Factors affecting the rumen fluid foaming performance in goat fed high concentrate diet.

Feeding high concentrate diets is highly prone to rumen bloat in ruminants, which is very common in production. This study explored the factors responsible for the occurrence of foamy rumen bloat. The experiment was conducted using goats as test animals, fed high concentrate diets and scored for rumen distension into high, medium and low bloat score groups. Rumen fluid was collected from 6 goats in each group separately. The foaming production, foam persistence, pH value, viscosity and the content of protein, total saccharide and mineral elements in rumen original fluid (ROL) were measured, and the protein and total saccharide content in rumen foam liquid (RFL) and rumen residual liquid (RRL) were determined. The results showed that the protein content in rumen original fluid and rumen foam liquid was significantly higher than that in rumen residual liquid (p < 0.05), and the protein content in rumen foam liquid was 10.81% higher than that in rumen original fluid. The higher the rumen bloat score, the higher the foam production, foam persistence, viscosity, protein, Ni, Mg, Ca, and K concentrations of the rumen original fluid, and the lower the PH and Na concentrations of the rumen original fluid; correlation analysis showed that the viscosity of the rumen original fluid was significantly and positively correlated with the foam production and foam persistence (p < 0.05). Foaming production and foam persistence of rumen original fluid were significantly and positively correlated with the contents of protein, total saccharide, K, Ca, Mg and Ni (p < 0.05). and negatively correlated with the content of Na (p < 0.05); after controlling other components those were significantly related to the foaming performance of rumen original fluid only protein still was significantly positively correlated with the foam persistence of rumen original fluid (P<0.05). In summary, the contents of protein, total saccharide and mineral elements in the rumen fluid had a significant effect on the foaming performance of rumen in ruminants, with protein playing a decisive role and the other components playing a supporting role. Reducing the content of protein in the diet in production is beneficial to reduce the occurrence of rumen bloat in ruminants.

Prevalence and severity of abdominal bloating in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Abdominal bloating (AB) is a common symptom among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); however, in clinical practice, its prevalence is likely underestimated due to the lack of objective tools to measure its frequency and severity. It is associated with dissatisfaction and worse quality of life, but data on its prevalence before and after mechanical control of GERD (i.e. fundoplication, magnetic sphincter augmentation, and antireflux mucosectomy) are lacking. To assess and determine the pre- and postoperative prevalence and severity of AB among patients with GERD, we conducted a structured literature search using MeSH and free-text terms in MEDLINE (via Pubmed), EMBASE, and Taylor & Francis Online between January 1977 and October 2022. Fifteen articles reporting the prevalence or severity of AB using quality-of-life questionnaires before or after antireflux surgery (ARS) were included. Overall, a high prevalence of AB before ARS was found. A decline in the prevalence and severity of AB was documented postoperatively in most cases independent of the surgical approach. Among surgical approaches, a complete fundoplication had the highest reported postoperative AB. Overall, patients reported less severe and less frequent AB after ARS than before. The traditional belief that postoperative bloating is a sequela of ARS should be reevaluated.

Recent advances in research in the rumen bloat of ruminant animals fed high-concentrate diets.

Rumen bloat is the most common digestive disorder in fattening ruminants, which is responsible for around 2-3 % of deaths in the ruminants industry and is therefore considered to be a serious threat to ruminant farming. The root cause of rumen bloat caused by feeding high concentrate dies would be attributed to the production of a large amount of stable foam during the fattening period. The exact mechanism of rumen foam formation has yet to be investigated. Proteins, polysaccharides and carboxylates derived from feed, and synthesized by microbes during the rumen fermentation may act as foaming agents or stabilizers in the formation progress of rumen foam. Supplementation of condensed tannins and other additives can be an effective way to prevent feedlot bloat induced by feeding high concentrate diets.

A survey on bloat in southern Australian beef production systems.

