistent joint pain after flares. Analysis of this clinical phenomenon may shed further light on the factors related to worsening gout and even provide clues to its pathogenesis. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound data of gout patients to explore the associations of these data with persistent joint pain after gout flares. RESULTS: A total of 1029 gout patients were included: 182 (17.7%) patients with persistent joint pain and 847 (82.3%) patients with nonpersistent joint pain. Patients with persistent joint pain had more total involved joints, more gout flares in the past year, and more joints with simultaneous gout flares (P<0.01). Among the ultrasound-detected lesions, patients with persistent joint pain had a higher incidence of tophus (36.4% vs. 21.1%) and bone erosion (18.6% vs. 8.6%) (P<0.05). Higher UA and lower TBil were found in patients with persistent joint pain (P<0.001). Hypertension (54.9% vs. 38.7%) and metabolic syndrome (58.8% vs. 46.4%) were both more frequent in patients with persistent joint pain (P<0.05). TBil was negatively correlated with the incidence of persistent joint pain (P<0.001, r=-0.190), UA values (P<0.001, r=-0.125), and metabolic syndrome scores (P<0.001, r=-0.192). A correlation curve was fitted using LOESS (locally weighted region). CONCLUSION: Persistent joint pain after gout flares is a marker of increased disease burden in gout. The significance of the level of total bilirubin for the exacerbation of gout deserves further study.

Can direct bilirubin-to-lymphocyte ratio predict surgery for pediatric adhesive small bowel obstruction?

OBJECTIVE: Estimating which patients might require surgical intervention is crucial. Patients with complete bowel obstructions exhibit disrupted enterohepatic cycles of bile and bacteremia due to bacterial translocation. The goal of this study was to develop a prediction index using laboratory inflammatory data to identify patients who may need surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients were divided into two groups based on their management strategy: Non-operative management (Group 1) and surgical management (Group 2). RESULTS: The indirect bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin were significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-NLR (PNLR), and direct bilirubin-to-lymphocyte ratio (DBR) were significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p = 0.041, p = 0.020, and p < 0.001, respectively). In group 2, 78% have viable bowels. Resection was performed in 40% of cases, with 12% mortality and a 10-day average hospital stay. DLR performs the best overall accuracy (72%), demonstrating a well-balanced sensitivity (62%) and specificity (81%). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that DBR is a more accurate predictive index for surgical intervention in pediatric adhesive small bowel obstruction patients compared to NLR and PNLR, providing valuable guidance for treatment strategies.

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar un índice de predicción utilizando datos inflamatorios de laboratorio para identificar qué pacientes podrían necesitar cirugía. MÉTODO: Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos según su estrategia de manejo: no quirúrgico (grupo 1) o quirúrgico (grupo 2). RESULTADOS: Las bilirrubinas indirecta, directa y total fueron significativamente más altas en el grupo 2 que en el grupo 1 (p = 0.001, p < 0.001 y p < 0.001, respectivamente). Las relaciones neutrófilos-linfocitos, plaquetas-neutrófilos-linfocitos y bilirrubina directa-linfocitos fueron significativamente más altas en el grupo 2 que en el grupo 1 (p = 0.041, p = 0.020 y p < 0.001, respectivamente). En el grupo 2, el 78% tenían intestino viable. Se realizó resección en el 40% de los casos, con un 12% de mortalidad y una estancia hospitalaria promedio de 10 días. La relación bilirrubina directa-linfocitos tuvo la mejor precisión general (72%), demostrando una sensibilidad bien equilibrada (62%) y una buena especificidad (81%). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio sugiere que la relación bilirrubina directa-linfocitos es un índice predictivo más preciso para la intervención quirúrgica en pacientes pediátricos con obstrucción adhesiva de intestino delgado en comparación con la de neutrófilos-linfocitos y la de plaquetas-neutrófilos-linfocitos, proporcionando una valiosa orientación para las estrategias de tratamiento.

Como a hiperbilirrubinemia deve ser considerada na definição do protocolo da triagem auditiva para neonatos de risco? / How should hyperbilirubinemia be considered in the definition of the hearing screening protocol for neonates at risk?

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a hiperbilirrubinemia como indicador para a realização do protocolo de risco na triagem auditiva neonatal (TAN) e no monitoramento auditivo em neonatos a termo e prematuros. Método Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo. Foram incluídas 554 crianças nascidas em uma maternidade pública, subdivididas em dois grupos: (G1) com 373 recém-nascidos a termo; (G2) com 181 neonatos prematuros. Os dados foram coletados nos prontuários dos participantes, a fim de se obter informações referentes ao resultado da TAN realizada por meio do registro do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico, às condições de nascimento, características clínicas, intervenções realizadas, resultados do primeiro exame de bilirrubina total (BT) e bilirrubina indireta (BI) e do pico de BT e BI. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva e inferencial dos dados, com adoção do nível de significância de 5%. Resultados No teste da TAN, foram observadas taxas de encaminhamento para reteste inferiores no G1 em relação ao G2. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à ocorrência do tipo de parto, sexo, presença de incompatibilidade sanguínea Rh e ABO, deficiência de enzima G6PD e realização de fototerapia. Em relação aos níveis de BT e BI no primeiro exame e no momento do pico, não houve diferenças entre os neonatos com resultado "passa" e "falha" na TAN-teste nos dois grupos. Conclusão Os níveis de bilirrubina no período neonatal abaixo dos valores recomendados para indicação de exsanguineotransfusão não estão diretamente relacionados ao resultado "falha" na TAN em neonatos a termo e prematuros.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze hyperbilirubinemia as an indicator for the definition of risk protocol in newborn hearing screening (NHS) and in auditory monitoring in full-term and preterm neonates. Methods This is an observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. A total of 554 children born in a public maternity hospital were included and divided into two groups: (G1) with 373 full-terms neonates; (G2) with 181 preterm neonates. Data were collected from the participant's medical records to obtain information regarding the result of the NHS, performed by recording the automated auditory brainstem response (AABR), birth conditions, clinical characteristics, interventions performed, and results of the first test of total bilirubin (TB) and indirect bilirubin (IB) as well as the peak of TB and IB. A descriptive statistical analysis of the results was performed, and the level of significance adopted was 5%. Results On the NHS test, quotes of retest referral rates were smaller in G1 when compared to G2. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding type of delivery, gender, presence of Rh and ABO incompatibility, G6PD enzyme deficiency, and performance of phototherapy. TB and IB levels at the first exam and at peak time did not differ between neonates with "pass" and "fail" results on the NHS test in both groups. Conclusion Bilirubin levels in the neonatal period below the recommended values for indication of exchange transfusion are not directly related to the "fail" result on the NHS tests in term and preterm neonates.

