ABSTRACT
Chagas disease (CD) is a zoonotic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affecting over seven million people worldwide. T. cruzi can infect more than 100 species of wild mammals, including opossums, armadillos, bats, carnivores, rodents, and primates, as well as domestic animals like dogs, cats, and exotic pets. This is the first report of T. cruzi infection in an "exotic pet" African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), in an endemic area for CD in Colombia. After the patient underwent euthanasia due to worsening clinical signs including diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and hemiplegia, anatomopathological and histopathological examinations were conducted. Simultaneously, molecular diagnosis and genotyping of T. cruzi were performed using qPCR and Next Generation sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene, respectively. Anatomopathological examination revealed significant changes across various systems, including ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis, left ventricular hypertrophy, lymphadenitis and diffuse meningeal edema. The main histopathological findings included mononuclear inflammatory reaction, congestion and hemorrhages in several organs, accompanied of amastigote cysts in cardiomyocytes. qPCR confirmed the presence of T. cruzi in heart, lymph node, brain, salivary gland, blood, and spleen. Regarding genotyping analyses, all organs were positive for TcI. This case confirms the susceptibility of A. albiventris to infection with T. cruzi and suggest a potential role for these pets as disseminators of T. cruzi infection in endemic areas. The ecological and epidemiological implications of these findings are discussed here.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Hedgehogs , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animals , Hedgehogs/parasitology , Colombia/epidemiology , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Chagas Disease/veterinary , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Chagas Disease/pathology , Male , GenotypeABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo: Describir los conocimientos y las prácticas sobre infección respiratoria aguda por parte de cuidadores de menores de 5 años, de las comunas más pobladas y pobres de Bucaramanga, Colombia, y su asociación con variables sociodemográficas y del contexto. Metodología: Estudio de corte. Se realizó muestreo secuencial de cuidadores de menores de 5 años de edad, usuarios de centros de salud de primer nivel de atención de las comunas más pobres de la capital de Santander. Se realizó entrevista sobre conocimientos y prácticas de prevención y control de infección respiratoria aguda. Se calificaron como adecuados o no, usando lineamientos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se compararon con base en el grupo de mayor prevalencia de conocimientos y prácticas adecuados, y se exploraron asociaciones con las variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: Participaron 403 cuidadores, 92,6 % mujeres, 45,9 % mayores de 24 años. En total, 236 tenían conocimiento adecuado y 286 reportaron prácticas adecuadas de prevención. El análisis multivariado mostró que cuidadores con 25 años o más, y escolaridad de 5 o más años, tienen mayor prevalencia de conocimientos y prácticas adecuados. Conclusión: La edad y el nivel educativo de los cuidadores están asociados a prácticas adecuadas de prevención y control de la infección respiratoria aguda. Estos hallazgos orientan a focalizar la educación en cuidadores jóvenes con baja educación, recomendaciones contempladas en la ruta de promoción de la salud del Modelo de Atención Integral en Salud en Colombia.
Abstract Objective: Describe the knowledge and practices of acute respiratory infection by caregivers of children under 5 years of age from the most populous and poorest communities of Bucaramanga, Colombia, and their association with sociodemographic and context variables. Methodology: Cross-sectional study Sequential sampling of carers of children under 5 years of age, users of first-level health care centers in the poorest communities of the capital of Santander, was carried out. An interview was conducted on knowledge and practices of preventing and controlling acute respiratory infections. Answers were rated as adequate or inadequate, using the World Health Organization's guidelines. They were compared based on the group with the highest prevalence of adequate knowledge and practices, and associations with sociodemographic variables were explored. Results: 403 caregivers participated; 92.6% were women and 45.9% were older than 24. In total, 236 had adequate knowledge and 286 reported adequate prevention practices. The multivariate analysis showed that caregivers aged 25 years and over with a schooling of five or more years have a higher prevalence of adequate knowledge and practices. Conclusions: The age and educational level of caregivers is associated with knowledge of appropriate practices for preventing and controlling acute respiratory infections. These findings guide the focus of education on young carers with a lower level of education, recommendations considered in the promotion of the Comprehensive Health Care Model in Colombia's health route.
Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento e as práticas de infecção respiratória aguda dos cuidadores de crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade, das comunidades mais populosas e pobres de Bucaramanga, na Colômbia, e a sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e do contexto. Metodologia: Estudo de corte. Foi realizada uma amostragem sequencial de cuidadores de crianças menores de 5 anos, usuários de centros de saúde de primeiro nível de atenção nas comunidades mais pobres da capital do Departamento de Santander. Realizou-se entrevista sobre conhecimentos e práticas de prevenção e controle da infecção respiratória aguda. Classificaram-se como adequados ou não, usando diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Compararam-se com base no grupo com maior prevalência de conhecimentos e práticas adequadas, e foram exploradas associações com variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados: 403 cuidadores participaram, 92,6 % mulheres, 45,9 % com mais de 24 anos. No total, 236 tinham conhecimento adequado e 286 mencionaram práticas de prevenção adequadas. A análise multivariada mostrou que cuidadores com 25 anos ou mais, e escolaridade de 5 anos ou mais, têm maior prevalência de conhecimentos e práticas adequadas. Conclusão: A idade e o nível educativo dos cuidadores estão associados às práticas adequadas para a prevenção e o controle da infecção respiratória aguda. Estes resultados orientam o foco da educação em cuidadores jovens com baixa escolaridade, recomendações consideradas na rota de promoção da saúde do Modelo de Atenção Integral à Saúde na Colômbia.
ABSTRACT
In the last few years, an unusual increase in the number of acute Chagas disease outbreaks, presumably due to oral transmission, has been reported in urban areas in Santander, Colombia. Given the importance of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as reservoir hosts and sentinels of T. cruzi infection across different regions of America, we carried out a serological and molecular survey on T. cruzi infection in 215 dogs from the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Santander. Serological detection was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), while molecular detection was done using a nested PCR (nPCR), targeting the microsatellite region of T. cruzi nuclear DNA. Animals were defined as seropositive when at least two of the three serological tests were positive, and only these animals were evaluated with the nPCR. To discriminate DTU TcI from other DTUs, a multiplex PCR was performed in the T. cruzi-positive samples. Additionally, clinical and hematological traits were evaluated in these hosts. The dog sera showed a seropositivity rate of 27.9 % (60/215), of which 43.3 % (26/60) were positive for nPCR. Statistical analysis indicated that T. cruzi seropositive in dogs was associated with specific socioeconomic sectors and a lack of garbage collection in these municipalities. Hematological analyses showed that T. cruzi infection was associated with anemia and platelet alterations but not with alterations of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB). The high seroprevalence of infection and active circulation of T. cruzi I (TcI) in dogs reflect the risk of infection to humans in this area, which should be taken into consideration when Chagas disease control programs are implemented. In addition, T. cruzi infection may take a toll on dog health, which should be considered during dog care and management.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/veterinary , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Trypanosoma cruzi/physiology , Animals , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/pathology , Colombia/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Endemic Diseases/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary , Hemagglutination Tests/veterinary , Male , Prevalence , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
Introducción. Los indicadores económicos y las perspectivas comerciales han promovido al turismo de salud sin considerar las perspectivas de desarrollo, mejora e internacionalización del sistema de salud por los médicos-empresarios de Bucaramanga. Objetivo. Identificar las perspectivas médico-empresariales de las instituciones hospitalarias de Bucaramanga que promueven el turismo de salud y bienestar como segmento de desarrollo empresarial y crecimiento socioeconómico. Método. Interpretación deductiva de los textos seleccionados a partir de la técnica de contraste documental, presentando un estado general del turismo de salud hasta precisar la experiencia en turismo médico de Bucaramanga. Temas tratados. En las perspectivas sectoriales se identifican las principales tipologías turísticas asociadas con la salud; en las perspectivas médicas se reafirman las tendencias históricas de atención en salud en las zonas francas de Bucaramanga. Conclusiones. El turismo de salud y bienestar antes que un producto estratégico de clase mundial es una alternativa de desarrollo para los profesionales de la salud, internacionalización de sus centros hospitalarios, adopción de estándares y protocolos estrictos para atender pacientes extranjeros y, oferta de innovaciones o servicios para el mejoramiento del sistema de salud pública de Colombia. Cómo citar: Pérez-Pinzón LR. Emprendimiento médico y turismo de salud en Bucaramanga (Colombia). MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 307-315. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3499
