Superhydrophobic and environmentally friendly bovine bone biomass based cellulose membrane for oil-water separation.

With the development of superhydrophobic materials for oil-water separation, there is an urgent need to develop environmentally friendly, low-cost, and novel hydrophobic materials. In this paper, based on bovine bone biomass raw materials, bone ash particles are obtained by calcination and grinding, and then bovine bone ash/cotton fabric cellulose membranes are prepared by vacuum filtration and impregnation methods. The pore size of the membrane is regulated and the hydrophobicity of the material is enhanced by constructing the surface microstructures. Results indicate that the membranes possess good hydrophobicity with a contact angle of 161° and the flux can reach 53,635.2 L/m2h for light oil. The separation efficiencies for petroleum ether, cyclohexane, kerosene, and dichloromethane all reach >99 %. In addition, the separation efficiency of the cellulose membrane is still >99 % in the 40-day separation test and always exceeds 90 % for 30 cycling test, indicating that it has good stability and recoverability. Interestingly, the cellulose membrane is prepared from biodegradable and renewable raw materials, which reduces environmental pollution and effectively utilize natural resources.

Exploring Novel Umami Peptides from Bovine Bone Soups Using Nano-HPLC-MS/MS and Molecular Docking.

In this study, umami peptides were screened and characterized from bovine bone soups manufactured via atmospheric and high-pressure boiling. Peptide fractions with molecular weights less than 3 kDa were selected for peptide sequencing using LC-MS/MS, the toxicity prediction of the umami peptides was carried out by using an website, and the peptides were screened according to the binding energy, i.e., three peptides including YDAELS, TDVAHR, and ELELQ were selected. The three umami peptides were further synthesized, and their umami thresholds were determined through sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis, ranging from 0.375 to 0.75 mg/mL. All three peptides exhibited a significant synergistic taste enhancement effect when combined with MSG (monosodium glutamate) solution. The molecular docking of the umami peptides with the T1R1/T1R3 receptor revealed the mechanism of umami presentation, and the main interaction forces between the three umami peptides and the receptor were hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions.

Immediate Implantation with Autologous Mineralized Dentin Graft versus Deproteinized Bovine Bone as Space-Filling Substitute in Maxillary Anterior Zone: Retrospective Radiological and Clinical Study.

Background/Objectives: Various bone substitutes have been recommended to augment the horizontal gap following immediate implantation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of an autogenous mineralized dentin graft or a deproteinized bovine bone in horizontal gap augmentation following immediate implant placement in the maxillary anterior region. Methods: A total of 110 patients underwent tooth extraction followed by immediate implant placement. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group received an autogenous mineralized dentin graft (the test group) while the second group received a deproteinized bovine bone (the control group) to augment the horizontal gap. Preoperative (T0), immediate postoperative (T1), and 1-year postoperative (T2) cone beam computed tomography scans were taken from all the patients. Linear measurements were recorded 1 mm (R1) and 5 mm (R2) points apical to the implant platform at both T1 and T2 time intervals. Pink Esthetic Scores and prosthetic complications were evaluated as well. Results: There were 57 patients with a mean age of 45.42 ± 9.86 (range 24-63 years) selected as the test group and 53 patients with a mean age of 40.28 ± 11.69 (range 20-63 years) as the control group. The mean reduction in the buccal bone plate at R1 was 6.39 ± 3.78% in the test group and 6.99 ± 5.01% in the control group (p > 0.05). The mean reduction in the buccal bone plate at R2 was 5.46 ± 4.98% in the test group and 6.77 ± 7.60% in the control group (p < 0.05). The PES and prosthetic-related complications were shown to be negligible between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The efficiency of using an autogenous mineralized dentin graft for horizontal gap augmentation showed similar results in comparison to using a deproteinized bovine bone in relation to buccolingual socket reduction following immediate implantation.

Preparation of 1,2-benzenedialdehyde-crosslinked oligo-gelatin conjugates and poly-gelatin nanoparticles to stabilize traditional and Pickering emulsions, respectively.