Comparison of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bilirubin levels between patients with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease / Comparação dos níveis de 25-hidroxivitamina D e bilirrubina entre pacientes com tremor essencial e doença de Parkinson

Introduction: Differential diagnoses between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease is challenging in some individuals, with both disorders sharing similarities. Considering these links, we hypothesized that both conditions have a similar profile for some antioxidant molecules, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bilirubin. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study comparing serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bilirubin in 31 ET patients, 38 PD, and 65 controls matched for age. We used the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin scale for the severity of tremors in the ET group. We used Hohen-Yahr and MDS-UPDRS part III scales in the PD group. In addition, we evaluated sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, ethnicity, years of study, duration of disease, and use of primidone. Results: We found no differences in serum levels for 25-hydroxyvitamin D or bilirubin subtype levels between the ET and PD groups. We found low levels of indirect bilirubin in the PD group compared to the controls. We did not find differences between ET and controls in all biomarkers of the study. Conclusion: ET and PD patients have similar profiles for 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bilirubin serum levels. The discovery of differences in oxidative stress biomarkers in both conditions, mainly low-cost substances available clinically, can assist in the differential diagnosis and, in the future, prognostication and better therapy management (AU).

Introdução: O diagnóstico diferencial entre tremor essencial (TE) e a doença de Parkinson (DP) é desafiador em alguns indivíduos com ambas as afecções apresentando algumas similaridades. Assim sendo, hipotetizamos que ambas têm perfil similar de algumas moléculas antioxidantes, incluindo 25-hidroxivitamina D e bilirrubina. Méto-dos: Realizamos um estudo transversal comparando os níveis séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D e bilirrubinas em 31 indivíduos com TE, 38 com DP e 65 controles pareados por idade. A escala de Fahn-Tolosa-Marin foi usada para avaliação da gravidade do tremor no grupo com TE e Hohen-Yahr e UPDRS parte III na avaliação do grupo com DP. Também foram avaliadas as características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Não encontramos diferenças nos níveis séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D ou bilirrubina entre os grupos TE e DP. Encontramos baixos níveis de bilirrubina indireta no grupo DP comparado aos controles. Não encontramos diferenças entre os grupos com TE e controles em nenhum dos biomarcadores do estudo. Conclusão: Pacientes com TE e DP apresentam níveis séricos semelhantes de 25-Hidroxivitamina D e bilirrubinas. Diferenças nos biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo em ambas as condi-ções, principalmente substâncias de baixo custo disponíveis na clínica, pode auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial e, futuramente, no prognóstico e otimização terapêutica (AU).

Bilirrubina: mecanismos tóxicos de una molécula antioxidante / Bilirubin: The toxic mechanisms of an antioxidant molecule

La hiperbilirrubinemia es el motivo más frecuente de consulta e internación en el período neonatal. Requiere la instauración oportuna de un tratamiento eficiente, ya que los recién nacidos son especialmente vulnerables a los daños que la bilirrubina puede causar en el sistema nervioso central, debido a características propias de esta etapa de la vida.La bilirrubina en altas concentraciones produce neurotoxicidad y estrés oxidativo. Sin embargo, estudios de biología molecular demuestran que la misma molécula se comporta como un potente antioxidante.El objetivo de esta actualización es revisar cuáles son los procesos por los que la bilirrubina genera daño celular y cuáles son sus efectos antioxidantes beneficiosos. Conocer estos mecanismos facilitaría una indicación más precisa de luminoterapia individualizada, eficaz y oportuna. Hasta nuevos avances científicos, la prescripción de este tratamiento debe ser orientada por consenso de expertos

Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common reason for consultation and hospitalization in the neonatal period. It requires a timely initiation of an effective treatment because newborn infants are especially vulnerable to damage caused by bilirubin in the central nervous system due to the characteristics typical of this stage of life.High bilirubin levels result in neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. However, molecular biology studies have demonstrated that bilirubin itself acts as a potent antioxidant.The objective of this update is to review the processes whereby bilirubin causes cell damage and determine its beneficial antioxidant effects. Knowing these mechanisms may facilitate a more accurate indication of a customized, effective, and timely phototherapy. Until new scientific advances are made, phototherapy should be prescribed based on expert consensus.

