Changes in body size and fertility due to artificial and natural feeding of laboratory common bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae).

Rearing common bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) and other hematophagous insects is essential for basic, medical, and pest-control research. Logistically, acquiring fresh blood can be a challenge, while biologically, the eventual effects of different rearing and blood preparation protocols on bed bug genotype and phenotype pose a risk of biased research results. Using bed bug populations that are either bat- (BL) or human-related (HL), we tested the short- and long-term effects of rearing bugs on live bats or human volunteers, or artificially on CPDA (citrate phosphate dextrose, adenine)-treated blood, measuring meal size, body size, and fertility. We found that artificial feeding did not affect meal size compared with feeding on natural hosts. Long-term rearing across many generations of HL on CPDA-preserved blood led to reduced body size and fertility compared with populations reared on human volunteers. Blood preservatives increased the proportion of sterile eggs even after a single feed. Finally, our results indicated that laboratory reared bed bugs were smaller, regardless of the blood source, than wild bugs. Similar effects of artificial feeding or laboratory rearing alone should be considered in future studies using bed bug cultures to choose an appropriate rearing protocol. With regard to switching between bat and human hosts, HL took smaller meals and BL had lower fertility when fed on bats than when fed on humans. We attribute these results to methodological constrains, specifically the inconsistency of bat feeding, rather than to host specialization. Nevertheless, BL can be easily reared using human blood and artificial feeding systems.

Blood transfusion through the lens of Evidence-Based Medicine / La transfusión de sangre a través de la lente de la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia / A transfusão de sangue sob as lentes da medicina baseada em evidências

Introduction: Blood transfusion is a traditional, popular treatment and considered by society and the medical community as a treatment that has great benefits in reducing mortality. Evidence-based medicine is an approach to medical practice that aims at making decisions based on up-to-date scientific evidence tested by the scientific method. The objective of this study was to evaluate blood transfusion through the lens of evidence-based medicine. Methods: Non-systematic search of the literature, without restriction of type of study, date or language, in the scientific databases: MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science, prioritizing publication of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Results: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials showed that more restrictive blood transfusion reduces mortality when compared to less restrictive transfusions. No randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of blood transfusion were found, setting up an uncertainty of the effect of both restrictive and liberal blood transfusion on mortality. Systematic review of the quality of guidelines on blood transfusion showed that the guidelines were carried out with low methodological rigor. Systematic review concluded that most studies did not demonstrate improvement of tissue oxygenation with blood transfusion. Systematic reviews of observational studies demonstrated an association of blood transfusion with increased mortality and all Bradford Hill causality criteria were met pointing to a causal relationship between blood transfusion and increased adverse outcomes. Systematic reviews have shown that both patients and physicians tend to overestimate the true benefits of treatments and underestimate their harms. Conclusion: The scientific evidence base for recommending blood transfusion is weak, with no robust evidence that the treatment reduces mortality. There is a significant accumulation of evidence showing worse clinical outcome with this treatment, revealing clear disagreement on how this treatment is perceived by society and the medical community. This leads to ethical and legal implications related to the quality of information that is offered to patients to obtain their informed consent and respect for their autonomy regarding the use of this treatment. The medical and legal communities, as well as society, should urgently re-evaluate blood transfusion under the principles of evidence-based medicine.

Introducción: La transfusión de sangre es un tratamiento tradicional, popular y considerado por la sociedad y la comunidad médica como un tratamiento que presenta grandes beneficios en la reducción de la mortalidad. La medicina basada en la evidencia es un enfoque de la práctica médica que pretende tomar decisiones basadas en pruebas científicas actualizadas y comprobadas por el método científico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la transfusión de sangre bajo los lentes de la medicina basada en la evidencia. Métodos: Búsqueda no sistemática de la literatura, sin restricción de tipo de estudio, fecha o idioma, en las bases de datos científicas: MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SciELO, Scopus y Web of Science, priorizando la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis. Resultados: La revisión sistemática de los ensayos clínicos aleatorios mostró que las transfusiones de sangre más restrictivas reducen la mortalidad en comparación con las transfusiones menos restrictivas. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos aleatorios controlados con placebo que avalaran la eficacia de la transfusión de sangre, configurando la incertidumbre del efecto de la transfusión de sangre, tanto en la modalidad restrictiva como en la liberal, en la mortalidad. La revisión sistemática de la calidad de las directrices sobre transfusión de sangre mostró que las directrices se realizaron con poco rigor metodológico. La revisión sistemática concluyó que la mayoría de los estudios no demostraron una mejora de la oxigenación tisular con la transfusión de sangre. Las revisiones sistemáticas de los estudios observacionales mostraron una asociación de la transfusión de sangre con el aumento de la mortalidad, y se cumplieron todos los criterios de causalidad de Bradford Hill, lo que apunta a una relación causal entre la transfusión de sangre y el aumento de los resultados adversos. Las revisiones sistemáticas han demostrado que tanto los pacientes como los médicos tienden a sobrestimar los verdaderos beneficios de los tratamientos sanguíneos y a subestimar sus daños. Conclusión: La base de pruebas científicas para recomendar la transfusión de sangre es débil, sin pruebas sólidas de que el tratamiento reduzca la mortalidad. Existe una importante acumulación de pruebas que demuestran un peor resultado clínico con este tratamiento, lo que revela un claro desacuerdo sobre cómo perciben este tratamiento la sociedad y la comunidad médica. Este hallazgo conlleva implicaciones éticas y legales relacionadas con la calidad de la información que se ofrece a los pacientes para obtener su consentimiento informado, así como el respeto a su autonomía respecto al uso de este tratamiento. La comunidad médica, la comunidad jurídica y la sociedad deben reevaluar urgentemente la transfusión de sangre bajo los principios de la medicina basada en la evidencia.