Frothy bloat, associated predominantly with grazing legume-based pastures, is considered the second most costly disease in beef cattle in southern Australia, costing $84.4 M annually. It frequently results in the sudden death of cattle. In response to concerns from cattle producers, an online survey was conducted in southern Australia in late 2020 to determine the impact of bloat, identify risk factors and determine the efficacy of current preventive measures. For 217 responses, over two-thirds (70%) of producers reported bloat occurring in the previous 12 months, with estimated morbidity and mortality rates of 3.7% and 5.0% respectively. Bloat was associated with clover or clover-dominant paddocks (79%) and was not associated with grass or grass-dominant pastures or low clover pastures (92%) nor grazing crops (27%). For bloat that occurred in the past 12 months, cattle were very commonly grazing on clover or clover-dominant paddocks (90%) and occasionally lucerne-dominated paddocks (7%). Two-thirds of producers reported having preventive measures in place when losses occurred. Bayesian Network analysis confirmed that grazing clover-based pastures for more than 7 days, yearling cattle and the months of July-September were the main risk factors for bloat occurrence, with pasture type (clover) being the most important. Conversely, no clear relationship between weather conditions and bloat occurrence was evident. This survey highlights the known risk of clover-based pastures for causing bloat in cattle, and that losses occur in many cases despite preventive measures being used. This suggests that current methods for preventing bloat in cattle are suboptimal.

The study on the feasibility of dietary supplementation with dimethyl silicone oil to prevent frothy rumen bloat in goats fed with high concentrate diets.

The current study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of high concentration diet (HCD) supplementation with Dimethyl Silicone Oil (DSO) to prevent frothy rumen bloat in goats. The treatments were control group (group C, feeding HCD) and test group (group T, feeding HCD supplemented with 0.1%DSO). The results showed that compared with the group C, the ruminal pH value, Microbial Crude Protein content of group T was extremely significantly higher (p < 0.01), the levels of acetic acid and propionic acid were significantly (p < 0.05) and extremely significantly (p < 0.01) lower in group T, respectively. The foam production and foam strength of the rumen fluid in the group T was extremely significantly lower (p < 0.01), the viscosity was extremely significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those of group C. The total gastrointestinal apparent digestibility of various nutrients, the rumen microbial relative abundance at the phylum level and genus level were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The results indicated that the supplementation of 0.1% DSO in HCD can significantly eliminate foam of the rumen fluid, and didn't disturb the ruminal microorganisms, no negatively affect on digestibility of nutrients in goats, thereby has the application prospect of preventing frothy rumen bloat.

The gas produced by rumen fermentation is wrapped in foam and cannot be discharged is the root cause of frothy bloat induced by a high concentration diet. In the present study, the feasibility of dietary supplementation with Dimethyl Silicone Oil (DSO) to prevent frothy bloat was preliminarily evaluated. The results indicated that DSO can significantly eliminate foam of the rumen fluid, and has not negatively effect on the ruminal microorganisms and the digestibility of nutrients in goats, thereby has the application prospect of preventing frothy bloat.

Updated Information on Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus and Gastropexy in Dogs.

Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is an acute, life-threatening syndrome of dogs, particularly large and giant breeds with a deep chest conformation. Rapid diagnosis is important for prompt initiation of stabilization therapy and surgical correction. Negative prognostic factors include hyperlactatemia not responding to fluid therapy, gastric perforation, or need for splenectomy or gastric resection. Gastropexy is essential for all dogs affected by GDV, following correct gastric repositioning. Prophylactic gastropexy for at-risk breeds can be performed via minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery.

Condensed Tannins in White Clover (Trifolium repens) Foliar Tissues Expressing the Transcription Factor TaMYB14-1 Bind to Forage Protein and Reduce Ammonia and Methane Emissions in vitro.