Diagnóstico diferencial de las anemias hemolíticas / Differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemias

Introducción: El término hemólisis hace referencia a la destrucción de los eritrocitos y ocurre en un amplio rango de condiciones clínicas fisiológicas y patológicas. Es empleado para definir situaciones en la que la vida media de los eritrocitos está disminuida por causas mecánicas, tóxicas, autoinmunes o infecciosas. Objetivo: Describir los principales marcadores de hemólisis que se encuentran variablemente alterados en las diferentes formas de anemias hemolíticas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, en inglés y español, a través del sitio web PubMed y el motor de búsqueda Google Académico de artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Se hizo un análisis y resumen de la información. Análisis y síntesis de la información: La hemoglobina es el marcador más directo de la gravedad clínica en las enfermedades hemolíticas. Sus valores pueden estar muy próximos a los valores de referencia en las formas ligeras (Hb > 100 g/L) o significativamente reducidos en las moderadas (Hb entre 80-100 g/L), graves (Hb entre 60-80 g/L) y muy graves (Hb < 60 g/L). Sin embargo, existen otros marcadores esenciales para diferenciar las formas de presentación aguda y crónica, la hemólisis extravascular de la intravascular y la presencia de signos extrahematológicos tales como: los reticulocitos y esquistocitos, la deshidrogenasa láctica, la haptoglobina, la bilirrubina, la ferritina y la hemosiderinuria. Conclusiones: Los parámetros hemolíticos pueden estar diferencialmente alterados en varias condiciones lo cual ayuda en la realización del diagnóstico diferencial de las anemias hemolíticas(AU)

Introduction: The term hemolysis refers to the destruction of erythrocytes, a process occurring in a wide range of physiological and pathological clinical conditions. The term is used to define situations in which mean erythrocyte lifespan is reduced due to mechanical, toxic, autoimmune or infectious causes. Objective: Describe the main markers of hemolysis found to be variably altered in the different forms of hemolytic anemias. Methods: A review was conducted of the literature about the topic published in English and Spanish in the website PubMed and the search engine Google Scholar in the last 10 years. Data were analyzed and summarized. Data analysis and synthesis: Hemoglobin is the most direct marker of clinical severity in hemolytic diseases. Its values may be very close to reference levels in mild disease (Hb > 100 g/l), whereas they will be significantly reduced in moderate (Hb 80-100 g/l), severe (Hb 60-80 g/l) and very severe disease (Hb < 60 g/l). However, other markers are also essential to distinguish acute from chronic presentation, extravascular from intravascular hemolysis, and the presence of extrahematological signs such as reticulocytes and schistocytes, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin, bilirubin, ferritin and hemosiderinuria. Conclusions: Differentially altered hemolytic parameters may be found in several conditions, which makes them useful for the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemias(AU)

Niveles de proteína C reactiva, bilirrubina y leucocitos como predictores de evolución anatomopatológica apendicular / Levels of C-reactive Protein, Bilirubin and Leucocytes as Predictors of Anotomopathological Appendicular Evolution

RESUMEN Introducción: La apendicitis aguda es la urgencia quirúrgica más frecuente en cualquier hospital del mundo. Aunque la mayoría de las veces se trata de un proceso intrabdominal banal, en ocasiones presenta una no desdeñable morbilidad y todavía en la época actual. Esta morbimortalidad se asocia, en la mayoría de los casos, a estados avanzados de afección apendicular. Objetivo: Predecir, con la cifra de bilirrubina, la proteína C reactiva y el recuento leucocitario, el estado del proceso apendicular agudo que presentaban los pacientes. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en el que se han incluido aquellos pacientes intervenidos por sospecha de apendicitis aguda durante un periodo de 3 años (2017-2019) que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Se analizó, como datos de laboratorio, la cifra de leucocitos, proteína C reactiva y bilirrubina. Resultados: Se observó un aumento de las cifras de proteína C reactiva y bilirrubina en los casos apendiculares avanzados, al igual que otros autores han evidenciado en la literatura. Así mismo, estos dos valores han resultado ser un factor de riesgo para presentar formas graves. El nivel de leucocitos sin embargo no ha demostrado relacionarse con la gravedad del proceso. Conclusiones: Vemos relevante el uso de los biomarcadores estudiados para predecir la gravedad apendicular con el objetivo de mejorar la asistencia en estos enfermos y disminuir las complicaciones derivadas del retraso terapéutico(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most frequent surgical emergency in any hospital worldwide. Although most of the time it is a trivial intraabdominal process, sometimes it presents an unneglectable morbidity. This morbidity and the subsequent mortality are associated, in most cases, with advanced stages of an appendicular disease. Objective: To predict, using the value corresponding to bilirubin, C-reactive protein and leukocyte count, the state of acute appendicular process presented by patients. Methods: A descriptive observational study was carried out, including patients operated on for suspected acute appendicitis during a period of three years (2017-2019) and who met the inclusion criteria. The values for leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and bilirubin were analyzed as laboratory data. Results: An increase in the values of C-reactive protein and bilirubin levels was observed in advanced appendicular cases, as other authors have shown in the medical literature. Likewise, these two values ​​have turned out to be a risk factor for presenting severe forms. However, the level of leukocytes has not been shown to be related to the severity of the process. Conclusions: We consider the use of the biomarkers studied as relevant to predict appendicular severity in view of improving care of these patients and reducing complications derived from therapeutic delay(AU)

Differential diagnoses in 83 dogs with icterus / Diagnósticos diferenciais em 83 cães com icterícia