Introduction: Economic indicators and commercial perspectives have promoted health tourism without considering the local health care system's development, improvement and internationalization perspectives of Bucaramanga's doctor-entrepreneurs. Objective: To identify the medical-entrepreneurial perspectives of Bucaramanga's hospitals that promote well-being and health tourism as a business development and socioeconomic growth segment. Methodology: This is a deductive interpretation of the selected texts based on the documentary comparison technique, showing the general state of health tourism until Bucaramanga's medical tourism experience is specified. Topics Discussed: The main types of tourism associated with health are identified in sectorial perspectives. The historical health care trends in Bucaramanga's free trade zones are reaffirmed through medical perspectives. Conclusions: Well-being and health tourism, apart from being a world-class strategic product, it is an alternative for health care professionals' development, their hospitals' internationalization, adopting strict standards and protocols to attend foreign patients and offering innovations or services to improve Colombia's public health care system. Cómo citar: Pérez-Pinzón LR. Emprendimiento médico y turismo de salud en Bucaramanga (Colombia). MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 307-315. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3499
Introdução. Os indicadores econômicos e as perspectivas comerciais promoveram o turismo de saúde sem considerar as perspectivas de desenvolvimento, melhoria e internacionalização do sistema de saúde pelos médicos-empresários de Bucaramanga. Objetivo. Identificar as perspectivas da medicina empresarial nas instituições hospitalares de Bucaramanga que promovem o turismo de saúde e bem-estar como um segmento de desenvolvimento empresarial e crescimento socioeconômico. Métodos. Interpretação dedutiva dos textos selecionados a partir da técnica de análise documental, apresentando um estado geral de turismo de saúde até explicitar a experiência em turismo de saúde de Bucaramanga. Tópicos discutidos. Nas perspectivas setoriais foram identificadas as principais tipologias turísticas associadas à saúde; nas perspectivas da medicina foram reafirmadas as tendências históricas de atenção em saúde nas áreas francas de Bucaramanga. Conclusão. O turismo de saúde e bem-estar, além de ser um produto estratégico de classe mundial, é uma alternativa de desenvolvimento para os profissionais de saúde, para a internacionalização de seus centros hospitalares, a adopção de padrões e protocolos rígidos de atendimento a pacientes estrangeiros e para a oferta de inovações ou serviços para o melhoramento do sistema de saúde pública da Colômbia. Cómo citar: Pérez-Pinzón LR. Emprendimiento médico y turismo de salud en Bucaramanga (Colombia). MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 307-315. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3499
Subject(s)
Medical Tourism , Private Sector , ColombiaABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Cancer is a burden in the world, especially for the least developed countries. The Population Registries of Cancer are fundamental in order to know the territorial profiles of cancer, and to evaluate the impact of their control programs. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence and mortality from cancer in the Metropolitan Area of ââBucaramanga in the period 2008-2012. METHODS: A descriptive population study of cancer incidence and mortality in the Metropolitan Area of ââBucaramanga was conducted. Primary invasive cancer cases from the 2008-2012 period was obtained from the RPC-AMB base. Population and death data were provided by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE, for its initials in Spanish). Crude rates of global and specific incidence and mortality were estimated by sex, and standardized incidence and mortality rates. RESULTS: During the five-year period, 8,775 incidents of cancer were recorded (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer). The global standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were 151.7 in men and 157.2 in women. The main locations were prostate, stomach and colorectal, in men; breast, thyroid and colorectal in women. The standardized mortality rate per 100,000 person-years was 94.8 in men and 78.0 in women. CONCLUSION: The incidence and mortality rates in most locations are lower than the national ones and those in the previous quinquennium in the Metropolitan Area of ââBucaramanga. Thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, and leukemia show a tendency to increase, which demands further investigation.
INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer constituye una carga en el mundo, en especial para los países menos desarrollados. Los Registros Poblacionales de Cáncer son fundamentales para conocer los perfiles territoriales del cáncer y la evaluación del impacto de sus programas de control. OBJETIVO: Estimar la incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga en el período 2008-2012. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio poblacional descriptivo de la incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Los casos de cáncer invasivos primarios del periodo 2008-2012 se obtuvieron de la base del RPC-AMB. Los datos de población y defunciones fueron facilitados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Se estimaron tasas crudas de incidencia y mortalidad globales y específicas por sexo, y tasas de incidencia y mortalidad estandarizadas. RESULTADOS: Durante el quinquenio se registraron 8,775 casos incidentes de cáncer (excluyendo cáncer de piel no melanoma). Las tasas de incidencia estandarizada globales por 100,000 personas-año fueron de 151.7 en hombres y 157.2 en mujeres. Las principales localizaciones fueron próstata, estómago y colorrecto, en los hombres, y mama, tiroides y colorrecto en las mujeres. La tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por 100,000 personas-año fue de 94.8 en hombres y de 78.0 en mujeres. CONCLUSIÓN: Las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad en la mayoría de localizaciones son inferiores a las nacionales y al quinquenio previo en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. El cáncer de tiroides, colorrectal, y las leucemias muestran una tendencia al aumento, lo cual demanda indagaciones posteriores.