Grazing ruminants contribute to global climate change through enteric methane and nitrous oxide emissions. However, animal consumption of the plant polyphenolics, proanthocyanidins, or condensed tannins (CTs) can decrease both methane emissions and urine nitrogen levels, leading to reduced nitrous oxide emissions, and concomitantly increase animal health and production. CTs are largely absent in the foliage of important temperate pasture legumes, such as white clover (Trifolium repens), but found in flowers and seed coats. Attempts at enhancing levels of CT expression in white clover leaves by mutagenesis and breeding have not been successful. However, the transformation of white clover with the TaMYB14-1 transcription factor from Trifolium arvense has resulted in the production of CTs in leaves up to 1.2% of dry matter (DM). In this study, two generations of breeding elevated foliar CTs to >2% of DM. The CTs consisted predominantly of prodelphinidins (PD, 75-93%) and procyanidins (PC, 17-25%) and had a mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of approximately 10 flavan-3-ol subunits. In vitro studies showed that foliar CTs were bound to bovine serum albumin and white clover proteins at pH 6.5 and were released at pH 2.-2.5. Using rumen in vitro assays, white clover leaves containing soluble CTs of 1.6-2.4% of DM significantly reduced methane production by 19% (p ≤0.01) and ammonia production by 60% (p ≤ 0.01) relative to non-transformed wild type (WT) controls after 6 h of incubation. These results provide valuable information for further studies using CT expressing white clover leaves for bloat prevention and reduced greenhouse gas emissions in vivo.

The Effect of Pet Insurance on Presurgical Euthanasia of Dogs With Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus: A Novel Approach to Quantifying Economic Euthanasia in Veterinary Emergency Medicine.

Euthanasia of companion animals in veterinary emergency medicine is a common cause of death. Euthanasia is economic when it is the consequence of the pet owner's inability to afford essential treatment while a viable medical alternative to euthanasia exists. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is an acute life-threatening emergency condition of dogs; if left untreated, rapid death is highly likely. Surgical treatment leads to survival of around 80-90% of dogs; however, such treatment is costly. Therefore, pre-surgical euthanasia may be largely economically motivated. Having pet insurance, a financial instrument to reduce the burden of unforeseen veterinary medical costs on pet owners, would be expected to abolish the risk for pre-surgical economic euthanasia. We therefore aimed to determine whether pet insurance attenuates the risk of pre-surgical economic euthanasia in dogs with GDV. Non-referred dogs (n = 260) with GDV and known insurance status seen at 24 emergency clinics over a 2-year period were included. Relevant data (e.g., insurance status, age, comorbidities, outcome) were retrospectively extracted from a pet insurer's claim records (insured animals) or from electronic medical records of participating hospitals (non-insured animals). Forty-one percent of dogs (106 of 260 dogs) did not survive to hospital discharge; 82 (77%) of non-survivors died before surgery, all through euthanasia. The pre-surgical euthanasia rate was 10% in insured and 37% in non-insured dogs (p < 0.001). When adjusted for the effect of age, deposit size, comorbidities, and blood lactate concentration, the absence of insurance increased the odds of pre-surgical euthanasia by a factor of 7.4 (95% CI 2.0 to 37; p = 0.002). Of dogs undergoing surgery, 86% survived to hospital discharge. Overall, 80% of insured animals and 53% of non-insured animals survived to hospital discharge (p < 0.001). Thus, insurance was associated with a marked decrease in risk of pre-surgical euthanasia indicating that the cause of pre-surgical euthanasia of dogs with GDV is predominantly economic in nature. The rate of pre-surgical euthanasia in dogs with GDV may emerge as a suitable marker to quantify economic decision making of pet owners and to measure the impact of financial interventions aimed at mitigating economic duress associated with cost of veterinary emergency care.

Identification of Genetic Susceptibility Factors Associated with Canine Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus.

Canine gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a common life-threatening condition occurring primarily in large and giant breeds with a 3.9% to 36.7% lifetime risk. The genetic correlates of GDV have not previously been systematically explored. We undertook an inter-breed genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of 253 dogs from ten breeds including 106 healthy dogs and 147 dogs with at least one GDV episode. SNP array genotyping followed by imputation was conducted on 241 samples to identify GDV-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations (CNVs). A subset of 33 dogs (15 healthy dogs and 18 GDV patients from the three most represented breeds) was characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS). After genome-wide Bonferroni correction, we identified a significant putatively protective intergenic SNP (rs851737064) across all breeds. The signal was most significant in Collies, German Shorthaired Pointers, and Great Danes. Subsequent focused analysis across these three breeds identified 12 significant additional putatively protective or deleterious SNPs. Notable significant SNPs included those occurring in genes involved in gastric tone and motility including VHL, NALCN, and PRKCZ. These data provide important new clues to canine GDV risk factors and facilitate generation of hypotheses regarding the genetic and molecular underpinnings this syndrome.