Icterus (jaundice) is a yellowish pigmentation resulting from the depositing of bilirubin in tissues due to its high plasmatic concentration. The pathogenesis of icterus includes metabolic changes or obstructed bilirubin excretion and it is classified as pre-hepatic, hepatic and post-hepatic. This study aimed to evaluate and classify different causes of icterus in dogs during post mortem examination. These dogs were examined from 2014 to 2017, using macroscopic and histologic exams as well as ancillary tests. Eighty-three dogs were examined macroscopically and microscopically. They were separated into groups of icterus types: 24 (28.9%) dogs had pre-hepatic icterus, 45 (54.2%) had hepatic, 13 (15.7%) pre-hepatic and hepatic and one (1.2%) had post-hepatic icterus. Many factors were identified as a cause of icterus, including infectious agents (51/83), neoplasms (13/83), hepatic degeneration (11/83), chronic hepatic diseases (6/83), and obstructive causes (1/87). Among the infectious causes, leptospirosis, ehrlichiosis and disorders suggestive of septicemia were diagnosed. Neoplasms associated with icterus were cholangiocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma and lymphoma. Other causes of icterus included degenerative diseases, such as lipidosis and glycogen degeneration. Hepatic fibrosis (cirrhosis) as a chronic disease and cholelithiasis also produced icterus. PCR was performed to confirm leptospirosis and ehrlichiosis. Samples of total DNA were used to amplify a fragment of a gene from Leptospira interrogans and Ehrlichia canis. In some dogs, co-infection of these agents was detected. The classification and identification of icterus etiologies in dogs is very important due to the number of diseases with this alteration, where ante mortem diagnosis is not always easily performed when some of these conditions are present.(AU)

Icterícia é a pigmentação amarelada decorrente da deposição de bilirrubina em tecidos devido à elevada concentração plasmática. A patogênese da icterícia inclui alterações no metabolismo ou na excreção de bilirrubina, sendo classificada em pré-hepática, hepática ou pós-hepática. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar, avaliar e classificar as causas de icterícia em cães necropsiados de 2014 a 2017, associando as lesões macroscópicas, histológicas e exames complementares. Foram avaliados macro- e microscopicamente 83 cães com diferentes intensidades de icterícia. Os cães foram separados em grupos de acordo com o tipo de icterícia: 24 (28,9%) cães com icterícia pré-hepática, 45 (54,2%) cães com icterícia hepática, 13 (15,7%) com icterícia pré-hepática e hepática e um (1,2%) com icterícia pós-hepática. Foram identificadas várias etiologias associadas à icterícia, dentre elas pode-se destacar, agentes infecciosos (51/83), neoplasmas (13/83), processos degenerativos (11/83), crônicos (6/83) e obstrutivos (1/83). Dentre as causas infecciosas, destacam-se a leptospirose, a erliquiose e as lesões sugestivas de septicemia. Entre os neoplasmas associados com icterícia destacaram-se o colangiocarcinoma, hemangiossarcoma e linfoma. Outras causas de icterícia incluiriam os processos degenerativos como as degenerações gordurosa e glicogênica. Fibrose hepática (cirrose) e colelitíase foram também diagnosticados como causa de icterícia. A PCR foi utilizada para o diagnóstico confirmatório de leptospirose e erliquiose. Amostras de DNA total foram utilizadas para amplificar um fragmento dos genes de Leptospira interrogans e de Ehrlichia canis. Em alguns cães foi detectada co-infecção por estes agentes. A classificação e a identificação das causas de icterícia em cães são relevantes devido ao grande número de doenças que apresentam essa alteração, muitas vezes sem diagnóstico ante mortem.(AU)

Is serum bilirubin level a predictor factor in parotid gland carcinoma? / O nível sérico de bilirrubina é um fator preditivo no carcinoma da glândula parótida?

Abstract Introduction: Bilirubin levels have been associated with risk of several malignancies. The association between pretreatment serum bilirubin levels and overall survival of patients with parotid gland carcinoma is unclear. Objectives: In this study, we assessed the effect of serum bilirubin levels to overall survival in malignant parotid tumors. Methods: This study included a total of 35 patients, 15 female and 20 male. The mean age of these patients was 60.7 ± 14.5 years. All patients who were diagnosed with parotid gland carcinoma and underwent total parotidectomy between 2008 and 2018, were retrospectively assessed. The relationship between the overall survival of patients and total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin levels was estimated. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off points. Results: Patients with low direct bilirubin, total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin had significantly longer overall survival than those with high levels. Cut-off values for total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were detected as 0.545 mg/dL, 0.175 mg/dL and 0.435 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusion: In our study, we observed that increased preoperative bilirubin levels are associated with reduced survival time in the postoperative period of patients with parotid gland carcinoma.

Resumo Introdução: Os níveis de bilirrubina têm sido associados ao risco de várias lesões malignas. A associação entre os níveis séricos de bilirrubina pré-tratamento e a sobrevida global dos pacientes com carcinoma da glândula parótida ainda não é clara. Objetivos: Neste estudo, avaliamos o efeito dos níveis séricos de bilirrubina na sobrevida global em tumores malignos de parótida. Método: Este estudo avaliou 35 pacientes, 15 do sexo feminino e 20 do masculino. A média de idade foi de 60,7 ± 14,5 anos. Pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma da glândula parótida e submetidos a parotidectomia total entre 2008 e 2018 foram avaliados retrospectivamente. A relação entre a sobrevida global dos pacientes e os níveis de bilirrubina total, bilirrubina direta e bilirrubina indireta foi estimada. A análise da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic foi realizada para determinar os pontos de corte ideais. Resultados: Pacientes com níveis mais baixos de bilirrubina direta, bilirrubina indireta e bilirrubina total tiveram sobrevida global significantemente maior do que aqueles com valores mais altos. Valores de corte para bilirrubina total, bilirrubina direta e bilirrubina indireta foram estabelecidos como 0,545 mg/dL, 0,175 mg/dL e 0,435 mg/dL, respectivamente. Conclusão: Em nosso estudo, verificamos que níveis de bilirrubina aumentados no pré-operatório estão associados à redução do tempo de sobrevida no período pós-operatório em pacientes com carcinoma da glândula parótida.