Introdução: A transfusão de sangue é um tratamento tradicional, popular e considerada pela sociedade e pela comunidade médica como um tratamento que apresenta grandes benefícios na redução da mortalidade. A medicina baseada em evidências é uma abordagem a prática médica que visa a tomada de decisões a partir de provas científicas atualizadas e testadas pelo método científico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a transfusão de sangue sob as lentes da medicina baseada em evidências. Métodos: Busca não sistemática da literatura, sem restrição de tipo de estudo, data ou idioma, nas bases de dados científicas: MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science, priorizando publicação de revisões sistemáticas e metanálises. Resultados: Revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados demonstrou que transfusão de sangue mais restritiva reduz a mortalidade quando comparada a transfusões menos restritivas. Não foram encontrados ensaios clínicos randomizados placebo-controlados que avaliaram a eficácia da transfusão de sangue, configurando uma incerteza do efeito da transfusão de sangue, tanto na modalidade restritiva como na liberal, na mortalidade. Revisão sistemática da qualidade das diretrizes sobre transfusão de sangue demonstrou que as diretrizes foram realizadas com baixo rigor metodológico. Revisão sistemática concluiu que a maioria dos estudos não demonstrou melhora da oxigenação tecidual com a transfusão de sangue. Revisões sistemáticas de estudos observacionais demonstraram uma associação da transfusão de sangue com aumento da mortalidade e todos os critérios de causalidade de Bradford Hill foram contemplados, apontando uma relação causal entre a transfusão de sangue e aumento dos desfechos adversos. Revisões sistemáticas demonstraram que tanto pacientes quanto médicos apresentam tendência a superestimar os verdadeiros benefícios de tratamentos e subestimar seus danos. Conclusão: A base de evidências científicas para recomendar a transfusão de sangue é fraca, não havendo evidências robustas de que o tratamento reduza a mortalidade. Há acúmulo significativo de evidências demonstrando pior desfecho clínico com este tratamento, revelando nítida discordância sobre o modo que este tratamento é percebido pela sociedade e pela comunidade médica. Tal constatação leva a implicações éticas e legais relacionadas à qualidade das informações que são oferecidas ao paciente para obtenção do seu consentimento informado e esclarecido, assim como o respeito à sua autonomia quanto ao uso deste tratamento. A comunidade médica, jurídica e a sociedade devem, com urgência, reavaliar a transfusão de sangue sob os princípios da medicina baseada em evidências.

Patient Blood Management (PBM): A path to bloodless medicine / Manejo de sangre del paciente (PBM): un camino hacia la medicina sin sangre / Gerenciamento de Sangue do Paciente (PBM): um caminho para a medicina sem sangue

Introduction: Blood transfusion is traditional and popular, considered beneficial in reducing mortality. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) seeks medical decisions based on scientific evidence. Method: This study evaluated blood transfusion from the perspective of EBM through a narrative review. Results: Review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed that restrictive transfusion reduces mortality compared to less restrictive transfusion. No randomized placebo-controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of blood transfusion were found, creating uncertainty about the effect of blood transfusion, both in the restrictive and liberal modalities, on mortality. Systematic review of the quality of blood transfusion guidelines demonstrated that the guidelines were developed with low methodological rigor. Reviews of observational studies have linked transfusion to increased mortality, with Bradford Hill criteria suggesting a causal relationship. Systematic literature review demonstrates that Patient Blood Management (PBM) promotes reduced mortality and improved clinical outcomes. Although PBM provides an approach to reducing the use of stored blood, it does not challenge the basic assumption that blood transfusion is necessary or beneficial at some point. Conclusion: Following the important bioethic principle guiding the medical profession, "Primum non nocere" (First, do no harm), it is necessary to urgently reevaluate the inclusion of blood transfusion in the medical arsenal, a therapy that presents dubious benefit but proven harms. Until this reevaluation is fully undertaken by the medical community, patients must be fully and adequately informed about all these facts from now on, so that they can fully exercise their autonomy.