This research aimed to develop a desolvation and 1,2-benzenedialdehyde crosslinking method to prepare crosslinked gelatin substances for emulsion stabilization. The oligo-gelatin conjugates and poly-gelatin nanoparticles could be formed at the 1,2-benzenedialdehyde concentration of 50 g/L and ≥ 150 g/L, respectively. The formation mechanism involved intra/inter-molecular amine-benzenedialdehyde-thiol and amine-benzenedialdehyde-amine crosslinking reactions. With increasing 1,2-benzenedialdehyde preparation concentrations (50-450 g/L), the crosslinked gelatin substance sizes increased from 81.5 ± 20.1 nm to 105.5 ± 20.8 nm in the dried state, and increased (from 35 ± 8 nm to 220 ± 36 nm) then decreased to 115 ± 28 nm in the water. Furthermore, the fish oil emulsions stabilized by the crosslinked gelatin substances showed different creaming stability: 250 g/L (43.5 ± 1.5 %) > 350 g/L (41.4 ± 1.0 %) > 450 g/L (37.5 ± 2.2 %) > 150 g/L (11.2 ± 0.4 %) > 50 g/L (0.0 ± 0.0 %). The results suggested this method was useful for preparing oligo-gelatin conjugates and poly-gelatin nanoparticles to stabilize traditional and Pickering emulsions, respectively.

Comparison of clinical efficacy between autologous partially demineralized dentin matrix and deproteinized bovine bone mineral for bone augmentation in orthodontic patients with alveolar bone deficiency: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: It is common to see patients who need orthodontic treatment but with insufficient alveolar bone volume. However, safe and effective tooth movement requires sufficient alveolar bone width and height. The aim of this study is to compare the bone augmentation efficacy of Autologous Partially Demineralized Dentin Matrix (APDDM) and Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral (DBBM) in orthodontic patients with insufficient bone by using a randomized controlled clinical trial approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven orthodontic patients involving 40 posterior teeth alveolar sites (n = 40) with insufficient alveolar bone volume were randomly divided into a control group (n = 20) and an experimental group (n = 20). The patients in the experimental group were treated with APDDM, and those in the control group were treated with DBBM. After surgery, the adjacent teeth are moved toward the bone grafting sites according to the orthodontic treatment plan. Patients completed a postoperative response questionnaire by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score to indicate pain and swelling in the bone grafted area at the time of suture removal; and CBCT scans were conducted before surgery, 6 months and 2 years after surgery to assess changes in buccal and central alveolar heights, as well as widths at the alveolar ridge apex and 3 mm, 5 mm below the apex, respectively. The CBCT image sequences were imported into Mimics 21.0 software in DICOM format. The data of the patients in both groups were collected and analyzed by SPSS 25.0. RESULTS: The VAS scores were significantly lower in the APDDM group than in the DBBM group (p < 0.05). Significant increases were observed in alveolar bone height and width at 6 months and 2 years postoperative (p < 0.05); At 2 years, the APDDM group exhibited a reduction in buccal crest height and in 3 mm, 5 mm width below alveolar ridge apex, relative to 6 months (p < 0.05), while the DBBM group showed a decrease only in the central height of the alveolar bone (p < 0.05). There was a significant bone augmentation increase found only 3 mm below the alveolar ridge apex in the APDDM group compared with the DBBM group among all 6 months group comparison (p < 0.05). At 2 years, the augmentation effects were similar across both groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Radiomics analysis indicates that APDDM serves as a viable bone augmentation material for orthodontic patients with insufficient alveolar bone volume, achieving comparable clinical efficacy to DBBM. Additionally, APDDM is associated with a milder postoperative response than DBBM. THE REGISTRATION NUMBER (TRN): ChiCTR2400084607.

The Role of Bone Tacks in Sinus Floor Lift Surgery: A Single-Center Experience.