Is serum bilirubin level a predictor factor in parotid gland carcinoma?

INTRODUCTION: Bilirubin levels have been associated with risk of several malignancies. The association between pretreatment serum bilirubin levels and overall survival of patients with parotid gland carcinoma is unclear. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the effect of serum bilirubin levels to overall survival in malignant parotid tumors. METHODS: This study included a total of 35 patients, 15 female and 20 male. The mean age of these patients was 60.7±14.5 years. All patients who were diagnosed with parotid gland carcinoma and underwent total parotidectomy between 2008 and 2018, were retrospectively assessed. The relationship between the overall survival of patients and total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin levels was estimated. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off points. RESULTS: Patients with low direct bilirubin, total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin had significantly longer overall survival than those with high levels. Cut-off values for total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were detected as 0.545mg/dL, 0.175mg/dL and 0.435mg/dL, respectively. CONCLUSION: In our study, we observed that increased preoperative bilirubin levels are associated with reduced survival time in the postoperative period of patients with parotid gland carcinoma.

Caracterización del paciente con anemia de células falciformes, Hospital Escuela Universitario, 2016-2017 / Characterization of the patient with Sickle Cell Anemia, University School Hospital, 2016­2017

La anemia de células falciformes es un trastorno autosómico recesivo, causado por una mutación genética que codifica la cadena ß de globina. Objetivo: caracterizar al paciente con diagnóstico de anemia de células falciformes atendidos en el Servicio de Hematología y salas de hospitalización del Hospital Escuela Universitario, período enero 2016 -junio 2017. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo transversal. Se incluyen 72 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de anemia de células falciformes. Se definieron las variables sobre el último episodio documentado, aspectos sociodemográficos, antecedentes, presentación clínica y valores de laboratorio. Resultados: la media para la edad fue 29.7+/-13; hombres 42(58.3%) y mujeres 30(41.6%). De ellos 46(63.9%) procedían de Francisco Morazán.; 38(52.8%) presentaron trombocitosis y 32(44.4%) tuvieron hiperbilirrubinemia al ingreso; 30(41.7%) presentaron complicación relacionada con crisis vaso-oclusiva sin fallecimientos, 23(31.9%) pacientes fueron atendidos en consulta externa y 49(68.1%) fueron hospitalizados. Conclusión: la mayoría de los pacientes con diagnóstico de anemia de células falciformes eran adultos jóvenes, de predominio masculino, manejados con hidroxiurea, opioides y antibioticoterapia, presentándose como crisis vaso-oclusiva y/o crisis dolorosa, sin casos de mortalidad...(AU)

Hiperbilirrubinemia severa en recién nacidos, factores de riesgo y secuelas neurológicas / Severe hyperbilirubinemia in newborns, risk factors and neurological outcomes

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hiperbilirrubinemia es altamente prevalente en los recién nacidos, con riesgo de compromiso neurológico con bilirrubinemias mayor a 20-25 mg/dl. Esta progresión es prevenible con detección y tratamiento precoz. OBJETIVO: Describir incidencia y factores asociados en pacientes hospitalizados con hiperbilirrubinemia mayor de 20 mg/dl, y el seguimiento de casos sintomáticos durante hospitalización. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con hiperbilirru- binemia severa, entre el 2013 y 2016. Se evaluaron factores de riesgo, estratificándose por nivel de bilirrubina, edad de ingreso y edad gestacional. Se compararon los datos con test exacto de Fisher, chi cuadrado y riesgo relativo (RR) en una base de excel, con un error alfa de un p<0.05. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de la epicrisis electrónica y de la ficha de control a nivel secundarios. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo, de 25.288 recién nacidos vivos (RNV), 593 se hospitalizaron por hiperbilirrubinemia mayor de 20 mg/dl, 1 por cada 42 RNV; y 59 con bilirrubinemia mayor a 25 mg/dl, 1 por cada 428 RNV. La hiperbilirrubinemia fue más frecuente en varones, con RR 1,22 (IC 95% 1,04-1,44) y en pretérminos tardíos, con un RR 2,39 (IC 95% 1,96-2,93) comparado con RN de término. En los ingresados con más de 4 días, el principal factor asociado fue la baja de peso excesiva, y en los primeros 3 días, la incompatibilidad de grupo clásico. Tres de 10 pacientes con encefalopatía aguda, persistieron con compromiso neurológico, lo que significa 11,8 por 100.000 nacidos vivos. CONCLUSIONES: Los principales factores de riesgo para desarrollar hiperbilirrubinemia severa fueron prematurez, baja de peso excesiva, incompatibilidad de grupo clásico y sexo masculino. Estos hallazgos permiten focalizar la atención en grupos de riesgo y disminuir la probabilidad de daño neurológico.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperbilirubinemia is highly prevalent in newborns, with risk of neurological invol vement with bilirubinemia higher than 20 to 25 mg/dl. This progression is preventable with early de tection and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence and associated factors in hospitalized pa tients with hyperbilirubinemia higher than 20 mg/dl, and the follow-up of symptomatic cases during hospitalization. OATIENTS Y METHOD: Retrospective study of patients with severe hyperbilirubine mia, between 2013 and 2016. Risk factors were evaluated, stratifying by bilirubin level, admission age, and gestational age. The data were compared with Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, and relative risk (RR) in an Excel database, with an alpha error of p <0.05. The data were obtained from the electronic discharge summary and the medical record of secondary level follow-up. RESULTS: During the studied period, out of 25,288 live newborns (NB), 593 were hospitalized due to hyperbilirubinemia higher than 20 mg/dl, one per each 42 live NB; and 59 with bilirubinemia higher than 25 mg/dl, one per each 428 live NB. Hyperbilirubinemia was more frequent in males, with RR 1.22 (95% CI 1.04-1.44), and in late preterm newborns, with RR 2.39 (95% CI 1.96-2.93) compared with term NB. In those admitted with more than four days, the main associated factor was excessive weight loss, whereas in the first three days was classic group incompatibility. Three of ten cases with acute encephalopathy persisted with neurological involvement, which means 11.8 per 100,000 live births. CONCLUSIONS: The main risk factors for developing severe hyperbilirubinemia were prematurity, excessive weight loss, classic group incompatibility, and male sex. These findings allow to focus attention on risk groups and decrease the probability of neurological damage.