Introducción: La transfusión de sangre es tradicional y popular, considerada beneficiosa en la reducción de la mortalidad. La medicina basada en la evidencia (MBE) busca decisiones médicas basadas en pruebas científicas. Método: Este estudio evaluó la transfusión sanguínea desde la perspectiva de la MBE a través de una revisión narrativa. Resultados: La revisión de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) mostró que la transfusión restrictiva reduce la mortalidad en comparación con la transfusión menos restrictiva. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados controlados con placebo que evaluaran la eficacia de la transfusión de sangre, lo que crea incertidumbre sobre el efecto de la transfusión de sangre, tanto en las modalidades restrictivas como en las liberales, sobre la mortalidad. La revisión sistemática de la calidad de las pautas de transfusión sanguínea demostró que las pautas se desarrollaron con un bajo rigor metodológico. Las revisiones de estudios observacionales han vinculado la transfusión con un aumento de la mortalidad, y los criterios de Bradford Hill sugieren una relación causal. La revisión sistemática de la literatura demuestra que la Gestión de Sangre del Paciente (PBM) promueve una reducción de la mortalidad y mejores resultados clínicos. Aunque la PBM proporciona un enfoque para reducir el uso de sangre almacenada, no cuestiona la suposición básica de que la transfusión de sangre es necesaria o beneficiosa en algún momento. Conclusión: Siguiendo el principio hipocrático más importante que guía la profesión médica, "Primum non nocere" (Primero, no hacer daño), es necesario reevaluar con urgencia la inclusión de la transfusión de sangre en el arsenal médico, una terapia que presenta beneficios dudosos pero daños comprobados. Hasta que esta reevaluación sea llevada a cabo completamente por la comunidad médica, los pacientes deben ser informados plenamente y de manera adecuada sobre todos estos hechos a partir de ahora, para que puedan ejercer plenamente su autonomía.

Introdução: A transfusão de sangue é tradicional e popular, considerada benéfica na redução da mortalidade. A medicina baseada em evidências (MBE) busca decisões médicas embasadas em provas científicas. Método: Este estudo avaliou a transfusão sob a ótica da MBE através de uma revisão narrativa. Resultados: Revisão de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) mostrou que transfusão restritiva reduz mortalidade comparada a menos restritiva. Não foram encontrados ensaios clínicos randomizados placebo controlados que avaliaram a eficácia da transfusão de sangue, configurando uma incerteza do efeito da transfusão de sangue, tanto na modalidade restritiva como na liberal, na mortalidade. Revisão sistemática da qualidade das diretrizes sobre transfusão de sangue demonstrou que as diretrizes foram realizadas com baixo rigor metodológico. Revisões de estudos observacionais associaram transfusão a aumento de mortalidade, sendo que os critérios de Bradford Hill sugerem uma relação causal. Revisão sistemática da literatura demonstra que o Gerenciamento de Sangue do Paciente (PBM) promove redução da mortalidade e melhores desfechos clínicos. Embora o PBM forneça uma abordagem para reduzir o uso de sangue armazenado, ele não desafia a suposição básica de que a transfusão em algum momento é necessária ou benéfica. Conclusão: Seguindo o importante princípio bioético que rege a profissão médica, "Primum non nocere" (antes de tudo, não fazer mal), se faz necessário reavaliar com urgência a permanência no arsenal médico da transfusão de sangue, uma terapia que apresenta benefício duvidoso, mas danos comprovados. Até que esta reavaliação seja feita de forma cabal pela comunidade médica, os pacientes devem ser integralmente e adequadamente informados desde já a respeito de todos estes fatos para que possam exercer de forma plena sua autonomia.

Sangre total leucorreducida y filtro ahorrador de plaquetas preserva su función hemostática por 21 días: ¿La resucitación hemostática podría ser una realidad en Colombia? / Leukoreduced whole blood and platelet-sparing filter preserves its hemostatic function for 21 days: Could hemostatic resuscitation become a reality in Colombia?

Introducción. La resucitación hemostática es una estrategia para compensar la pérdida sanguínea y disminuir el impacto de la coagulación inducida por trauma. Debido a que la disponibilidad de transfundir una razón equilibrada de hemocomponentes es difícil de lograr en el entorno clínico, la sangre total ha reaparecido como una estrategia fisiológica, con ventajas logísticas, que le permiten ser accesible para iniciar tempranamente la resucitación hemostática. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades celulares, coagulantes y viscoelásticas de la sangre total almacenada por 21 días. Métodos. Las unidades de sangre total fueron obtenidas de 20 donantes voluntarios sanos. Se procesaron mediante un sistema de leucorreducción ahorrador de plaquetas y fueron almacenadas en refrigeración (1-6°C) sin agitación. Se analizaron los días 0, 6, 11 y 21. Las bolsas fueron analizadas para evaluar las líneas celulares, niveles de factores de coagulación y propiedades viscoelásticas mediante tromboelastografía. Resultados. El conteo eritrocitario y la hemoglobina se mantuvieron estables. El conteo de plaquetas tuvo una reducción del 50 % al sexto día, pero se mantuvo estable el resto del seguimiento. Los factores de coagulación II-V-VII-X, fibrinógeno y proteína C se mantuvieron dentro del rango normal. La tromboelastografía mostró una prolongación en el tiempo del inicio de la formación del coágulo, pero sin alterar la formación final de un coágulo estable. Conclusiones. La sangre total leucorreducida y con filtro ahorrador de plaquetas conserva sus propiedades hemostáticas por 21 días. Este es el primer paso en Colombia para la evaluación clínica de esta opción, que permita hacer una realidad universal la resucitación hemostática del paciente con trauma severo.

