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1.
Health Secur ; 20(1): 16-25, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34964654

ABSTRACT

Gene drives are an emerging technology with tremendous potential to impact public health, agriculture, and conservation. While gene drives can be described simply as selfish genetic elements (natural or engineered) that are inherited at non-Mendelian rates, upon closer inspection, engineered gene drive technology is a complex class of biotechnology that uses a diverse number of genetic features to bias rates of inheritance. As a complex technology, gene drives can be difficult to comprehend, not only for the public and stakeholders, but also to risk assessors, risk managers, and decisionmakers not familiar with gene drive literature. To address this difficulty, we describe a gene drive classification system based on 5 functional characteristics. These characteristics include a gene drive's objective, mechanism, release threshold, range, and persistence. The aggregate of the gene drive's characteristics can be described as the gene drive's architecture. Establishing a classification system to define different gene drive technologies should make them more comprehensible to the public and provide a framework to guide regulatory evaluation and decisionmaking.


Subject(s)
Gene Drive Technology , Communication , Humans
2.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 27(1): 103-106, ene.-mar 2020.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144937

ABSTRACT

Abstract Intellectual Property is a powerful legal and economic instrument. In our "knowledge economy", patents are the preferred IP tool with special emphasis in the pharma - agro biotech industry. However, the growth of patents in the bio sector such as the pharma and agro fields, encounters many challenges. Life itself has not been defined yet. So, how can it be determined exactly when a living being, or a biological entity has been modified by itself or by human intervention, and thus address issues of patentability? Therefore, a researcher in the bio field cannot be alien to Intellectual Property, being the main actor in the revolution of the bio-pharma-agro sectors.


Resumen La propiedad intelectual es un poderoso instrumento legal y económico. En nuestra "economía del conocimiento", las patentes son la herramienta de propiedad intelectual preferida, con mayor énfasis en la industria farmacéutica - agrícola - biotecnológica. Sin embargo, el crecimiento de patentes en el sector biológico, tales como el campo farmacéutico y el agro, encuentra muchos desafíos. La vida misma aún no ha sido definida. Entonces, ¿cómo podría determinarse exactamente cuándo un ser vivo o una entidad biológica ha sido modificado por sí mismo o por la intervención humana? Por lo tanto, un investigador del sector bio, no puede ser ajeno a la Propiedad Intelectual, siendo el actor principal en la revolución del sector biofarmacéutico y agrario.

3.
Environ Pollut ; 229: 771-779, 2017 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28693752

ABSTRACT

In the Pampas, public concern has strongly risen because of the intensive use of glyphosate for weed control and fallow associated with biotech crops. The present study was aimed to evaluate the occurrence and concentration of the herbicide and its main metabolite (AMPA) in soil and other environmental compartments of the mentioned agroecosystem, including groundwater, in relation to real-world agricultural management practices in the region. Occurrence was almost ubiquitous in solid matrices (83-100%) with maximum concentrations among the higher reported in the world (soil: 8105 and 38939; sediment: 3294 and 7219; suspended particulate matter (SPM): 584 and 475 µg/kg of glyphosate and AMPA). Lower detection frequency was observed in surface water (27-55%) with maximum concentrations in whole water of 1.80 and 1.90 µg/L of glyphosate and AMPA, indicating that SPM analysis would be more sensitive for detection in the aquatic ecosystem. No detectable concentrations of glyphosate or AMPA were observed in groundwater. Glyphosate soil concentrations were better correlated with the total cumulative dose and total number of applications than the last spraying event dose, and an increment of 1 mg glyphosate/kg soil every 5 spraying events was estimated. Findings allow to infer that, under current practices, application rates are higher than dissipation rates. Hence, glyphosate and AMPA should be considered "pseudo-persistent" pollutants and a revisions of management procedures, monitoring programs, and ecological risk for soil and sediments should be also recommended.


Subject(s)
Agriculture , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Glycine/analogs & derivatives , Herbicides/analysis , Soil Pollutants/analysis , alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/analysis , Argentina , Crops, Agricultural , Glycine/analysis , Groundwater , Soil , Glyphosate
6.
Ciênc. vet. tróp ; 18(3): 38-42, 2015. graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1480716

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to compare the use of the male effect associated or not with progesterone on the reproductive performance of cyclical ewes. A total of 20 pluriparous females aged between 24 and 72 months and one breeder aged 18 months were used. The females were randomized into two groups. In Group I (n = 10), placed next to the male to have their estrus synchronized only by the male effect. Group II (n = 10), the females were previously submitted to the use of progesterone 0.33g adduced by a vaginal device for 11 days and then exposed to the male in the same area at the same time as the GI. Data were analyzed by chi-square test at a significance level of 5%. After 45 days of mating season, the estrus rate in GI was 70%, with 30% of females showing a second and third es­trus. In GII, the estrus rate was 50% with only 10% having a second estrus. The pregnancy rate in GI was 90% and was 100% in GII, with no significant diffe­rence between estrus and pregnancy rates in both groups (P> 0.05). These data support the conclusion that the male effect as an estrus synchronizer mechanism may be used without need for progesterone.


Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o uso do efeito macho as­sociado ou não ao uso de progestágeno sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de ovelhas deslanadas cíclicas sem cria ao pé criadas em regime semi-intensivo no Município de Serra Talhada em Pernambuco. Foram utilizadas fêmeas plurípa­ras SRD (n=20) com idade entre 24 a 72 meses e um reprodutor da raça Santa Inês com idade de 18 meses. As fêmeas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. No Grupo I (n=10), colocadas junto ao reprodutor, para terem seu estro sincronizado somente pelo efeito macho. No Grupo II (n=10), as fêmeas foram previamente submetidas ao uso de 0,33g de progesterona carreados por um dispositivo vaginal durante 11 dias e depois expostas ao efeito macho pelo reprodutor no mesmo piquete e ao mesmo tempo que o GI. Os dados de estro e prenhez foram avaliados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado ao nível de significância de 5%. Após uma estação de monta de 45 dias, a taxa de estro no GI foi de 70%, com 30% das fêmeas apresentando um segundo e terceiro estro. No GII, a taxa de estro foi de 50% com apenas 10% apresentando um segundo estro. A taxa de prenhez no GI foi de 90% e no GII foi de 100%, não havendo diferença sig­nificativa nas taxas de estro e prenhez entre os grupos testados (P>0,05). Esses dados permitem concluir que o efeito macho como mecanismo sincronizador de estro pode ser utilizado sem a necessidade de progestágenos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Estrus , Sheep , Progesterone/physiology , Ruminants , Reproductive Physiological Phenomena , Reproduction , Reproductive Techniques/veterinary
9.
Ci. Vet. Tróp. ; 18(3): 38-42, 2015. graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-13649

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to compare the use of the male effect associated or not with progesterone on the reproductive performance of cyclical ewes. A total of 20 pluriparous females aged between 24 and 72 months and one breeder aged 18 months were used. The females were randomized into two groups. In Group I (n = 10), placed next to the male to have their estrus synchronized only by the male effect. Group II (n = 10), the females were previously submitted to the use of progesterone 0.33g adduced by a vaginal device for 11 days and then exposed to the male in the same area at the same time as the GI. Data were analyzed by chi-square test at a significance level of 5%. After 45 days of mating season, the estrus rate in GI was 70%, with 30% of females showing a second and third es­trus. In GII, the estrus rate was 50% with only 10% having a second estrus. The pregnancy rate in GI was 90% and was 100% in GII, with no significant diffe­rence between estrus and pregnancy rates in both groups (P> 0.05). These data support the conclusion that the male effect as an estrus synchronizer mechanism may be used without need for progesterone. (AU)


Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o uso do efeito macho as­sociado ou não ao uso de progestágeno sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de ovelhas deslanadas cíclicas sem cria ao pé criadas em regime semi-intensivo no Município de Serra Talhada em Pernambuco. Foram utilizadas fêmeas plurípa­ras SRD (n=20) com idade entre 24 a 72 meses e um reprodutor da raça Santa Inês com idade de 18 meses. As fêmeas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. No Grupo I (n=10), colocadas junto ao reprodutor, para terem seu estro sincronizado somente pelo efeito macho. No Grupo II (n=10), as fêmeas foram previamente submetidas ao uso de 0,33g de progesterona carreados por um dispositivo vaginal durante 11 dias e depois expostas ao efeito macho pelo reprodutor no mesmo piquete e ao mesmo tempo que o GI. Os dados de estro e prenhez foram avaliados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado ao nível de significância de 5%. Após uma estação de monta de 45 dias, a taxa de estro no GI foi de 70%, com 30% das fêmeas apresentando um segundo e terceiro estro. No GII, a taxa de estro foi de 50% com apenas 10% apresentando um segundo estro. A taxa de prenhez no GI foi de 90% e no GII foi de 100%, não havendo diferença sig­nificativa nas taxas de estro e prenhez entre os grupos testados (P>0,05). Esses dados permitem concluir que o efeito macho como mecanismo sincronizador de estro pode ser utilizado sem a necessidade de progestágenos. (AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep , Ruminants , Progesterone/physiology , Estrus , Reproductive Physiological Phenomena , Reproduction , Reproductive Techniques/veterinary
10.
Physis (Rio J.) ; 24(3): 885-908, Jul-Sep/2014. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-727149