Bilirrubina: metabolismo, pruebas de laboratorio e hiperbilirrubinemia / Bilirubin: metabolism, laboratory tests and hyperbilirubinemia

Resumen La bilirrubina es el producto final de la degradación del grupo hem. La bilirrubina no conjugada (BNC) se forma en las células retículoendoteliales, transportada al hígado, donde es conjugada a glucurónidos y secretada a los canalículos. La BNC se solubiliza en el suero por medio de su fuerte unión con la albúmina. La unión bilirrubina-albúmina es una función de las concentraciones de la albúmina y de la bilirrubina y de la afinidad de unión por la bilirrubina. La fracción de bilirrubina no unida o bilirrubina libre plasmática (Bf) se incrementa significativamente conforme el nivel de bilirrubina sérica total (BST) alcanza la capacidad de unión de la albúmina. La Bf es considerada un mejor indicador de neurotoxicidad que la BST, a causa de que solamente la bilirrubina libre puede cruzar la barrera hematoencefálica. En la práctica médica la bilirrubina es un marcador de disfunción hepática, colestasis o enfermedad hemolítica. Una variedad de factores limita la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la medición de la bilirrubina para detectar anormalidades: lipemia, hemólisis, exposición a la luz visible y el estado de ayuno. La hiperbilirrubinemia puede ser clasificada como prehepática, hepática y poshepática, y esto brinda un marco útil para identificar la causa subyacente. Además, hay bilirrubina conjugada y no conjugada. La hiperbilirrubinemia y la ictericia neonatales se presentan en casi todos los recién nacidos y puede ser benigna si su progresión a hiperbilirrubinemia es reconocida, monitoreada y prevenida o tratada en una manera oportuna.

Abstract Bilirubin is the end product of heme breakdown. Unconjugated bilirubin (UB) is formed in reticuloendothelial cells, transported to the liver where it is conjugated to glucuronides, and then secreted into the canaliculi. UB is solubilized in serum via very tight linkage to albumin. Bilirubin-albumin binding is a function of the concentration of bilirubin and albumin and the binding affinity for bilirubin. The fraction of unbound bilirubin or plasma free bilirubin (Bf) increases significantly as the total serum bilirubin (TSB) level approaches the binding capacity of albumin. Bf is thought to be better indicator of neurotoxicity than TSB, because only plasma free bilirubin can cross the blood-brain barrier. In medical practice bilirubin is a marker of liver dysfunction, cholestasis or hemolytic disease. A variety of factors limit both the sensitivity and the specificity of bilirubin measurement to detect the abnormalities: lipemia, hemolysis, exposure of visible light and fasting state. Hyperbilirubinemia can be categorised as prehepatic, hepatic or poshepatic, and this provides a useful framework for identifying the underlying cause. In addition, there are conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice occur in almost all newborns and may be benign if its progression to extreme hyperbilirubinemia is recognized, monitored and prevented or managed in a timely manner.

Aplicación del bilirrubinómetro no invasivo en recién nacidos / Application of non-invasive bilirubinometry in newborns

Introducción: Las pautas para prevención y tratamiento de hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal recomiendan medición de bilirrubina sérica total (BST) o bilirrubina transcutánea (BTc) para determinar el grado de ictericia antes del alta del recién nacido (RN); ésta última no invasiva, proporciona información instantánea y de calidad superior a la evaluación clínica. A pesar de ello aún no ha sido aplicada en forma sistemática en los hospitales de Paraguay. Objetivo: evaluar la aplicación en nuestro medio de la medición de bilirrubinemia transcutánea antes del alta correlancionando con la bilirrubina sérica. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo con componente analítico, de corte transversal. Fueron incluidos RN con edad gestacional ≥ a 35 semanas, con peso ≥ a 2000 gramos, luego de las 24 hs de vida hasta los 8 días; bajo consentimiento informado de los padres, durante un año. Los datos fueron consignados en una planilla de Microsoft Excel y procesado por el software IBM SPSS Statistics ®. Resultados: De 271 RN que ingresaron al estudio, en la primera medición con el Bilirrubinómetro transcutáneo, cumplían con criterios para toma de bilirrubina sérica 90 (33,2%) de ellos. En los restantes 181 RN (66,8%), los datos emparejados no estaban disponibles debido a que siguiendo las recomendaciones de las guías actuales no fue necesario medir la bilirrubina sérica. El valor del coeficiente de correlación para la primera medición fue r = 0.574. Para la segunda medición las medidas emparejadas estaban disponibles para 131 RN. En este caso se encontró correlación positiva entre ambos métodos de 0,590. Conclusión: La bilirrubina transcutánea puede utilizarse en forma rápida, segura y válida, como un test de screening para la detección de hiperbilirrubinemia y podría evitar una proporción importante de toma de muestras sanguíneas, mejorando la seguridad del paciente.