Background: Maxillar atrophy is a prevalent condition associated with diminished bone volume, which precludes the conventional placement of dental implants. Sinus floor lift is a surgical procedure that aims to address this atrophy through the insertion of a graft within the sinus cavity. A multitude of techniques have been documented in the international literature for the management of the sinus bone window, though each approach has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Methods: The present study is a retrospective analysis of traditional sinus floor lift surgery, comparing the outcomes of two surgical approaches: placement of a collagen membrane over the maxillary lateral bone window with or without bone tacks. The study enrolled a total of 48 consecutive patients. Twenty-four patients underwent sinus floor lift surgery, with the placement of a collagen membrane over the maxillary lateral bone window without bone tacks (control group). The remaining 24 patients underwent the same procedure, but with bone tacks (study group). All patients received an amoxicillin 875 mg + clavulanic acid 125 mg administration for six days and underwent Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) before the sinus floor lift surgery and six months later before the implant surgery. The parameters measured on the preoperative Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan included residual bone, the preoperative thickness of the lateral bone in the center, and the distance between the lateral wall and the medial wall of the sinus. Only the bone height increment was measured on the postoperative CBCT scan. Postoperative complications and the visual analogue scale (VAS) score were also recorded. A statistical analysis was performed, and the correlation between the parameters was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A comparison of the mean of the parameters between the treatment group and the control group was conducted using the t-test. Results and Conclusions: The study group was found to have superior outcomes in terms of bone height increment (p = 0.001) and VAS after 7 days (p = 0.11) compared to the control group. The novel application of bone tacks on the collagen membrane over the bone window following sinus elevation surgery was associated with superior outcomes in terms of bone height and reduced pain at seven days, as measured by the VAS, with no postoperative complications.

Comprehensive three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography assessment unilateral alveolar cleft reconstruction using autologous iliac cancellous bone combined with deproteinized bovine bone: A clinical retrospective evaluation.

Large-volume autologous iliac cancellous bone grafting for alveolar cleft may lead to undesirable bone resorption and susceptible donor-site morbidity, whereas the addition of deproteinized bovine bone (DBB) could optimize outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combining autologous iliac bone with DBB using three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (3D-CBCT) for better analysis of bone generation than conventional evaluation methods. Thirty-six patients with unilateral alveolar cleft were assigned into two groups. Group A (n = 21) underwent autogenous cancellous bone graft harvested from the anterior iliac crests, while Group B (n = 15) received a composite of autogenous iliac cancellous bone and DBB. Patients in Group B displayed higher bone filling rates (P < 0.0001) and lower bone absorption rates (P < 0.001) than those in Group A at both 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Additionally, there were directional differences in bone absorption within the bone grafts, with more absorption observed on the alveolar crest and palatal sides than that on the nasal and labial sides (P < 0.001). This study demonstrates that employing a combination of DBB and autologous bone in alveolar cleft repair achieves better outcomes of bone grafting.

Mechanical and in vitro study of 3D printed silk fibroin and bone-based composites biomaterials for bone implant application.

When treating orthopaedic damage or illness and accidental fracture, bone grafting remains the gold standard of treatment. In cases where this approach does not seem achievable, bone tissue engineering can offer scaffolding as a substitute. Defective and fractured bone tissue is extracted and substituted with porous scaffold structures to aid in the process of tissue regeneration. 3D bioprinting has demonstrated enormous promise in recent years for producing scaffold structures with the necessary capabilities. In order to create composite biomaterial inks for 3D bioprinting, three different materials were combined such as silk fibroin, bone particles, and synthetic biopolymer poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL). These biomaterials were used to fabricate the two composites scaffolds such as: silk fibroin + bovine bone (SFB) and silk fibroin + bovine bone + Polycaprolactone (SFBP). The biomechanical, structural, and biological elements of the manufactured composite scaffolds were characterized in order to determine their suitability as a possible biomaterial for the production of bone tissue. The in vitro bioactivity of the two composite scaffolds was assessed in the simulated body fluids, and the swelling and degradation characteristics of the two developed scaffolds were analyzed separately over time. The results showed that the mechanical durability of the composite scaffolds was enhanced by the bovine bone particles, up to a specific concentration in the silk fibroin matrix. Furthermore, the incorporation of bone particles improved the bioactive composite scaffolds' capacity to generate hydroxyapatite in vitro. The combined findings show that the two 3D printed bio-composites scaffolds have the required mechanical strength and may be applied to regeneration of bone tissue and restoration, since they resemble the characteristics of native bone.

