Tumor de células gigantes esternal: esternectomía total y reconstrucción con barras de titanio más malla de polipropileno / Sternal Giant Cell Tumor: Total Sternectomy and Reconstruction with Titanium Rods Plus Polypropylene Mesh

El tumor de células gigantes (TCG) constituye un tumor óseo benigno relativamente frecuente. Se caracteriza por ser localmente agresivo y el lugar de presentación más frecuente es a nivel del esqueleto axial (fémur distal o tibia proximal). Hasta la actualidad, existen escasos informes de presentaciones atípicas, como a nivel del esternón. En este informe, se presenta el caso de una paciente mujer de 24 años que presenta tumoración indurada a nivel de la región esternal de crecimiento progresivo asociado a dolor. Los hallazgos radiológicos revelan tumoración osteolítica que tiene como origen el cuerpo del esternón y lo compromete casi en su totalidad. Este se proyecta hacia las partes blandas y llega al plano superficial. Debido a la extensión de la enfermedad y al compromiso extenso en el cuerpo del esternón, se realiza la resección del cuerpo y manubrio esternal. El defecto es reconstruido con malla de polipropileno, barras de titanio, parche de epiplón y autoinjerto de piel; se obtiene una adecuada estabilidad de la caja torácica y resultados estéticos favorables. El caso tiene un adecuado manejo oncológico puesto que la resección es completa con márgenes microscópicos libres (resección R0).

Giant cell tumor (GCT) constitutes a relatively common benign bone tumor, characteri-zed by its local aggressiveness. The most frequent site of occurrence is in the axial ske-leton (distal femur or proximal tibia). To date, there have been few reports of atypical presentations, such as at the level of the sternum. In this report, we present the case of a 24-year-old female patient who presented with an indurated mass in the sternal region, progressively growing and associated with pain. Radiological findings revealed an osteolytic mass originating from the body of the sternum, involving almost its entire extent and projecting into the soft tissues, reaching the superficial plane. Due to the extent of the disease and the extensive involvement of the sternal body, resection of the body and manubrium of the sternum was performed. The surgical defect was reconstructed with polypropylene mesh, titanium bars, an omental patch and a skin graft, achieving adequate stability of the thoracic cage and favorable cosmetic results.

The utility of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in detecting extracranial large vessel vasculitis in rheumatic polymyalgia or giant cell arteritis. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Systematic review of current evidence to analyze the prevalence of extracranial large vessel vasculitis (LVV) using 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) or giant cell arteritis (GCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched and the results were screened by two reviewers. Study quality was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the I2 statistic and the Q test. Further subgroup analyses were performed by disease type, study quality, and 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake criteria. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Egger's test. RESULTS: 268 publications were identified, of which 17 met the selection criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of extracranial LVV by 18F-FDG PET/CT was 54.5% [95% CI: 42.6%-66.1%]. In patients with GCA the prevalence was significantly higher than in patients with PMR (60.1% vs. 41.8%, P = 0.006). Likewise, studies with a lower risk of bias reported a higher prevalence of extracranial LVV (61.1% vs. 46.9%; P = 0.010). No publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The 18F-FDG PET/CT test may be useful in the detection of extracranial LVV, both in patients with PMR or GCA. Such involvement is more frequent in patients with GCA, and may vary depending on the quality of the studies.

Effect of combined treatment with prednisone and methotrexate versus prednisone alone over laboratory parameters in giant cell arteritis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of combined treatment with prednisone and methotrexate (MTX) versus prednisone alone over laboratory parameters in giant cell arteritis (GCA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial about usefulness of treatment with prednisone and MTX versus prednisone and placebo in GCA (Ann Intern Med 2001;134:106-114). As a part of follow-up of patients (n=42), we performed laboratory analysis in 20 time points during the two-year period of follow-up. To analyze differences, we calculated the area under the curve (AUC) for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hemoglobin, and platelets, and compared the results in both groups adjusting by time of follow-up, existence of relapses and dose of prednisone. RESULTS: A total of 724 laboratory measurements were done. Median value of ESR was 33 [18-56] in patients with placebo and 26 [15-44] in patients with MTX (P=0.0002). No significant differences were observed in ESR during relapses. The mean ESR value followed a parallel course in both groups, but was lower in the group with MTX than in the group with placebo in 18 of 20 time points of follow-up. The AUC of ESR by time of follow-up was 28,461.7±12,326 in the group with placebo and 19,598.4±8,117 in the group with MTX (mean difference 8,863, 95% CI 1.542-16.184; P=0.019). The course of other laboratory parameters paralleled, without statistical significance, those observed for ESR. CONCLUSIONS: These data, along with clinical data, suggest that MTX might play a role as a disease-modifying agent in the treatment of GCA.