Introduction: The guidelines for prevention and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia recommend measurement of total serum bilirubin (BST) or transcutaneous bilirubin (BTc) to determine the degree of jaundice before discharge of the newborn (NB); the latter non-invasive method provides instant information which is superior to the clinical evaluation. Despite this, it has not yet been systematically applied in hospitals in Paraguay. Objective: to evaluate transcutaneous measurement of bilirubin concentration as compared to serum bilirubin levels prior to discharge in our setting. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study with an analytical component. For a period of one year, we tracked NBs with a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks, weighing ≥ 2000 grams, from 24 hours of life until 8 days of life, obtaining the informed consent of the parents. The data was entered in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and processed by the IBM SPSS Statistics ® software. Results: Of 271 NBs who entered the study, 90 (33.2%) met criteria for measurement of serum bilirubin at their first measurement with the transcutaneous bilirubinometer. In the remaining 181 RN (66.8%), the paired data were not available as measurement of serum bilirubin was not required per the recommendations of current guidelines. The correlation coefficient value for the first measurement was r = 0.574. For the second measurement, paired measurements were available for 131 NBs. In this case, a positive correlation was found between both methods of 0.590. Conclusion: Transcutaneous bilirubin can be used quickly, safely and accurately as a screening test for the detection of hyperbilirubinemia and could avoid a significant proportion of blood sampling, improving patient safety.

Exploring the relationship of peripheral total bilirubin, red blood cell, and hemoglobin with blood pressure during childhood and adolescence / Explorando a relação entre os níveis periféricos de bilirrubina total, glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina e a pressão arterial na infância e adolescência

Abstract Objective: Total bilirubin is beneficial for protecting cardiovascular diseases in adults. The authors aimed to investigate the association of total bilirubin, red blood cell, and hemoglobin levels with the prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 3776 students (aged from 6 to 16 years old) were examined using cluster sampling. Pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure were respectively defined as the point of 90th and 95th percentiles based on the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were standardized into z-scores. Results: Peripheral total bilirubin, red blood cell and hemoglobin levels were significantly correlated with age, and also varied with gender. Peripheral total bilirubin was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure in 6- and 9-year-old boys, whilst positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure in the 12-year-old boys and 13- to 15-year-old girls (p < 0.05). Higher levels of red blood cell and hemoglobin were observed in pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure students when compared with their normotensive peers (p < 0.01). The increases in red blood cell and hemoglobin were significantly associated with high blood pressure after adjusting for confounding factors. The ORs (95% CI) of each of the increases were 2.44 (1.52-3.92) and 1.04 (1.03-1.06), respectively. No statistical association between total bilirubin and high blood pressure was observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Total bilirubin could be weakly correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as correlations varied with age and gender in children and adolescents; in turn, the increased levels of red blood cell and hemoglobin are proposed to be positively associated with the prevalence of high blood pressure.

Resumo Objetivo: A bilirrubina total é benéfica para proteger contra doenças cardiovasculares em adultos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a associação dos níveis de bilirrubina total, glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina com a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Um total de 3.776 estudantes (com idade entre 6-16 anos) foram examinados utilizando uma amostra em blocos. A pressão arterial elevada anterior e a pressão arterial elevada foram definidas como o 90° e 95° percentil, respectivamente, com base nos critérios do Quarto Relatório sobre Diagnóstico, Avaliação e Tratamento da Pressão Arterial elevada em Crianças e Adolescentes. A pressão arterial sistólica e pressão arterial diastólica foram padronizadas no escore z. Resultados: Os níveis periféricos de bilirrubina total, glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina foram significativamente correlacionados à idade, que também variou de acordo com o sexo. A bilirrubina total periférica apresentou uma correlação negativa com a pressão arterial sistólica em meninos com 6 e 9 anos, ao passo que apresentou uma correlação positiva com a pressão arterial diastólica em meninos de 12 anos e meninas de 13 a 15 anos (p < 0,05). Foram observados níveis mais elevados de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina em estudantes com pressão arterial elevada anterior e pressão arterial elevada em comparação a indivíduos normotensos (p < 0,01). Os aumentos de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina tiveram uma associação significativa com a pressão arterial elevada após ajuste dos fatores de confusão. As RC (IC de 95%) de cada um dos aumentos foram 2,44 (1,52-3,92) e 1,04 (1,03-1,06) respectivamente. Não foi observada nenhuma associação estatística entre o nível de bilirrubina total e a pressão arterial elevada (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A bilirrubina total pode ter correlações fracas com a pressão arterial sistólica e a pressão arterial diastólica, variando de acordo com a idade e o sexo em crianças e adolescentes, enquanto isso, propõe-se que o aumento dos níveis de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina está positivamente associado à prevalência de pressão arterial elevada.

Variações dos valores séricos do CEA, bilirrubinas e aminotransferases em indivíduos oncológicos / Variations of serum values of CEA, bilirubins and aminotransferases in oncologic individuals

Objetivo: esta pesquisa baseou-se na determinação sérica de marcadores biológicos importantes, em indivíduos oncológicos, para uma possível detecção prognóstica de cân- cer colorretal, tais como o CEA (antígeno carcinoembrionário), as aminotransferases (ALT e AST) e a bilirrubina total (BT) e suas frações direta (BD) e indireta (BI). Métodos: prontuários arquivados de indivíduos (n=80), atendidos no ambulatório e sob internação do setor de oncologia do Hospital Barão de Lucena, localizado em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, foram catalogados para análise. O estudo de coorte transversal foi adotado para se avaliar a prevalência de positividade do CEA, correlacionada com os índices séricos eleva- dos das bilirrubinas e aminotransferases. Resultados: o percentual mais elevado de indivíduos com valores alterados, em cada marcador biológico analisado, correspondeu ao sexo masculino, com a maior diferença observada para BI (44,0% vs. 18,2%). O percentual de resultados com alteração para AST, BT, BD e BI foi correspondentemente maior entre os indivíduos que expressaram valores de CEA alterados, com as duas maiores diferenças constatadas para BT (20,6% vs.8,7%) e BI (35,3% vs.19,6%). Conclusão: a associação dos biomarcardores séricos (CEA, bilirrubinas e aminotransferases) não demonstrou resultados significativos. Entretanto, valores do CEA alterados não podem ser desconsiderados, pois, quando averiguados isoladamente, inferem um possível risco de desenvolvimento de neoplasias do sistema digestório, principalmente na região colorretal, assim como da mama, do pulmão e do ovário.