Development and characterization of wax-bovine bone protein-grapeseed oil composite oleogels: Experimental and molecular simulation studies.

Three new types of composite oleogel formulations were designed. Specifically, oleogels were prepared using 90% grapeseed oil as the oil phase and carnauba wax (CW)/beeswax/rice bran wax-bovine bone protein (BBP) as gelators. All samples were solid and had an oil-binding capacity of >90%. BBP addition considerably improved the waxy texture of the oleogel and had an important effect on the crystalline network. X-ray diffractometry indicated that BBP increased the ß'-crystal content. All samples showed sol-gel thermodynamic behavior under temperature scanning. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular docking confirmed the formation of noncovalent interactions dominated by van der Waals forces during the development of the oleogel. The optimal components of the three oleogels exhibited an excellent effect of slowing down the release of free fatty acids. This study could serve as a reference for the development and application of wax-protein as a new binary gelator in the food industry.

Novel osteogenic peptide from bovine bone collagen hydrolysate: Targeted screening, molecular mechanism, and stability analysis.

This study aimed to screen for a novel osteogenic peptide based on the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and explore its molecular mechanism and gastrointestinal stability. In this study, a novel osteogenic peptide (Phe-Ser-Gly-Leu, FSGL) derived from bovine bone collagen hydrolysate was successfully screened by molecular docking and synthesised by solid phase peptide synthesis for further analysis. Cell experiments showed that FSGL significantly enhanced the osteogenic activity of MC3T3-E1 cells by acting on CaSR, including proliferation (152.53%), differentiation, and mineralization. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics further demonstrated that FSGL was a potential allosteric activator of CaSR, that turned on the activation switch of CaSR by closing the Venus flytrap (VFT) domain and driving the two protein chains in the VFT domain to easily form dimers. In addition, 96.03% of the novel osteogenic peptide FSGL was stable during gastrointestinal digestion. Therefore, FSGL showed substantial potential for enhancing the osteogenic activity of osteoblasts. This study provided new insights for the application of CaSR in the targeted screening of osteogenic peptides to improve bone health.

Bone volume and height changes for lateral window sinus floor elevation using two types of deproteinized bovine bone mineral: A retrospective cohort study of 1-4 years.

OBJECTIVE: To compare bone volume and height changes of two types of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) for lateral window sinus floor elevation (LSFE) with simultaneous implant placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study involved 72 patients who underwent LSFE using low-temperature sintered cancellous bone-derived DBBM (C-DBBM) or high-temperature two-step sintered epiphyseal-derived DBBM (E-DBBM). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was acquired preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, 6 months and 1-4 years post-surgery. Bone volume (BV), apical bone height (ABH), endo-sinus bone gain (ESBG), and crestal bone level (CBL) were evaluated through three-dimensional fitting and superimposition. Linear mixed models (LMM) were employed to analyze factors influencing the reduction of BV (ΔBV) and ESBG (ΔESBG). RESULTS: The E-DBBM group showed no significant change in BV 1-4 years post-surgery, while the C-DBBM group demonstrated a significant reduction (p = .006) with volume stability of 85.86%. Bone height in the E-DBBM group increased at 6 months and subsequently decreased at 1-4 years (p = .003). In the C-DBBM group, it decreased at 6 months (p = .014), then further decreased at 1-4 years (p = .001). ΔESBG was lower in the E-DBBM group than the C-DBBM group from immediate postoperative to 1-4 years (p = .009). LMM showed graft material type was the primary factor influencing ΔBV (p = .026) and ΔESBG (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, both types of DBBM could achieve favorable clinical outcomes. E-DBBM demonstrated enhanced stability in maintaining bone volume and height.