Background. Hemostatic resuscitation is a strategy to compensate blood loss and reduce the impact of trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, balanced resuscitation presents challenges in its application in the clinical setting. Whole blood has re-emerged as a physiologic strategy with logistical advantages that offer the opportunity for early initiation of hemostatic resuscitation. The study aims to evaluate the cellular, coagulation, and viscoelastic properties of whole blood preserved for 21 days. Methods. Whole blood units were donated by 20 healthy volunteers. These units were processed using a platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Units were stored under refrigeration (1-6°C) without agitation and were sampled on days 0, 6, 11, 16, and 21. The units were tested to assess its cellular properties and coagulation factors levels. In addition, viscoelastic features were tested using tromboelastography.Results. Red blood cells count and hemoglobin levels remained stables. Platelet count had a 50% reduction on day 6, and then remained stable for 21 days. Factors II-V-VII-X, fibrinogen, and protein C remained within normal range. Tromboelastrography test showed that the reaction time of clot formation is prolonged, but the final clot formation is not altered. Conclusion. Whole blood retains its hemostatic properties for 21 days. This is the first step to evaluate the use of whole blood in the resuscitation protocols for Colombia allowing hemostatic resuscitation become a universal reality.

From Sampling to Sequencing: A Liquid Biopsy Pre-Analytic Workflow to Maximize Multi-Layer Genomic Information from a Single Tube.

Liquid biopsies hold great promise for the management of cancer. Reliable liquid biopsy data depend on stable and reproducible pre-analytical protocols that comply with quality measures, irrespective of the sampling and processing site. We established a workflow for plasma preservation, followed by processing, cell-free nucleic acid isolation, quantification, and enrichment of potentially tumor-derived cell-free DNA and RNA. Employing the same input material for a direct comparison of different kits and protocols allowed us to formulate unbiased recommendations for sample collection, storage, and processing. The presented workflow integrates the stabilization in Norgen, PAX, or Streck tubes and subsequent parallel isolation of cell-free DNA and RNA with NucleoSnap and NucleoSpin. Qubit, Bioanalyzer, and TapeStation quantification and quality control steps were optimized for minimal sample use and high sensitivity and reproducibility. We show the efficiency of the proposed workflow by successful droplet digital PCR amplification of both cell-free DNA and RNA and by detection of tumor-specific alterations in low-coverage whole-genome sequencing and DNA methylation profiling of plasma-derived cell-free DNA. For the first time, we demonstrated successful parallel extraction of cell-free DNA and RNA from plasma samples. This workflow paves the road towards multi-layer genomic analysis from one single liquid biopsy sample.

Stabilization of Human Whole Blood Samples for Multicenter and Retrospective Immunophenotyping Studies.

Whole blood is often collected for large-scale immune monitoring studies to track changes in cell frequencies and responses using flow (FC) or mass cytometry (MC). In order to preserve sample composition and phenotype, blood samples should be analyzed within 24 h after bleeding, restricting the recruitment, analysis protocols, as well as biobanking. Herein, we have evaluated two whole blood preservation protocols that allow rapid sample processing and long-term stability. Two fixation buffers were used, Phosphoflow Fix and Lyse (BD) and Proteomic Stabilizer (PROT) to fix and freeze whole blood samples for up to 6 months. After analysis by an 8-plex panel by FC and a 26-plex panel by MC, manual gating of circulating leukocyte populations and cytokines was performed. Additionally, we tested the stability of a single sample over a 13-months period using 45 consecutive aliquots and a 34-plex panel by MC. We observed high correlation and low bias toward any cell population when comparing fresh and 6 months frozen blood with FC and MC. This correlation was confirmed by hierarchical clustering. Low coefficients of variation (CV) across studied time points indicate good sample preservation for up to 6 months. Cytokine detection stability was confirmed by low CVs, with some differences between fresh and fixed conditions. Thirteen months regular follow-up of PROT samples showed remarkable sample stability. Whole blood can be preserved for phenotyping and cytokine-response studies provided the careful selection of a compatible antibody panel. However, possible changes in cell morphology, differences in antibody affinity, and changes in cytokine-positive cell frequencies when compared to fresh blood should be considered. Our setting constitutes a valuable tool for multicentric and retrospective studies. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

Effectiveness of Multi-Modal Blood Management in Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy and Periacetabular Osteotomy with Proximal Femoral Osteotomy.

OBJECTIVE: Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), an effective treatment for patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), is characterized by wide exposure, cancellous bone surgery, and difficult techniques. In addition, the hip joint is deep and of rich muscles and neurovascular supply, which significantly increases bleeding. For patients who had combined proximal femoral osteotomy (PFO), the blood loss may be tremendous. The blood management for PAO is still challenging. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-modal blood management for PAO and PAO combined with PFO. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patients who had PAO with or without combined procedures from June 2010 to December 2018 in our department. The multi-modal blood management protocol included three parts: (i) pre-operation - autologous component blood donation and iron supplement/erythropoietin; (ii) during operation - controlled hypotension anesthesia, intraoperative auto-blood transfusion, tranexamic acid (20 mg/kg, IV / 0.5 g local), and standardized surgical procedure to shorten surgical time; and (iii) post-operation - no drainage used, selective allo-blood transfusion, and ice packing technique. As the lacking of the above standard blood management protocol during PAO or PAO + PFO initially, we divided all the patients into three groups: Group A (PAO) - before protocol started, 74 hips; Group B (PAO) - after protocol finalized, 178 hips; Group C (PAO + PFO) - after protocol finalized, 55 hips. The intraoperative blood loss, surgical time, allo-transfusion rate, pre- and postoperative hemoglobin were compared among groups. RESULTS: Both the general characteristics and preoperative hemoglobin were comparable among the three groups (P < 0.001). The intraoperative blood loss was 797.1 ± 312.2, 381.7 ± 144.0 and 544.1 ± 249.1 mL, respectively. The surgical time was 109.6 ± 18.5, 80.2 ± 20.0 and 154.3 ± 44.7 min, respectively. The allo-transfusion rate was 86.5%, 0%, and 2%, respectively. The mean decreased value of hemoglobin on the first postoperative day of group B and group C was greater than that of group A, which was associated with the higher allo-transfusion rate of group A. However, on the third postoperative day, the mean decreased value of hemoglobin of group B was less than that of group A and group C. CONCLUSION: Perioperative multi-modal blood management for PAO or PAO + PFO can significantly decrease intraoperative blood loss, reduce allo-transfusion rate from over 80% to 0%, and ensure the rapid recovery of postoperative hemoglobin level.