Supplementing Yucca schidigera extract to mitigate frothy bloat in beef cattle receiving a high-concentrate diet.

This experiment compared incidence of frothy bloat, as well as ruminal, physiological, and performance responses of beef heifers receiving a bloat-provoking diet and supplemented with Yucca schidigera extract. Sixteen ruminally cannulated Angus-influenced heifers were ranked by body weight (BW) and assigned to 4 groups of 4 heifers each. Groups were enrolled in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design containing 4 periods of 28 d, and a 21-d washout interval between periods. Groups were assigned to receive no Y. schidigera extract (CON), or Y. schidigera extract at (as-fed basis) 1 g/heifer daily (YS1), 2 g/heifer daily (YS2), or 4 g/heifer daily (YS4). During each period, heifers (n = 16/treatment) were housed in individual pens, and fed a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)-based bloat-provocative diet at 2% of their BW. Diet and treatments were individually fed to heifers, twice daily in equal proportions (0700 and 1600 hours). Heifers were assessed for bloat score (0 to 5 scale, increasing according to bloat severity) 3 hr after the morning feeding. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 prior to (0 hr) and at 3, 6, and 9 hr relative to the morning feeding. Rumen fluid samples were collected at the same time points on days 0 and 28. Orthogonal contrasts were tested to determine whether inclusion of Y. schidigera extract (0, 1, 2, or 4 g/heifer daily) yielded linear or quadratic effects, and explore an overall effect of Y. schidigera extract supplementation (CON vs. YS1 + YS2 + YS4). Rumen fluid viscosity was impacted quadratically by Y. schidigera extract inclusion (P = 0.02), being greatest in YS1, followed by YS2, and equivalent between CON and YS4 heifers. Heifers receiving Y. schidigera extract had greater (P ≤ 0.05) rumen propionate, iso-valerate, and valerate concentrations, as well as less (P < 0.01) acetate : propionate ratio compared with CON heifers. Inclusion of Y. schidigera extract linearly increased (P ≤ 0.04) average daily gain and feed efficiency. No other treatment effects were noted (P ≥ 0.19) including bloat score (1.07 ± 0.03 across treatments), ruminal protozoa count, plasma concentrations of cortisol, haptoglobin, urea N, total protein, and rumen concentration of total volatile fatty acids. Supplementing Y. schidigera extract up to 4 g/d favored rumen propionate concentrations and linearly increased growth and feed efficiency but failed to mitigate incidence of frothy bloat in beef heifers consuming a grain-based bloat-provocative diet.

Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa.

Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer （ITS1）region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat.

The One Note System: Implementation and Initial Perceptions of Student Documentation in the Electronic Health Records Under the New Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Guidelines.

Introduction Medical students have been documenting notes in the electronic health records (EHR) for many years but often wrote separate notes from housestaff and faculty because licensed providers (LPs) could not bill the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for Evaluation and Management (E/M) services. However, in 2018, CMS updated its policy to allow LPs to simply verify any component of an E/M service under appropriate supervision, allowing LPs to bill a full medical student note. Methods At Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems (VCUHS), a task force was formed to develop and pilot the One Note System (ONS), a system that incorporates the new CMS guidelines for certain note types. In June 2019, or 10 months after implementation of the ONS, the authors developed and distributed a survey that explored perceptions regarding the ONS among medical students, housestaff (residents and fellows), and faculty. Results The results showed that most participants were aware of the ONS and preferred email as the form of training. Overall, the ONS had a positive impact on faculty and housestaff workflow, improved self-reported faculty wellbeing, and increased meaning in student work. Only a minority reported barriers to implementing the ONS. Conclusions The One Note System was successfully implemented at VCUHS and positively received. Other outcomes to measure include impact of the ONS on student and trainee education, compliance and billing, quality and quantity of documentation, and faculty and housestaff burnout rates.