Subject(s)
Mortality/trends , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Colombia/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/mortality , Neoplasms/pathology , Registries/statistics & numerical data , Sex Distribution , Young AdultABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Cancer is a burden in the world, especially for the least developed countries. The Population Registries of Cancer are fundamental in order to know the territorial profiles of cancer, and to evaluate the impact of their control programs. Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality from cancer in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga in the period 2008-2012. Methods: A descriptive population study of cancer incidence and mortality in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga was conducted. Primary invasive cancer cases from the 2008-2012 period was obtained from the RPC-AMB base. Population and death data were provided by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE, for its initials in Spanish). Crude rates of global and specific incidence and mortality were estimated by sex, and standardized incidence and mortality rates. Results: During the five-year period, 8,775 incidents of cancer were recorded (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer). The global standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were 151.7 in men and 157.2 in women. The main locations were prostate, stomach and colorectal, in men; breast, thyroid and colorectal in women. The standardized mortality rate per 100,000 person-years was 94.8 in men and 78.0 in women. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality rates in most locations are lower than the national ones and those in the previous quinquennium in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga. Thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, and leukemia show a tendency to increase, which demands further investigation.
Resumen Introducción: El cáncer constituye una carga en el mundo, en especial para los países menos desarrollados. Los Registros Poblacionales de Cáncer son fundamentales para conocer los perfiles territoriales del cáncer y la evaluación del impacto de sus programas de control. Objetivo: Estimar la incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga en el período 2008-2012. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio poblacional descriptivo de la incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Los casos de cáncer invasivos primarios del periodo 2008-2012 se obtuvieron de la base del RPC-AMB. Los datos de población y defunciones fueron facilitados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Se estimaron tasas crudas de incidencia y mortalidad globales y específicas por sexo, y tasas de incidencia y mortalidad estandarizadas. Resultados: Durante el quinquenio se registraron 8,775 casos incidentes de cáncer (excluyendo cáncer de piel no melanoma). Las tasas de incidencia estandarizada globales por 100,000 personas-año fueron de 151.7 en hombres y 157.2 en mujeres. Las principales localizaciones fueron próstata, estómago y colorrecto, en los hombres, y mama, tiroides y colorrecto en las mujeres. La tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por 100,000 personas-año fue de 94.8 en hombres y de 78.0 en mujeres. Conclusión: Las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad en la mayoría de localizaciones son inferiores a las nacionales y al quinquenio previo en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. El cáncer de tiroides, colorrectal, y las leucemias muestran una tendencia al aumento, lo cual demanda indagaciones posteriores.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Mortality/trends , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Registries/statistics & numerical data , Incidence , Sex Distribution , Colombia/epidemiology , Neoplasms/mortality , Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Introducción: epilepsia resistente al tratamiento con fármacos antiepilépticos (refractaria), se presenta en el 30 al 35 % de los casos. La cirugía de epilepsia es una opción de manejo de este subgrupo, existen cirugías resectivas donde se extirpa el foco epileptogénico y paliativas a través de las cuales se pretende disminuir el número de crisis en los pacientes. Objetivo: presentar los resultados de efectividad y seguridad de la cirugía de epilepsia en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de una serie de casos, de pacientes operados en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, entre enero de 2010 y octubre de 2015 por epilepsia refractaria al tratamiento médico. Se obtiene información de la historia clínicia de los pacientes para evaluar las características demográficas y la eficacia y seguridad de los procedimientos realizados basados en la clasificación Engel para libertad de crisis a un año de seguimiento y complicaciones posquirúrgicas Resultados: en este periodo de tiempo, se intervinieron 26 pacientes; 16 hombres y 10 mujeres, con edad promedio de 22,5 años; la media de edad al inicio de la epilepsia fue de los siete años; el tiempo de evolución de la epilepsia al momento de la cirugía de 22 años para adultos y 5,7 años para niños (menores de 18 años de edad); se realizaron 16 cirugías resectivas (13 temporales y 3 extratemporales) y 10 cirugías paliativas (9 implantaciones de VNS y una callosotomía); evaluando el resultado posquirúrgico solo en los 21 pacientes que tienen más de 12 meses de seguimiento postoperatorio tenemos la siguiente información: cirugías resectivas temporales (9/10) 90% en Engel I, implantaciones de VNS (7/7) y callosotomia (1/1) en 100 % en Engel III y resectivas extratemporales (2/3) 66,6 % en Engel I; la hospitalización postoperatoria promedio fue 4,7 días; y las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron la fistula de LCR contenida y la depresión-ansiedad transitoria postoperatoria. Discusión: la efectividad y seguridad de la cirugía de epilepsia en nuestra serie es similar a la mostrada en la literatura mundial. Conclusión: consideramos que en nuestro centro los pacientes que hemos operado se han beneficiado favorablemente de esta opción de tratamiento para la epilepsia refractaria. Se requiere un seguimiento a 5 años de esta cohorte para validar estos resultados.