Effect of combined treatment with prednisone and methotrexate versus prednisone alone over laboratory parameters in giant cell arteritis / Efecto del tratamiento combinado con prednisona y metotrexato versus prednisona sola sobre los parámetros de laboratorio en arteritis de células gigantes

Objective: To compare the effect of combined treatment with prednisone and methotrexate (MTX) versus prednisone alone over laboratory parameters in giant cell arteritis (GCA). Patients and methods: We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial about usefulness of treatment with prednisone and MTX versus prednisone and placebo in GCA (Ann Intern Med 2001;134:106–114). As a part of follow-up of patients (n=42), we performed laboratory analysis in 20 time points during the two-year period of follow-up. To analyze differences, we calculated the area under the curve (AUC) for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hemoglobin, and platelets, and compared the results in both groups adjusting by time of follow-up, existence of relapses and dose of prednisone. Results: A total of 724 laboratory measurements were done. Median value of ESR was 33 [18–56] in patients with placebo and 26 [15–44] in patients with MTX (P=0.0002). No significant differences were observed in ESR during relapses. The mean ESR value followed a parallel course in both groups, but was lower in the group with MTX than in the group with placebo in 18 of 20 time points of follow-up. The AUC of ESR by time of follow-up was 28,461.7±12,326 in the group with placebo and 19,598.4±8,117 in the group with MTX (mean difference 8,863, 95% CI 1.542–16.184; P=0.019). The course of other laboratory parameters paralleled, without statistical significance, those observed for ESR. Conclusions: These data, along with clinical data, suggest that MTX might play a role as a disease-modifying agent in the treatment of GCA.(AU)

Objetivo: Comparar el efecto del tratamiento combinado con prednisona y metotrexato (MTX) versus prednisona sola sobre parámetros de laboratorio en arteritis de células gigantes (ACG). Pacientes y métodos: Realizamos un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo sobre la utilidad del tratamiento con prednisona y MTX frente a prednisona y placebo en la ACG (Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:106-114). Como parte del seguimiento de los pacientes (n=42), realizamos análisis de laboratorio en 20 puntos temporales durante el período de seguimiento de 2 años. Para analizar diferencias calculamos el área bajo la curva (AUC) de VSG, hemoglobina y plaquetas, y comparamos los resultados en ambos grupos ajustando por tiempo de seguimiento, existencia de recaídas y dosis de prednisona. Resultados: Se realizaron un total de 724 mediciones de laboratorio. El valor medio de la VSG fue de 33 (18-56) en pacientes con placebo y de 26 (15-44) en pacientes con MTX (p=0,0002). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la VSG durante las recaídas. El valor medio de la VSG siguió un curso paralelo en ambos grupos, pero fue menor en el grupo con MTX que en el grupo con placebo en 18 de 20 puntos temporales de seguimiento. El AUC de la VSG por tiempo de seguimiento fue de 28.461,7±12.326 en el grupo con placebo y de 19.598,4±8.117 en el grupo con MTX (diferencia de medias 8.863; IC 95%: 1.542-16.184; p=0,019). La evolución de los demás parámetros de laboratorio fue paralela, sin significación estadística, a la observada para la VSG. Conclusiones: Estos datos, junto con los datos clínicos, sugieren que el MTX podría desempeñar un papel como agente modificador de la enfermedad en el tratamiento de la ACG.(AU)

Utility of applying a diagnostic algorithm in giant cell arteritis based on the level of clinical suspicion. / Utilidad de la aplicación de un algoritmo diagnóstico en la arteritis de células gigantes en función del grado de sospecha clínica.

INTRODUCTION: To reach the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA), signs, symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging findings, and occasionally anatomopathological results from temporal artery biopsy are evaluated. This study describes the results of an algorithm analysis based on clinical and ultrasound evaluation of patients with suspected GCA, highlighting its diagnostic utility by contrasting its use in different clinical suspicion scenarios. METHOD: Prospective multicenter study evaluating patients referred with suspected GCA through a preferential circuit (fast track), grouping them according to low or high clinical suspicion of GCA. Each of these scenarios is evaluated by biopsy and ultrasound for all patients, resulting in positive, indeterminate, or negative outcomes, yielding six possible groups. Potential areas of improvement are explored, emphasizing that, following a negative or indeterminate ultrasound, 18-FDG-PET-CT could be recommended. We analyze the results and application of a diagnostic algorithm, confirming its efficiency and applicability based on whether there is high or low clinical suspicion. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients (41 in the high suspicion group and 28 in the low suspicion group). There were 41 new diagnoses of GCA: 35 in the high suspicion group and 6 in the low suspicion group. Using ultrasound alone, the initial algorithm has an overall diagnostic efficiency of 72.5%, which improves to 80.5% when including 18F-FDG-PET/CT. The negative predictive value of ultrasound in patients with low clinical suspicion is 84.6%, and the positive predictive value of ultrasound in patients with high suspicion is 100%, improving sensitivity from 57.1% to 80.8% with 18F-FDG-PET/CT in this scenario. Temporal artery biopsy was performed on all patients, with no differences in sensitivity or specificity compared to ultrasound. In cases where all three tests - ultrasound, biopsy, and 18F-FDG-PET/CT - are performed, sensitivity increases to 92.3% in patients with high clinical suspicion. CONCLUSION: In situations of high clinical suspicion, the algorithm provides sufficient information for the diagnosis of GCA if ultrasound is positive. A negative ultrasound is sufficient to rule out the diagnosis in the context of low clinical suspicion. 18-FDG-PET-CT may be useful in patients with high suspicion and negative or indeterminate ultrasound results.