Causes of death in feedlot beef cattle and their control: a brief review / Causas de morte em bovinos de corte confinados e seu controle: uma breve revisão

This review reports the leading causes of death in feedlot beef cattle. It describes economic losses resulting from these deaths and suggests control alternatives. Diseases associated with the respiratory and digestive systems were the most frequently observed. In different geographical areas, the importance of each one might vary. Outbreaks of diseases such as botulism occur occasionally and can cause important economic losses. Cattle tick fever can cause significant losses in zones of enzootic tick instability. Technical assistance and sanitary and food management are critical for the best productivity in feedlot cattle.(AU)

Esta revisão discute as principais causas de morte em bovinos de corte em confinamento. Descreve as perdas econômicas resultantes dessas mortes e sugere alternativas de controle. As doenças associadas aos sistemas respiratório e digestivo foram as mais frequentemente observadas. Em diferentes áreas geográficas, a importância de cada uma pode variar. Surtos de doenças como o botulismo ocorrem ocasionalmente e podem causar importantes perdas econômicas. A tristeza parasitária bovina pode causar perdas significativas em zonas de instabilidade enzoótica do carrapato. A assistência técnica e um bom gerenciamento sanitário e alimentar são essenciais para a melhor produtividade em bovinos de corte confinados.(AU)

Overcoming the Past-endorsement Criterion: Toward a Transparency-Based Mark of the Mental.

Starting from the discussion on the original set of criteria advanced by Clark and Chalmers (1998) meant to avoid the overextension of the mind, or the so-called cognitive bloat, we will sketch our solution to the problem of criteria evaluation, by connecting it to the search for a mark of the mental. Our proposal is to argue for a "weak conscientialist" mark of the mental based on transparent access, which vindicates the role of consciousness in defining what is mental without, however, identifying the mental with the conscious. This renovated link between mind and consciousness, spelled out through the concept of transparency, further develops some of our previous work on the topic (Di Francesco, 2007; Di Francesco and Piredda, 2012) and is partially inspired by Horgan and Kriegel (2008).

Causes of death of beef cattle raised in feedlots / Causas de morte de bovinos de corte criados em confinamentos

The causes of death of cattle kept in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) and in feedlot for finishing for slaughter are described. Two studies were conducted: a retrospective study of mortality cases in feedlots from 2000 to 2017 registered at the "Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico" of the "Faculdade de Veterinária" of the "Universidade Federal de Pelotas"; and a prospective study from January 2018 to August 2019, following up 22 feedlots for finishing and six PEFs for the export of live cattle. From January 2000 to August 2019 samples of 150 cases of diseases that affected feedlot cattle were received from 22 feedlots for finishing and 115 of the six PEFs followed. Mortality considering all diagnosed diseases was significantly higher in feedlots for finishing (p<0.05), than in PEFs for the export of live cattle, of 1% and 0.12%, respectively. Diseases of the digestive system were the most important causes, of death in feedlots regardless of its purpose. Acidosis presented the highest mortality rates both in feedlot for finishing (3.33%) as in PEFs for export (0.95%). In all cases the disease occurred due to failure in the adaptation of animals to the ingestion of concentrated foods. Bovine tick fever and pneumonia presented mortality rates of 0.13% and 0.09%, respectively in PEFs. In the feedlot for finishing seneciosis was the second cause of death due to cattle coming from areas with high infestation by the plant. In the present study, it was possible to identify the main diseases that occur in cattle feedlots for finishing or for the export of live animals in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul. These diseases are known in other systems of cattle breeding and can be prevented or controlled through management, chemoprophylaxis or vaccination, minimizing losses due to mortality.(AU)