Building a patient blood management program in a large-volume tertiary hospital setting: Problems and solutions.

Successful implementation of a patient blood management program necessitates the collaboration of a strong organization and a multidisciplinary approach. We organized a meeting with broad participation in our center to establish a consensus for implementation of a specific patient blood management program. International and domestic experiences were shared, the importance of coordination and execution of different pillars in patient blood management were discussed, and the problems about the blood transfusion system were also investigated with the proposal for solutions. The data obtained from this meeting are presented to be a guide for similar large-volume tertiary hospitals for integration of a patient blood management protocol.

Proposing a Model for the National Hemovigilance Information System in Iran.

The present study aimed to propose a model for the national hemovigilance information system with a database approach, considering the importance and necessity of developing an information system for such a network. This is an applied, descriptive, and cross-sectional study, which was conducted in 2018. The research population comprised hemovigilance information systems in advanced countries, including the USA, UK, Australia, and France. Data were collected from library sources and the Internet from 2000 to 2018. The proposed model for the national hemovigilance information system was introduced using comparative tables and based on the similarities and differences of systems in the studied countries. The proposed model was then validated using the two-step Delphi technique through a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed, and reliability was approved by a Cronbach's alpha of 94%. The final model of the national hemovigilance information system comprised five main components: goals, organizations involved in the blood transfusion process, databases of blood transfusion organizations, data transfer flow between the databases of blood transfusion organizations, and transferable datasets, and hemovigilance-related committees. This model was approved by experts with an >85% agreement coefficient. The national hemovigilance information system with a database approach can improve blood transfusion health by providing access to reliable sources on blood transfusion complications to everyone, especially the medical community. Thus, it is essential to implement this standard accurately and precisely control the practical methods of this process based on international guidelines.

Patient Blood Management PBM: an effective, safe, cost-effective and evidence-based way to provide medical treatment in the face of scarcity of blood bags caused by the COVID-19 pandemic / Gestión de la sangre del paciente: una forma efectiva, segura, rentable y basada en la evidencia para proporcionar tratamiento médico frente a la escasez de bolsas de sangre causadas por la pandemia de COVID-19 / Gerenciamento de Sangue do Paciente (Patient Blood Management PBM): uma maneira eficaz, segura, custo-efetiva e baseada em evidências para prover tratamento médico diante da escassez das bolsas de sangue causada pela pandemia de COVID-19

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant shortage of blood stocks in several countries. Different strategies used in this scenario, such as suspension of elective surgeries, calling for more donors and loosening of regulations used in blood centers have limitations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of a set of medical care called Patient Blood Management (PBM) through a narrative review of the literature. Methods: Non-systematic literature search, without restriction of type of study, date or language, in the scientific databases: MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science. Results: Randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis of observational studies demonstrated that the use of PBM promoted a reduction in blood transfusions, length of hospital stay, complications such as acute renal failure, infection, thromboembolic events, and mortality. Economic analysis studies have observed significant savings in financial resources in the places where the PBM was implemented. Conclusion: PBM is effective, safe and cost-effective, promoting a reduction in blood transfusions, improving clinical outcomes and saving financial resources, characteristics that make it relevant in the face of a health system overburdened by the pandemic.

Introdução: A pandemia de COVID-19 provocou uma significativa escassez dos estoques de sangue em diversos países. Diferentes estratégias utilizadas neste cenário, como suspensão de cirurgias eletivas, chamamento de mais doadores e afrouxamento de normativas usadas nos hemocentros apresentam limitações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia, segurança e custo-efetividade de um conjunto de cuidados médicos chamado de Gerenciamento de Sangue do Paciente (Patient Blood Management ­ PBM) através de uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Métodos: Busca não sistemática da literatura, sem restrição de tipo de estudo, data ou idioma, nas bases de dados científicas: MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science. Resultados: Ensaios clínicos randomizados e metanálises de estudos observacionais demonstraram que o uso de PBM promoveu redução das transfusões de sangue, do tempo de internação hospitalar, das complicações como insuficiência renal aguda, infecção, eventos tromboembólicos, e da mortalidade. Estudos de análise econômica observaram relevante economia de recursos financeiros nos locais em que o PBM foi implementado. Conclusão: O PBM é eficaz, seguro e custo-efetivo, promovendo redução das transfusões de sangue, melhora nos desfechos clínicos e economia de recursos financeiros, características que o tornam relevante diante de um sistema de saúde sobrecarregado pela pandemia.