Alveolar Ridge Preservation Using a Novel Species-Specific Collagen-Enriched Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral: Histological Evaluation of a Prospective Case Series.

In recent years, the significance of maintaining the alveolar ridge following tooth extractions has markedly increased. Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is a commonly utilized technique and a variety of bone substitute materials and biologics are applied in different combinations. For this purpose, a histological evaluation and the clinical necessity of subsequent guided bone regeneration (GBR) in delayed implantations were investigated in a prospective case series after ARP with a novel deproteinized bovine bone material (95%) in combination with a species-specific collagen (5%) (C-DBBM). Notably, block-form bone substitutes without porcine collagen are limited, and moreover, the availability of histological data on this material remains limited. Ten patients, each scheduled for tooth extraction and desiring future implantation, were included in this study. Following tooth extraction, ARP was performed using a block form of C-DBBM in conjunction with a double-folded bovine cross-linked collagen membrane (xCM). This membrane was openly exposed to the oral cavity and secured using a crisscross suture. After a healing period ranging from 130 to 319 days, guided trephine drilling was performed for implant insertion utilizing static computer-aided implant surgery (s-CAIS). Cores harvested from the area previously treated with ARP were histologically processed and examined. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) was not necessary for any of the implantations. Histological examination revealed the development of a lattice of cancellous bone trabeculae through appositional membranous osteogenesis at various stages surrounding C-DBBM granules as well as larger spongy or compact ossicles with minimal remnants. The clinical follow-up period ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 years, during which no biological or technical complications occurred. Within the limitations of this prospective case series, it can be concluded that ARP using this novel C-DBBM in combination with a bovine xCM could be a treatment option to avoid the need for subsequent GBR in delayed implantations with the opportunity of a bovine species-specific biomaterial chain.

Histomorphometric and microtomographic analysis of maxillary sinus augmentation surgeries with and without collagen membrane on the lateral window: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histomorphometric and computerized microtomographic (Micro-CT) analysis of the regenerated bone tissue from maxillary sinus augmentation surgery, with and without using the collagen membrane on the external osteotomy window. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients were selected for this prospective, controlled, and randomized study. The patients were submitted to bilateral maxillary sinus surgery in a split-mouth design. On the test side, the maxillary sinus augmentation procedure included using Geistlich Bio-Oss® and a Geistlich Bio-Gide® collagen membrane covering the lateral osteotomy window. On the control side, only Geistlich Bio-Oss® was used without the presence of the membrane. After 6 months, the surgeries for implant installation were performed. In this surgical phase, specimens of the regenerated tissue were collected for histological and Micro-CT analysis. RESULTS: In the histomorphometric evaluation, the mean (±SD) percentages of newly formed bone were 43.9% (±11.5) and 40.8% (±8.9) in the test and control groups, respectively. The corresponding values of the Micro-CT analysis were 36.6% (±3.4) and 37.2% (±4.7) in the test and control groups, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the test and control groups in the two methods. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean percentage of biomaterial remaining between the test and control groups. However, the mean percentage of newly formed bone was significantly higher and the mean percentage of remaining biomaterial was significantly lower in the histomorphometric analysis compared to the values obtained through microtomography. CONCLUSION: The additional use of collagen membranes in maxillary sinus surgery does not offer advantages in newly formed bone.

Long-Term Volumetric Stability of Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation Using a Xenograft Bone Substitute and Its Combination with Autologous Bone: A 6+ Year Retrospective Follow-Up Study Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

Deproteinised bovine bone (DBB) is widely used as bone substitute in maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) surgery. No previous studies have shown the long-term volumetric changes in the augmented bone when using DBB. The selected patients had MFSA performed using a lateral window technique and a xenograft, alone or in combination with the patient's autologous bone from the mandible. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were used to compare the volumetric changes in the augmented bone for patients over a period of 6 or more years. No significant bone reduction was seen in the augmented bone region when comparing MSFA after 7 months and 6 or more years after dental implantation.