Introduction: Drug resistant epilepsy, is presented in the 30% or 35% of the cases. The epilepsy surgery is an option to drive in this subgroup, being resective surgeries when the epileptogenic focus is extirped, and palliative surgeries when the target is to dismisse the number of crisis. Objective: The goal in this reviewing is to present effectiveness and safety outcomes in epilepsy surgery in Bucaramanga. Materials and methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of series of cases, taken from the patients operated of refractary epilepsy surgery in the Fundación cardiovascular of Colombia, since january 2010 until october 2015; review recordsof patients, to assess the demographic characteristic and the efficacy and safety of the procedures performed, based on Engel classification for freedom of crisis 1 year follow-up and post-surgical complications Results: In this length of time, were operated 26 patients, 16 men and 10 women, with an average of age 22,5 years; media of age at the beginning of the epilepsy 7 years; with the time of evolution of the epilepsy at the momento of the surgery 22 years for adults, and 5,7 years for childen (less tan 18 years); were performed 16 resective surgeries (13 temporal lobe and 3 extratemporal) and 10 palliative surgeries (9 VNS implantations and 1 callosotomy); we evaluated the postoperative outcomes, just in 21 patients who have more than 12 months of following, we get the next results: temporal lobe resective surgeries (9/10) 90% in Engel I, VNS implantations (7/7) and callosotomy (1/1) 100% in Engel III, and extratemporal resective surgeries (2/3) 66% in Engel I; the media of postoperative hospitalization days were 4,7; and the more frequently complications were the contenied CSF leak and transitory depression and anxiety postoperative. Discussion: The effectiveness and safety of epilepsy surgery in our series is similar to that shown in the literature. Conclusion: We can say that in our center, patients who have operated have benefited from this treatment option for drug resistant epilepsy. 5-year follow up of this cohort to validate these results is required.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) make possible to estimate the burden of this condition. Aim: To estimate cancer incidence and mortality rates in the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area (BMA) during 2003-2007. Methods: Incident cases of invasive cancer diagnosed during 2003-2007 were identified from the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area PBCR (BMA-PBCR). Population counts and mortality were obtained from the Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics (NADS). We estimated total and cancer-specific crude incidence and mortality rates by age group and sex, as well as age-standardized (Segi's world population) incidence (ASIR(W)) and mortality (ASMR(W)) rates. Statistical analyses were conducted using CanReg4 and Stata/IC 10.1. Results: We identified 8,225 new cases of cancer excluding non-melanoma skin cancer (54.3% among women). Of all cases, 6,943 (84.4%) were verified by microscopy and 669 (8.1%) were detected only by death certificate. ASIR(W) for all invasive cancers was 162.8 per 100,000 women and 177.6 per 100,000 men. Breast, cervix, colorectal, stomach and thyroid were the most common types of cancer in women. In men, the corresponding malignancies were prostate, stomach, colorectal, lung and lymphoma. ASMR(W) was 84.5 per 100,000 person-years in women and 106.2 per 100,000 person-years in men. Breast and stomach cancer ranked first as causes of death in those groups, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, mortality rates in our region are higher than national estimates possibly due to limited effectiveness of secondary prevention strategies. Our work emphasizes the importance of maintaining high-quality, nationwide PBCRs.