Descrevem-se as causas de morte de bovinos mantidos confinados em estabelecimentos pré-embarque (EPEs) para exportação de animais vivos e em estabelecimentos de terminação para abate. Foram realizados dois estudos: um retrospectivo dos casos de mortalidade em confinamentos de 2000 a 2017 registrados no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas; e um estudo prospectivo de janeiro de 2018 a agosto de 2019, acompanhando-se 22 confinamentos de terminação e seis EPEs para exportação de bovinos vivos. No total, de janeiro de 2000 a agosto de 2019 foram recebidos no LRD-UFPel amostras de 150 casos de enfermidades que afetaram bovinos confinados, 35 provenientes de 22 confinamentos de terminação e 115 dos seis EPEs acompanhados. A mortalidade considerando-se todas as enfermidades diagnosticadas foi significativamente maior nos confinamentos para terminação (p<0,05), do que nos EPEs para exportação de bovinos vivos, de 1% e 0,12%, respectivamente. As doenças do sistema digestivo foram as causas de morte mais importante nos confinamentos, independente da finalidade. Acidose apresentou as maiores taxas de mortalidade tanto nos confinamentos para terminação (3,33%) como nos EPEs para exportação (0,95%). Em todos os casos a doença ocorreu devido a falha na adaptação dos animais à ingestão de alimentos concentrados. Tristeza parasitária bovina e pneumonias apresentaram taxas de mortalidade de 0,13% e 0,09, respectivamente em EPEs de exportação. Nos confinamentos para terminação a seneciose foi a segunda causa de morte devido aos bovinos serem provenientes de áreas com alta infestação pela planta. Este estudo permitiu identificar as principais enfermidades diagnosticadas em confinamentos para terminação de bovinos ou para exportação de bovinos vivos na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Observou-se que são doenças que ocorrem em outros sistemas de criação de bovinos e que podem ser prevenidas ou controladas por meio de manejo, quimioprofilaxia ou vacinação, minimizando prejuízos por mortalidade de animais.(AU)

Abomasitis in calves: A retrospective cohort study of 23 cases (2006-2016).

BACKGROUND: Abomasitis is a syndrome affecting young milk-fed calves. The current veterinary literature describes mainly its necropsy findings. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical presentation, complementary tests, treatments, and case-fatality rate of calves with a clinical diagnosis of abomasitis and to identify potential factors associated with outcome. METHODS: Observational retrospective cohort study (2006-2016). Review of the medical records of calves <3 months of age presented with abdominal and abomasal distension for <7 days that were clinically diagnosed with abomasitis at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Université de Montréal. A follow-up examination was conducted by telephone interview. ANIMALS: Twenty-three calves clinically diagnosed with abomasitis. RESULTS: Median age of presentation was 3 days (range, 0-62 days). The typical duration of the clinical course was <24 hours (15/23). On admission, the 2 most common clinical signs were anorexia (13/14) and positive succussion (13/14). Hyper-l-lactatemia (15/16) and increased γ-glutamyl-transferase activity (13/14) were the most common laboratory abnormalities. Hypoproteinemia (19/22) and a left shift (15/18) of the neutrophils also were observed. The short-term case-fatality rate was 52% (12/23). The clinical diagnosis was confirmed on all necropsied calves. Clostridium spp. and Escherichia coli were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Based on univariate statistical analysis, the surviving calves were significantly (P < .05) less hypothermic, less acidemic, less hyper-l-lactatemic, and had lower serum creatinine concentrations on admission than did the deceased calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In our study, abomasitis was associated with a guarded prognosis.

Prospective Study of Lactose Intolerance as a Potential Cause of Gas Bloat Syndrome in Patients Treated Surgically for Gastroesophageal Reflux.

Introduction. The high incidence of lactose intolerance leads us to consider that many of our patients could suffer from this alteration. Therefore, as its main sign (even when asymptomatic) is increased intestinal gas, patients recovering from a Nissen fundoplication have a significant probability of suffering from gas bloat syndrome. Materials and Methods. This prospective study was conducted from November 2012 to January 2017, we included all the patients who had been treated by the Nissen technique for gastroesophageal reflux disease with gas bloat syndrome detected during follow-up and tested positive for lactose intolerance. The study participants were then prescribed a lactose-poor diet to be followed for 3 months. The patients were asked to complete quality of life and symptomatology questionnaires before and after diet. The pre- and post-diet results were then compared. Results. The pre- and post-diet results showed statistically significant improvements in both questionnaires. Conclusion. Lactose intolerance may account for the symptoms presented by a significant number of patients with gas bloat syndrome following antireflux surgery; these patients could benefit from consuming a lactose-free diet, which we expect to alleviate or, in some cases, eliminate the above symptoms.

Elevation of Condensed Tannins in the Leaves of Ta-MYB14-1 White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) Outcrossed with High Anthocyanin Lines.