Preparation, Optimization, and Characterization of Bovine Bone Gelatin/Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsion Containing Thymol.

The aim of this study is to produce a biodegradable food packaging material that reduces environmental pollution and protects food safety. The effects of total solids content, substrate ratio, polyphenol content, and magnetic stirring time on bovine bone gelatin/sodium carboxymethylcellulose nanoemulsion (BBG/SCMC-NE) were investigated using particle size, PDI, turbidity, rheological properties, and zeta potential as evaluation indexes. The micro, structural, antioxidant, encapsulation, and release properties were characterized after deriving its optimal preparation process. The results showed that the nanoemulsion was optimally prepared with a total solids content of 2%, a substrate ratio of 9:1, a polyphenol content of 0.2%, and a magnetic stirring time of 60 min. SEM showed that the nanoemulsion showed a dense and uniform reticulated structure. FTIR and XRD results showed that covalent cross-linking of proteins and polysaccharides altered the structure of gelatin molecular chains to a more compact form but did not change its semi-crystalline structure. DSC showed that the 9:1 BBG/SCMC-NE had a higher thermal denaturation temperature and greater thermal stability, and its DPPH scavenging rate could reach 79.25% and encapsulation rate up to 90.88%, with excellent slow-release performance. The results of the study provide basic guidance for the preparation of stable active food packaging with excellent properties.

A comparative analysis of particulate bovine bone substitutes for oral regeneration: a narrative review.

PURPOSE: Particulate bovine bone substitutes (BS) are commonly used in oral regeneration. However, more literature is needed focusing on comparative analyses among various particulate bovine BS. This study evaluates pre-clinical and clinical data of different particulate bovine BS in oral regeneration. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted by screening the PubMed database Included in the review were pre-clinical and clinical studies until 2024 comparing a minimum of two distinct particulate bovine BS. In addition to examining general data concerning manufacturing and treatment processes, biological safety, physical and chemical characteristics, and graft resorption, particular emphasis was placed on assessing pre-clinical and clinical data related to ridge preservation, sinus floor elevation, peri-implant defects, and various forms of alveolar ridge augmentation utilizing particulate bovine BS. RESULTS: Various treatment temperatures ranging from 300 to 1,250 °C and the employment of chemical cleaning steps were identified for the manufacturing process of particulate bovine BS deemed to possess biosecurity. A notable heterogeneity was observed in the physical and chemical characteristics of particulate bovine BS, with minimal or negligible graft resorption. Variations were evident in particle and pore sizes and the porosity of particulate bovine BS. Pre-clinical assessments noted a marginal inclination towards favorable outcomes for particulate bovine BS subjected to higher treatment temperatures. However, clinical data are insufficient. No distinctions were observed regarding ridge preservation, while slight advantages were noted for high-temperature treated particulate bovine BS in sinus floor elevation. CONCLUSIONS: Subtle variances in both pre-clinical and clinical outcomes were observed in across various particulate bovine BS. Due to inadequate data, numerous considerations related to diverse particulate bovine BS, including peri-implant defects, must be more conclusive. Additional clinical studies are imperative to address these knowledge gaps effectively.