Resumen. El cáncer es una causa significativa de morbi-mortalidad y conocer la magnitud del problema es posible gracias a los Registros poblacionales de cáncer (RPC). Objetivo. Describir las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer en el área metropolitana de Bucaramanga (AMB) durante el quinquenio 2003-2007. Metodología. Los casos de cáncer invasivo primarios del período 2003-2007 se seleccionaron de la base del Registro poblacional de cáncer del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga (RPC-AMB). Los datos de población y mortalidad se obtuvieron del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Se estimaron tasas crudas de incidencia (TC) y mortalidad (TMC) totales y específicas por grupos de edad y sexo, y tasas de incidencia (TEE) y mortalidad (TMEE) estandarizadas. Los análisis estadísticos se hicieron con CanReg4 y Stata/IC 10.1. Resultados. Se reportaron 8.225 casos de cáncer incidentes al RPC-AMB durante el quinquenio (se excluye cáncer de piel no-melanoma), con un 54.4% de casos en mujeres. La TEE global fue de 177.6/100.000 hombres-año y 162.8/100.000 mujeres-año. Los cánceres más frecuentes para la población general fueron mama, próstata, estómago, colon y recto, y cuello uterino. La TMEE estimada en el AMB fue mayor que la cifra nacional, especialmente en los hombres. Conclusión.Las tasas globales de mortalidad por cáncer en nuestra región son más altas que el estimado nacional, lo que sugiere problemas en medidas de prevención secundaria. Las TEE de cáncer de mama y próstata aumentaron de acuerdo con las tendencias mundiales. Es necesario continuar los esfuerzos de vigilancia del cáncer.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: El fenómeno de sub-estructura en las poblaciones ha tenido desde hace varios años un abordaje amplio, que se enfocó, entre otros, en la identificación y cuantificación de la mezcla étnica presente en estudios de mapeo asociativo, para comprobar la asociación de marcadores polimórficos en el desarrollo de enfermedades comunes complejas, como responsable de falsos positivos. No obstante el reconocimiento de este problema, no se tiene suficiente información genética en el contexto nacional ni local que permita determinar la posible diferenciación de subgrupos poblacionales en cada región en particular. Objetivo: Determinar la estructura genética en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, a partir del análisis de 19 marcadores microsatélites autosómicos en distintos subgrupos poblacionales. Metodología: De la base de datos del Laboratorio de Genética Humana de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 350 muestras de ADN, y se amplificaron 19 marcadores autosómicos Short Tandem Repeat mediante los "kits Powerplex® 16 y FFFL (Promega)".Resultados: En el análisis de equilibrio Hardy Weinberg, no se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en 18 de 19 marcadores Short Tandem Repeat autosómicos analizados en la población de Bucaramanga. El único marcador que mostró no estar en equilibrio Hardy Weinberg en la población de Bucaramanga fue el F13B (valor de significancia de p=0.00264, después de aplicar la corrección de Bonferroni). Discusión: Las poblaciones representadas en los seis estratos socioeconómicos mostraron alta diversidad genética intragrupos, que ratificó una alta variabilidad entre los individuos de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, acorde con el bajo valor de FST entre distintos grupos, determinado en el análisis molecular de varianza con base en frecuencias alélicas observadas para los 19 Short Tandem Repeat analizados.
Introduction: The phenomenon of substructure in the populations has been greatly analyzed for several years, and it has been focused especially on the identification and quantification of ethnic mixture present in studies of associative mapping to verify the association of polymorphic markers in the development of complex and common diseases responsible for false positives. Nevertheless, despite the recognition of this issue, there is insufficient genetic information within the national or local contexts that allow assessing the possible differentiation of population sub-groups in each particular region. Objective: To determine the genetic structure in the city of Bucaramanga through the analysis of 19 autosomal microsatellite markers in different subgroups of the population. Methodology: A total of 350 DNA samples were randomly selected from the database of the Human Genetic Laboratory at Universidad Industrial de Santander by using Epi Info version 6.04 2001. Also, 19 Short Tandem Repeat markers were amplified using "kits Powerplex® 16 and FFFL (Promega)". Results: In the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium analysis (100 steps in Markov chain and 1000 dememorization steps), no statistically significant differences in 18 out of the 19 analyzed STRs markers in the population of Bucaramanga were obtained. A unique marker that proved not present in HWE in the population of Bucaramanga was the F13B (for a significance value of p=0.00264, after applying the Bonferroni correction). Discussion: The populations represented in the six socioeconomic levels presented high genetic diversity intragroups, which ratified the high variability among the individuals in this city according to the low value of FST for different groups, determined via the molecular analysis of variance based on the allelic frequencies observed for the 19 analyzed Short Tandem Repeats.