Autologous blood transfusion stimulates wound healing in diabetic mice through activation of the HIF-1α pathway by improving the blood preservation solution.

Transfusion of autologous blood is a timesaving, convenient, safe, and effective therapy from a clinical perspective, and often employed for the treatment of diabetic patients. Stabilization of HIF-1α has been widely reported to be a critical factor in the improvement of wound healing in diabetes. Therefore, our study reveals the roles of improved autologous blood in wound healing in diabetes, through autologous blood transfusion in a mouse model. Initially, BALB/c mice were subjected to streptozotocin for diabetic mouse model establishment. Diabetic mice were transfused with improved or standard autologous blood in perfusion culture system. Roles of improved autologous blood in mediating HIF-1α pathway were determined by measuring expression of VEGF, EGF, HIF-1α, and HSP-90. In order to assess the detailed regulatory mechanism of improved autologous blood in perspective of wound healing, cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle, fibroblasts isolated from diabetic mice were transfected with HIF-1α siRNA. Mice transfused with improved autologous blood exhibited increased levels of CD31 and α-SMA in skin tissues, and reduced TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels, indicating that improved autologous blood promoted wound healing ability and reduced the release of inflammatory factors. Diabetic mice transfused with improved autologous blood presented activated HIF-1α pathway. The survival rate, proliferation, and migration of fibroblasts were elevated via activation of the HIF-1α pathway. Taken together, improved blood preservation solution could enhance the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells and wound healing in mice with diabetes, which is achieved through regulation of HIF-1α pathway.

Validation of the Accuracy of Self-Reported ABO Blood Types in the Japan Nurses' Health Study

Background: The associations between ABO blood type and risk of diseases including cancer have been reported from epidemiological studies. Self-reporting is one of the most widely used methods of collecting the ABO blood type information. Verifying the accuracy of self-reporting is important to consider measurement errors. We aimed to conduct validation of self-reported ABO blood types in the Japan Nurses' Health Study (JNHS), which is a large prospective cohort study. Methods: The concordance rate between self-reported and serologically or genetically inferred ABO blood groups was investigated for a subsample of 41 subjects from the Gunma Nurses' Health Study, which was a pilot cohort study that preceded the JNHS. The presence of antibodies to A or B antigens in serum (serological test) and allele types of the ABO gene (genotyping test) were determined by using frozen blood samples that were preserved for approximately 7 years. ABO blood types were determined from these tests and compared with self-reported data. Results: All of the nurses reported that their ABO blood groups were concordant with those determined by a serological and/or genotyping test. Self-reported ABO blood types of 35 of 38 (92.1%) participants were consistent with the results from serological typing, while the answers of three participants were not. In these three participants, ABO genotypes that were inferred from genotyping of three single nucleotide polymorphisms in ABO loci perfectly matched with their self-reported ABO types, and all of these were O-type. Conclusions: Japanese health professionals report their blood type with a high degree of accuracy. Special attention should be paid to the O-type group in serological analysis of blood samples that have been preserved for several years in longitudinal studies.

Effects of irradiation and leukoreduction on down-regulation of CXCL-8 and storage lesion in stored canine whole blood.

White blood cells (WBCs) and storage period are the main factors of transfusion reactions. In the present study, cytokine/chemokine concentrations after leukoreduction (LR) and irradiation (IR) in stored canine whole blood were measured. Red blood cell storage lesion caused by IR and LR were also compared. Blood samples from 10 healthy Beagles were divided into four groups (no treatment, LR-, IR-, and LR + IR-treated). Leukocytes were removed by filtration in the LR group and gamma radiation (25 Gy) was applied in the IR group. Immunologic factors (WBCs, interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 [CXCL-8], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and storage lesion factors (blood pH, potassium, and hemolysis) were evaluated on storage days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Compared to the treated groups, IL-6 and CXCL-8 concentrations during storage were significantly higher in the control (no treatment) group. LR did not show changes in cytokine/chemokine concentrations, and storage lesion presence was relatively mild. IR significantly increased CXCL-8 after 14 days of storage, but IR of leukoreduced blood did not increase CXCL-8 during 28 days of storage. Storage lesions such as hemolysis, increased potassium, and low pH were observed 7 days after IR and storage of blood, regardless of LR. IR of leukoreduced blood is beneficial to avoid immune reactions; however, storage lesions should be considered upon storage.

Financial cost of whole blood and blood component disposals in a Brazilian coordinating blood center / Costo financiero de los desechos de sangre total y hemocomponentes en un hemocentro coordinador brasileño / Custo financeiro dos descartes de sangue total e hemocomponentes em um hemocentro coordenador brasileiro