Condensed tannins (CT) are highly desirable in forage as they sequester dietary protein and reduce bloat and methane emissions in ruminants. However, the widely used forage legume white clover (Trifolium repens) only produces CTs in flowers and trichomes and at levels too low to achieve therapeutic effects. Genetic transformation with transcription factor Ta-MYB14-1 from Trifolium arvense was effective in inducing CTs to 0.6% of leaf dry matter. CT synthesis has been elevated further by crossing the primary white clover transgenic line with wild type genotypes producing the related phenylpropanoids, anthocyanins. CT levels in leaves were highest under the anthocyanin leaf marks associated with the "red midrib" trait; however, there was no evidence for CT accumulation in leaf sections with the "red V" anthocyanin marking. Ta-MYB14-1 was stably inherited in two generations of crosses, and T2 progeny produced up to 3.6-fold higher CTs than the T0 parent. The profile of small CT oligomers such as dimers and trimers was consistent in T0, T1, T2, and BC2 progeny and consisted predominantly of prodelphinidins (PD), with lesser amounts of procyanidins (PC) and mixed PC:PD oligomers.

Rumen impaction in cattle associated with ingestion of the pupal cocoons of Gonometa spp. in Botswana.

Mortality in cattle associated with ingestion of cocoons (matlhoa in Setswana) of both Gonometa postica and Gonometa rufobrunnea is rare and has only previously been reported in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia. A case history of gradual weight loss, bloat, dyschezia with dry faeces and laboured gait, resulting in sudden death after drinking water and associated with ingestion of pupal cocoons of Gonometa spp., was reported by keepers at Mmaditau crush in Botswana in 2013. The crush was a shared holding in a communal area with 15 registered animal keepers. The objective of this study was to profile the history, clinical signs, post-mortem findings, morbidity and mortality from the outbreak using the descriptive study method. Altogether, 81 cattle out of a total of 507 died of impaction from August to December 2013. On autopsy, a loosely connected mass of ingesta, intertwined in ropy silky strands, was observed. It was concluded that there is no readily accessible and available form of treatment at crush level, leaving only evasive husbandry practices as the feasible option. To aid evasive husbandry management practices, temporal and spatial monitoring of population dynamics of Gonometa spp. is recommended, particularly during a drought spell when animals are prone to develop pica, as the basis for an early warning system to farmers.

Persistent dysphagia is a rare problem after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

BACKGROUND: Although around 30% of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are insufficiently treated with medical therapy, only 1% opt for surgical therapy. One of the reasons behind this multifactorial phenomenon is the described adverse effect of long-term dysphagia or gastric bloating syndrome after surgical treatment. Aim of this study was to evaluate the most common side effects associated with anti-reflux surgery, as well as long-term outcomes in a large cohort of highly surgically standardized patients after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF). METHODS: Out of a prospective patients' database including all patients that underwent anti-reflux surgery between 01/2003 and 01/2017 at our institution, 350 consecutive patients after highly standardized LNF were included in this study. A standardized interview was performed by one physician assessing postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms, proton pump inhibitor intake (PPI), GERD-Health-Related-Quality-of-Life (GERD-HRQL), Alimentary Satisfaction (AS), and patients' overall satisfaction. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 4 years, persistent dysphagia (PD) after LNF was observed in 8 (2%) patients, while postoperative gas-bloat syndrome in 45 (12.7%) cases. Endoscopic dilatation was needed in 7 (2%) patients due to dysphagia, and 19 (5%) patients underwent revision surgery due to recurrence of GERD. The postoperative GERD-HRQL total score was significantly reduced (2 (IQR 0-4.3) vs. 19 (IQR 17-32); p < 0.000) and the median AS was 9/10. Heartburn relief was achieved in 83% of patients. Eighty-three percent of patients were free of PPI intake after follow-up, whereas 13% and 4% of the patients reported daily and irregular PPI use, respectively. CONCLUSION: LNF is a safe and effective surgical procedure with low postoperative morbidity rates and efficient GERD-related symptom relief. PD does not represent a relevant clinical issue when LNF is performed in a surgical standardized way. These results should be the benchmark to which long-term outcomes of new surgical anti-reflux procedures are compared.