Clinical effectiveness of regenerative periodontal surgery and orthodontic tooth movement with clear aligners in stage IV periodontitis: a case series.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of regenerative treatment of intrabony defects in combination with consecutive orthodontic therapy with clear aligners in stage IV (type 2) periodontitis. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Ten patients with a total of 103 intrabony defects were analyzed after regenerative surgery using collagen-deproteinized bovine bone mineral with or without collagen membrane or enamel matrix derivative followed by orthodontic therapy with clear aligners. Changes in radiographic bone level and probing pocket depths were evaluated after 1 year (T1) and at final splinting (T2) after orthodontic tooth movement. RESULTS: Mean radiographic bone level gain was significant, with 2.13 ± 1.64 mm at T1 and 3.02 ± 2.00 mm at T2. Mean probing pocket depth was significantly reduced from 5.40 ± 1.80 mm at baseline to 3.78 ± 1.73 mm at T1, and remained stable with 3.73 ± 1.70 mm at T2. Pocket closure (≤ 4 mm probing pocket depth) was accomplished in 76% of all defects. Tooth loss amounted to 2.9%. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the retrospective study design, the findings suggest that the interdisciplinary treatment of periodontitis stage IV by regenerative periodontal surgery and consecutive orthodontic therapy with clear aligners can lead to favorable results.

Effects of polyphenol and gelatin types on the physicochemical properties and emulsion stabilization of polyphenol-crosslinked gelatin conjugates.

Herein, six types of polyphenol-crosslinked gelatin conjugates (PGCs) with ≥ two gelatin molecules were prepared using a covalent crosslinking method with two types of polyphenols (tannic acid and caffeic acid) and three types of gelatins (bovine bone gelatin, cold water fish skin gelatin, and porcine skin gelatin) for the emulsion stabilization. The structural and functional properties of the PGCs were dependent on both polyphenol and gelatin types. The storage stability of the conjugate-stabilized emulsions was dependent on the polyphenol crosslinking, NaCl addition, and heating pretreatment. In particular, NaCl addition promoted the liquid-gel transition of the emulsions: 0.2 mol/L > 0.1 mol/L > 0.0 mol/L. Moreover, NaCl addition also increased the creaming stability of the emulsions stabilized by PGCs except tannic acid-crosslinked bovine bone gelatin conjugate. All the results provided useful knowledge on the effects of molecular modification and physical processing on the properties of gelatins.

Novel salty peptides derived from bovine bone: Identification, taste characteristic, and salt-enhancing mechanism.

Excessive sodium intake is a major contributor to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to prepare, isolate, and characterize peptides from bovine bone protein and investigate the salty/salt-enhancing mechanism of peptides. 1032 peptides were identified in the enzymatic hydrolysates of bovine bone protein and were further screened by the composition of amino acid residues and molecular docking analysis. 5 peptides were finally selected for solid-phase synthesis, and KER showed a better salty taste by sensory verification. Moreover, the synergistic effect of KER in NaCl and MSG solution could enhance the salty intensity by 65.26 %. The binding of KER to the salty receptor (TMC4) was driven by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with a binding energy of -88.0734 kcal/mol. This work may provide a new approach to efficiently screen salty peptides from natural food materials, which were expected as a taste enhancer used in salt-reducing foods.

Calcination-based direct extraction of hydroxyapatite from bovine bone waste.

The main chemical components of waste cow bones are apatite minerals, especially those containing calcium and phosphorus. This study investigated whether this bone could produce extracted hydroxyapatite through calcining at 900° C for different holding times (1-6 h). An average mass loss of 45% occurred in this experiment during the preparation of bone powders, which involved crushing and further calcining at this temperature. The quantitative XRD analysis showed that 99.97 wt.% hydroxyapatite and over 0.3 wt.% calcite were present in the raw and as-calcined bone powders, with trace amounts of CaFe3O5 (calcium ferrite) phases appearing in the calcined product. Depending on the holding calcining times, SEM images of the calcined bovine powders revealed aggregate sizes ranging from 0.5-3 µm and crystallite (grain) sizes ranging from 70 to 340 nm in all calcium-phosphate powder products. Following EDX analysis of all sample surfaces, possible calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite instead of hydroxyapatite formed, as evidenced by the calcined product's Ca/P ratio exceeding 1.67. Additionally, calcining cow bones for 5-6 h at 900° C yielded a high-purity nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite powder precursor in biomedical applications.