Resumen ejecutivo sobre la optimización del abordaje multidisciplinar e integrado de la polimialgia reumática y la arteritis de células gigantes en la Comunidad de Madrid / Executive summary on the optimization of the multidisciplinary and integrated approach to polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in Madrid region

La polimialgia reumática y la arteritis de células gigantes pueden suponer una emergencia médica en la que el retraso en su correcto diagnóstico y manejo terapéutico pueden asociar complicaciones graves. Con el objetivo de mejorar la atención de los pacientes con estas patologías en el entorno de la Comunidad de Madrid, se diseñó un estudio para identificar las causas y las posibles soluciones para hacer frente los problemas relacionados con el diagnóstico de estas patologías. Tras un análisis preliminar, se identificaron 11 áreas de mejora relacionadas con cuatro aspectos diferenciados del proceso asistencial: coordinación y protocolos, equipamientos, formación y concienciación sobre las patologías y experiencia del paciente. De todas ellas, se priorizó resolver aquellas relacionadas con la generación de protocolos de abordaje integral de las patologías y que contemplen todas las especialidades y niveles asistenciales implicados. Otro aspecto crucial es el incremento del grado de sospecha clínica de estas patologías. (AU)

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis can be a medical emergency in which a delay in correct diagnosis and therapeutic management can cause serious complications. With the aim of improving the care of patients with these pathologies in the Community of Madrid, a study was designed to identify the causes and possible solutions to address the problems related to the diagnosis of these pathologies. After the analysis, 11 areas of improvement related to four different aspects of the care process were identified: coordination and protocols, equipment, training and awareness of pathologies, and patient experience. Of all the areas identified, it was considered a priority to resolve those related to the generation of protocols for the comprehensive management of the pathologies, which include all the specialties and levels of care involved. Another crucial aspect is the increase in the degree of clinical suspicion of these pathologies. (AU)

Resumen ejecutivo sobre la optimización del abordaje multidisciplinar e integrado de la polimialgia reumática y la arteritis de células gigantes en la Comunidad de Madrid / Executive summary on the optimization of the multidisciplinary and integrated approach to polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in Madrid region

La polimialgia reumática y la arteritis de células gigantes pueden suponer una emergencia médica en la que el retraso en su correcto diagnóstico y manejo terapéutico pueden asociar complicaciones graves. Con el objetivo de mejorar la atención de los pacientes con estas patologías en el entorno de la Comunidad de Madrid, se diseñó un estudio para identificar las causas y las posibles soluciones para hacer frente los problemas relacionados con el diagnóstico de estas patologías. Tras un análisis preliminar, se identificaron 11 áreas de mejora relacionadas con cuatro aspectos diferenciados del proceso asistencial: coordinación y protocolos, equipamientos, formación y concienciación sobre las patologías y experiencia del paciente. De todas ellas, se priorizó resolver aquellas relacionadas con la generación de protocolos de abordaje integral de las patologías y que contemplen todas las especialidades y niveles asistenciales implicados. Otro aspecto crucial es el incremento del grado de sospecha clínica de estas patologías. (AU)

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis can be a medical emergency in which a delay in correct diagnosis and therapeutic management can cause serious complications. With the aim of improving the care of patients with these pathologies in the Community of Madrid, a study was designed to identify the causes and possible solutions to address the problems related to the diagnosis of these pathologies. After the analysis, 11 areas of improvement related to four different aspects of the care process were identified: coordination and protocols, equipment, training and awareness of pathologies, and patient experience. Of all the areas identified, it was considered a priority to resolve those related to the generation of protocols for the comprehensive management of the pathologies, which include all the specialties and levels of care involved. Another crucial aspect is the increase in the degree of clinical suspicion of these pathologies. (AU)