Exploring the relationship of peripheral total bilirubin, red blood cell, and hemoglobin with blood pressure during childhood and adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: Total bilirubin is beneficial for protecting cardiovascular diseases in adults. The authors aimed to investigate the association of total bilirubin, red blood cell, and hemoglobin levels with the prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 3776 students (aged from 6 to 16 years old) were examined using cluster sampling. Pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure were respectively defined as the point of 90th and 95th percentiles based on the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were standardized into z-scores. RESULTS: Peripheral total bilirubin, red blood cell and hemoglobin levels were significantly correlated with age, and also varied with gender. Peripheral total bilirubin was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure in 6- and 9-year-old boys, whilst positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure in the 12-year-old boys and 13- to 15-year-old girls (p<0.05). Higher levels of red blood cell and hemoglobin were observed in pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure students when compared with their normotensive peers (p<0.01). The increases in red blood cell and hemoglobin were significantly associated with high blood pressure after adjusting for confounding factors. The ORs (95% CI) of each of the increases were 2.44 (1.52-3.92) and 1.04 (1.03-1.06), respectively. No statistical association between total bilirubin and high blood pressure was observed (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Total bilirubin could be weakly correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as correlations varied with age and gender in children and adolescents; in turn, the increased levels of red blood cell and hemoglobin are proposed to be positively associated with the prevalence of high blood pressure.

Desarrollo de un Sistema con Potencial Aplicación de Fototerapia para Ictericia Neonatal / Design of a System with a Potential Application to Neonatal Jaundice Phototherapy

RESUMEN En este proyecto se diseñó y construyó un prototipo con potencial aplicación a un sistema de fototerapia para ictericia neonatal utilizando por primera vez LEDs de 10 W de alta potencia. Se describe la metodología aplicada para el diseño de los diferentes circuitos electrónicos que se utilizaron para la alimentación de la corriente de excitación de los LEDs, se describe el método de control de corriente mediante el uso de la modulación por ancho de pulsos, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM, por sus siglas en inglés), generados por el circuito integrado 555. Se diseñó la placa de circuito impreso mediante la ayuda del simulador Orcad Layout. Se utilizaron dos LEDs de alta potencia de 10 W para el propósito de conservar la intensidad requerida para el tratamiento, minimizando el espacio utilizado por la cantidad de LEDs utilizados en los equipos convencionales. Entre las limitaciones que se presentaron en esta investigación fue el uso de la plataforma Arduino, ya que se tienen varias oportunidades de mejora para darle el mejor uso al microcontrolador, y de esta manera digitalizar el sistema de una forma más completa, reduciendo la circuitería de control. El prototipo presentado cumple con los requerimientos necesarios para un sistema de fototerapia.

ABSTRACT This project consisted in the design and construction of a prototype with potential application to a phototherapy system for neonatal jaundice using for the first-time high power 10 W LEDs. The methodology for the design of different electronic circuits which were used for feeding the drive current of the LEDs, the current control method described using pulse width modulation (PWM) generated by the known 555 integrated circuit is described. The printed circuit board was designed with the help of the Orcad Layout simulator. Two high-power 10 W LEDs were used for maintaining the intensity required for the treatment, minimizing the space used by the number of LEDs used in the conventional equipment. Among the limitations presented in this research was the use of the Arduino platform, due to several improve that can be used to improve and increase the use of this microcontroller, and in this way to digitize the system, reducing the circuitry of control. The prototype presented meets the requirements for a phototherapy system according to the different references used.

Evidências no uso de fototerapia convencional em neonatos com icterícia / Evidence on the use of phototherapy in neonates with jaundice

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão sistemática do uso de fototerapia convencional na redução da bilirrubina indireta emrecém-nascidos com icterícia patológica. Teve por objetivo analisar as condutas de fototerapia convencional descritas em ensaiosclínicos controlados aleatórios para o tratamento de icterícia em neonatos. A amostra foi composta por 9 artigos publicados em8 periódicos internacionais, todos em inglês, em 2008 e 2009. Constatou-se a existência de recomendação do uso de lâmpadasfluorescentes brancas e azuis associadas.

This paper presents a systematic review on the use of conventional phototherapy for reducing indirect bilirubinin newborn infants with pathological jaundice. It aimed to analyze the conducts of conventional phototherapy described inrandomized controlled clinical trials for the treatment of jaundice in newborn infants. The sample consisted of 9 papers publishedin 8 international journals, all in English, in 2008 and 2009. The existence of a recommendation to use combined white and bluefluorescent lamps was found.

En este artículo se presenta una revisión sistemática del uso de la fototerapia convencional en la reducción de labilirrubina indirecta en recién nacidos con ictericia patológica. El objetivo fue analizar las conductas de fototerapia convencionaldescritas en ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios para el tratamiento de ictericia en recién nacidos. La muestra fue compuesta por9 artículos publicados en 8 revistas internacionales, todos en inglés, en 2008 y 2009. Se constató la existencia de recomendacióndel uso de lámparas fluorescentes blancas y azules asociadas.