Abstract Objective: To describe the reasons for the disposal of blood in the coordinating blood center of the State of Paraná and to estimate the financial costs resulting from potentially avoidable discards. Method: A descriptive, retrospective and documentary analysis, with data related to the period from 2010 to 2015 of a Brazilian coordinating blood center collected from a governmental database and analyzed by descriptive statistics. This study was approved by the Ethics Research Committee (CAEE 63074916.0.0000.5225). Results: 101,813 units were discarded, representing 22.3% of the total of 455,684 produced; plasma was the most discharged blood component. The main reason for discarding was lipemia (35.8%); the analysis showed that 56.9% of the disposals were considered potentially avoidable with an estimated paid value of approximately US$2 million. Conclusion: The expressive potential of avoidance of disposal of blood units and blood components highlights the importance of planning actions aiming at their best use, contributing to the reduction of amounts paid for these processes.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las causas de desechos de sangre en un hemocentro coordinador del estado de Paraná y estimar los costos financieros recurrentes de desechos potencialmente evitables. Método: Descriptivo, retrospectivo y análisis documental, con datos relativos al período de 2010 a 2015 de un hemocentro coordinador brasileño recolectados a partir de la base del Sistema Hemovida y analizados por estadística descriptiva. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación con el número CAEE 63074916.0.0000.5225. Resultados: Se desecharon 101.813 unidades, lo que representa el 22,3% del total de 455.684 producidas; el plasma fue el hemocomponente más desechado. Hubo predominio de desecho por lipemia (35,8%); y el análisis demostró que el 56,9% de los desechos se consideraron potencialmente evitables, un valor pago estimado de US$2 millones. Conclusión: El significativo potencial de evitar el desecho de unidades de sangre y hemocomponentes destaca la importancia de planificar acciones con vistas a mejorar el uso, contribuyendo así a reducir los costos de las tarifas que se pagan por estos procesos.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever os motivos de descarte de sangue no hemocentro coordenador do Estado do Paraná e estimar os custos financeiros decorrente de descartes potencialmente evitáveis. Método: Descritivo, retrospectivo e análise documental, cujos dados relativos ao período de 2010 a 2015 foram coletados a partir de base do Sistema Hemovida, e analisados por estatística descritiva. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa sob CAEE 63074916.0.0000.5225. Resultados: Foram descartadas 101.813 unidades, que representaram 22,3% do total de 455.684 produzidas; o plasma foi o hemocomponente mais descartado. Houve prevalência de descarte por lipemia (35,8%); a análise demonstrou que 56,9% dos descartes foram considerados potencialmente evitáveis, um valor pago estimado de US$ 2 milhões. Conclusão: O expressivo potencial de evitabilidade de descarte de unidades de sangue e hemocomponentes destaca a importância no planejamento de ações com vistas ao seu melhor uso, contribuindo para a redução de valores pagos para esses processos.

Effects of irradiation and leukoreduction on down-regulation of CXCL-8 and storage lesion in stored canine whole blood

White blood cells (WBCs) and storage period are the main factors of transfusion reactions. In the present study, cytokine/chemokine concentrations after leukoreduction (LR) and irradiation (IR) in stored canine whole blood were measured. Red blood cell storage lesion caused by IR and LR were also compared. Blood samples from 10 healthy Beagles were divided into four groups (no treatment, LR-, IR-, and LR + IR-treated). Leukocytes were removed by filtration in the LR group and gamma radiation (25 Gy) was applied in the IR group. Immunologic factors (WBCs, interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 [CXCL-8], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and storage lesion factors (blood pH, potassium, and hemolysis) were evaluated on storage days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Compared to the treated groups, IL-6 and CXCL-8 concentrations during storage were significantly higher in the control (no treatment) group. LR did not show changes in cytokine/chemokine concentrations, and storage lesion presence was relatively mild. IR significantly increased CXCL-8 after 14 days of storage, but IR of leukoreduced blood did not increase CXCL-8 during 28 days of storage. Storage lesions such as hemolysis, increased potassium, and low pH were observed 7 days after IR and storage of blood, regardless of LR. IR of leukoreduced blood is beneficial to avoid immune reactions; however, storage lesions should be considered upon storage.

Bordetella holmesii Contamination of Platelet Concentrates: Revisiting the Definition of a Positive Culture.

Bacterial contamination remains the most important infectious risk of platelet transfusion. After an initially positive result, a second test is performed on the blood products and the initial culture bottle to confirm the contamination. Based on the blood center's decision algorithm used, results can be either confirmed negative, positive, or indeterminate, or be unconfirmed or discordant. Here, we report the first cases of platelet concentrates contaminated with Bordetella holmesii The in vitro growth characteristics of this unusual contaminant in platelet concentrate were investigated. Two B. holmesii strains isolated from platelet concentrates, as well as a control strain (Serratia marcescens), were spiked into platelet concentrates (PCs) at 1 and 10 CFU/ml. PCs were stored at 20 to 24°C under agitation. Samples were collected on days 2, 3, 4, and 7 for colony count and for bacterial screening using the BacT/Alert 3D system. Two PCs were detected as being positive for B. holmesii However, recultures were negative. In vitro, B. holmesii did not grow but remained detectable in PCs. Its viability diminished rapidly in contact with human plasma. Upon screening using the BacT/Alert 3D system, the majority of products spiked with B. holmesii were negative. This is the first description of PCs contaminated with B. holmesii This bacterium survives in blood products and remains dormant at low concentrations in blood products stored at room temperature, thus making difficult its detection with the BacT/Alert 3D system. The present definition of a true-positive culture of PCs may be overly restrictive for certain bacterial strains.

Effects of shorter versus longer storage time of transfused red blood cells in adult ICU patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.