ABSTRACT

O artigo discute as características e tendências da indústria farmacêutica mundial e brasileira no século XXI, suas transformações e tendências setoriais, e seus atores. Foram utilizadas a pesquisa qualitativa e a técnica de análise documental, que permitiram verificar que, no início do século XX, a indústria farmacêutica mundial apresentava estrutura homogênea e oferta reduzida de seus produtos. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, houve fortalecimento da produção de medicamentos baseados na síntese química e diversificação da oferta e demanda por medicamentos. O mercado farmacêutico passou da competição mais ampla para uma de caráter oligopólico. Nos anos 1990, o portfólio dessas indústrias ampliou-se para áreas de saúde animal, produtos de higiene/cuidado pessoal e de nutrição/dietética. Na década de 2000, a indústria farmacêutica mundial intensificou esse processo, e devido à expiração das patentes dos medicamentos, se concentrou no segmento dos genéricos, adquirindo empresas nos mercados emergentes. O setor farmacêutico brasileiro seguiu os moldes da indústria farmacêutica mundial e passou a investir na produção de medicamentos genéricos, fitoterápicos e no avanço dos biotecnológicos, com o apoio financeiro público do BNDES. Esse contexto continua a exigir avanços na inovação em saúde, e reclama da regulação sanitária o enfrentamento dos desafios advindos dessa grande transformação. Cabe destacar os desafios relativos aos custos dos medicamentos e de seus fortes impactos sobre os sistemas de saúde, em especial aqueles de caráter mais inclusivo...


This article discusses the characteristics and trends of the global and Brazilian pharmaceutical industry in the 21st century, its transformations and industry trends, and its actors. Qualitative research and the technique of document analysis allowed us to check that in early 20th century, the global pharmaceutical industry was characterized by homogeneous structure and reduced supply of products. After the Second World War, there was strengthening of the production of medicines based on chemical synthesis and diversification of supply and demand for drugs. The pharmaceutical market has shifted from broader competition for one of oligopolistic character. In the 1990s, these industries' portfolio expanded to areas of animal health, hygiene / personal care and nutrition / dietetics. In the 2000s, the global pharmaceutical industry intensified this process, and due to the expiration of patents on medicines, focused on the generic segment, acquiring companies in emerging markets. The Brazilian pharmaceutical industry followed the lines of the global pharmaceutical industry and started to invest in the production of generic medicines, herbal and advancement of biotechnology, with public financial support of the BNDES. This context continues to demand advances in health innovation, and demands of the health regulation to face the challenges arising from this great transformation. It is worth mentioning the challenges relating to costs of drugs and their strong impact on health systems, particularly those of more inclusive character...


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Surveillance , Drug Industry/trends , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Drugs, Generic , Intellectual Property of Pharmaceutic Products and Process , Qualitative Research
12.
Acta Vet. Brasilica ; 4(supl): S30-S35, 28 set. 2010.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1380343

ABSTRACT

O diagnóstico precoce de gestação em caprinos, como em outras espécies domésticas, tornou-se uma necessidade em regimes de manejo semi-intensivo e intensivo dentro do sistema de exploração produtivo. O diagnóstico gestacional através da ultrassonografia em caprinos apresenta uma grande importância de ordem prática em função da limitação anatômica para a avaliação do sistema genital através da palpação retal. Esta técnica também é usada na identificação de patologias causadoras de infertilidade no macho e na fêmea caprina facilitando o diagnóstico e o tratamento. A ultrassonografia em tempo real (modo-B) é atualmente o método de diagnóstico de gestação mais utilizado em função de suas vantagens: é um método rápido, de elevada acurácia, não é invasivo e não oferece risco nem para a fêmea nem para o concepto. Esta revisão apresenta os princípios e métodos ultrassonográficos bem como a aplicação desta técnica na reprodução de caprinos.


The early pregnancy diagnosis in goats, as for other domestic species, is necessary for semi-intensive and intensive management into productive exploration systems. In goats, pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography shows a practical importance since is not possible to realize rectal palpation of the genital tract per as in larger animals. The technique is also used for infertility pathological identification in male and female goats, facilitating diagnosis and treatment. The ultrasonography in real time is currently the method of diagnosis of pregnancy most widely used due to its advantages: It is a fast method, high accuracy, is not invasive and is not risk for either the female or the concept. This review shows the ultrasonographic principles and methods as well as its practical use in goat reproduction.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Sex Determination Analysis/veterinary , Pregnancy, Animal , Goats , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/veterinary , Ultrasonography/methods
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