PURPOSE: Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are often transfused with red blood cells (RBC). During storage, the RBCs and storage medium undergo changes, which may have clinical consequences. Several trials now have assessed these consequences, and we reviewed the present evidence on the effects of shorter versus longer storage time of transfused RBCs on outcomes in ICU patients. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses (TSA) of randomised clinical trials including adult ICU patients transfused with fresher versus older or standard issue blood. RESULTS: We included seven trials with a total of 18,283 randomised ICU patients; two trials of 7504 patients were judged to have low risk of bias. We observed no effects of fresher versus older blood on death (relative risk 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-1.11; 7349 patients; TSA-adjusted CI 0.93-1.15), adverse events (1.26, 0.76-2.09; 7332 patients; TSA-adjusted CI 0.16-9.87) or post-transfusion infections (1.07, 0.96-1.20; 7332 patients; TSA-adjusted CI 0.90-1.27). The results were unchanged by including trials with high risk of bias. TSA confirmed the results and the required information size was reached for mortality for a relative risk change of 20%. CONCLUSIONS: We may be able to reject a clinically meaningful effect of RBC storage time on mortality in transfused adult ICU patients as our trial sequential analyses reject a 10% relative risk change in death when comparing fresher versus older blood for transfusion.

Freeze-Dried Human Platelet-Rich Plasma Retains Activation and Growth Factor Expression after an Eight-Week Preservation Period.

STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) stored at room temperature (RT), frozen, or after freeze-drying. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: PRP enriches tissue repair and regeneration, and is a novel treatment option for musculoskeletal pathologies. However, whether biological activity is preserved during PRP storage remains uncertain. METHODS: PRP was prepared from blood of 12 healthy human volunteers (200 mL/person) and stored using three methods: PRP was stored at RT with shaking, PRP was frozen and stored at -80℃, or PRP was freeze-dried and stored at RT. Platelet counts and growth factor content were examined immediately after preparation, as well as 2, 4, and 8 weeks after storage. Platelet activation rate was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Platelet counts were impossible to determine in many RT samples after 2 weeks, but they remained at constant levels in frozen and freeze-dried samples, even after 8 weeks of storage. Flow cytometry showed approximately 80% activation of the platelets regardless of storage conditions. Almost no growth factors were detected in the RT samples after 8 weeks, while low but significant expression was detected in the frozen and freeze-dried PRP. Over time, the mean relative concentrations of various growth factors decreased significantly or disappeared in the RT group. In the frozen group, levels were maintained for 4 weeks, but decreased significantly by 8 weeks (p <0.05). The freeze-dried group maintained baseline levels of growth factors for the entire 8-week duration. CONCLUSIONS: Freeze-drying enables PRP storage while maintaining bioactivity and efficacy for extended periods.

Freeze-Dried Human Platelet-Rich Plasma Retains Activation and Growth Factor Expression after an Eight-Week Preservation Period

STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) stored at room temperature (RT), frozen, or after freeze-drying. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: PRP enriches tissue repair and regeneration, and is a novel treatment option for musculoskeletal pathologies. However, whether biological activity is preserved during PRP storage remains uncertain. METHODS: PRP was prepared from blood of 12 healthy human volunteers (200 mL/person) and stored using three methods: PRP was stored at RT with shaking, PRP was frozen and stored at −80℃, or PRP was freeze-dried and stored at RT. Platelet counts and growth factor content were examined immediately after preparation, as well as 2, 4, and 8 weeks after storage. Platelet activation rate was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Platelet counts were impossible to determine in many RT samples after 2 weeks, but they remained at constant levels in frozen and freeze-dried samples, even after 8 weeks of storage. Flow cytometry showed approximately 80% activation of the platelets regardless of storage conditions. Almost no growth factors were detected in the RT samples after 8 weeks, while low but significant expression was detected in the frozen and freeze-dried PRP. Over time, the mean relative concentrations of various growth factors decreased significantly or disappeared in the RT group. In the frozen group, levels were maintained for 4 weeks, but decreased significantly by 8 weeks (p <0.05). The freeze-dried group maintained baseline levels of growth factors for the entire 8-week duration. CONCLUSIONS: Freeze-drying enables PRP storage while maintaining bioactivity and efficacy for extended periods.

Blood storage effect of blood transportation boxes made of phase-changed material in extreme cold region of the plain / 军事医学

Objective To analyze and evaluate the blood preservation effect of two types of blood transportation boxes under field conditions in extreme cold regions of the plain.Methods Before experiment,the hematocrit,hemoglobin(Hb) and free Hb content,Na+and K +of samples of suspended red blood cells(RBCs)were detected and the sterility test was conducted.One of the two boxes was a field blood transportation box that served as control, while the other was made of phase-changed material of two types—1#and 2#.The suspended RBC samples were preserved in the low-temperature blood refrigerators and the two types of boxes respectively and transported under outdoor environment temperatures of -20 --5℃for 2 h.After that,the changes in the blood storage device temperature were recorded after 0,12,24,36,48 and 60 h.Results The suspended RBC preservation time in the field blood transportation box was 42 h vs 58 h in the blood transportation box made of phase-changed material.But their hemolysis rate,Na+,K+and the sterility test all were up to national standards.Conclusion In the extreme cold regions of the plain, the blood transportation box made of phase-changed material can be used to preserve suspended RBCs.