Giant cell tumor of bone: a multicenter epidemiological study in brazil / Tumor de células gigantes ósseas: estudo epidemiológico multicêntrico no brasil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) mainly affects young adults' long bone epiphyses, threatening bone strength and joint function. Surgery is the primary treatment, although post-surgery recurrence is significant. This study analyzes patient profiles, treatments, and outcomes for GCTB in Brazil. Methods: We retrospectively assessed local recurrence, metastasis, and treatment approaches in 643 GCTB patients across 16 Brazilian centers (1989-2021), considering regional differences. Results: 5.1% (n=33) developed pulmonary metastases, 14.3% (n=92) had pathological fractures, and the local recurrence rate was 18.2% (n=114). Higher rates of pulmonary metastases (12.1%) and advanced tumors (Campanacci III, 88.9%) were noted in lower-income North and Northeast regions. The North also had more pathological fractures (33.3%), extensive resections (61.1%), and amputations (27.8%). These regions faced longer surgical delays (36-39 days) than the South and Southeast (27-33 days). Conclusions: Our findings corroborate international data, underscoring regional disparities in Brazil that may lead to worse outcomes in disadvantaged areas. This highlights the need for improved orthopedic oncology care in Brazil's economically and structurally challenged regions. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Cohort.

RESUMO Introdução: O tumor de células gigantes do osso (TCG) atinge principalmente epífises de ossos longos em adultos jovens, impactando a resistência óssea e a funcionalidade articular. O tratamento principal é cirúrgico, mas há significativa recorrência pós-operatória. Este estudo analisa o perfil de pacientes e tumores de TCG no Brasil, abordagens de tratamento e resultados. Métodos: Avaliamos retrospectivamente taxas de recorrência, metástase e tratamentos em 643 pacientes tratados em 16 centros brasileiros de 1989 a 2021, considerando a distribuição geopolítica. Resultados: 5,1% desenvolveram metástases pulmonares e 14,3% tiveram fraturas patológicas. A recorrência local foi de 18,2%. Regiões economicamente menos favorecidas, como Norte e Nordeste, mostraram maiores incidências de metástases pulmonares (12,1%) e tumores avançados (Campanacci III, 88,9%). O Norte teve alta ocorrência de fraturas patológicas (33,3%), cirurgias extensas (61,1%) e amputações (27,8%). Nessas regiões, o tempo pré-cirúrgico foi mais longo (médias de 36 e 39 dias) comparado ao Sul e Sudeste (27 e 33 dias, respectivamente). Conclusões: Os resultados refletem disparidades regionais no Brasil, sugerindo que condições socioeconômicas influenciam os desfechos clínicos. Estes achados são importantes para melhorar o cuidado oncológico ortopédico em regiões desfavorecidas do país. Nível de Evidência III; Coorte Retrospectiva.

Executive summary on the optimization of the multidisciplinary and integrated approach to polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in Madrid region.

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis can be a medical emergency in which a delay in correct diagnosis and therapeutic management can cause serious complications. With the aim of improving the care of patients with these pathologies in the Community of Madrid, a study was designed to identify the causes and possible solutions to address the problems related to the diagnosis of these pathologies. After the analysis, 11 areas of improvement related to four different aspects of the care process were identified: coordination and protocols, equipment, training and awareness of pathologies, and patient experience. Of all the areas identified, it was considered a priority to resolve those related to the generation of protocols for the comprehensive management of the pathologies, which include all the specialties and levels of care involved. Another crucial aspect is the increase in the degree of clinical suspicion of these pathologies.

Prevalence and impact of cerebrovascular risk factors in patients with giant cell arteritis: An observational study from the Spanish national registry / Prevalencia e impacto de los factores de riesgo cerebrovascular en pacientes con arteritis de células gigantes: un estudio observacional del registro nacional español

Objective To assess the prevalence and impact of cerebrovascular risk factors (CRF) on cerebrovascular events (CVE) in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). Methods Analysis of the patients diagnosed with GCA identified in the Spanish Hospital Discharge Database between 2016 and 2018. Results 8,474 hospital admissions from patients diagnosed with GCA were identified. 3.4% of the admissions were motivated by CVE (stroke in 2.8% and transient ischemic attack in 0.6%). When compared with the admissions due to other causes, the patients who suffered from CVE presented a higher rate of male sex (36.2% vs 43.5%, p=0.007), hypertension (66.9% vs 74.4%, p=0.004), diabetes (27.6% vs 33.7%, p=0.016) and atherosclerosis (6.6% vs 10.2%, p=0.0.017). After adjustment, male sex (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.06–1.72) and mainly hypertension (OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.11–1.90) were associated with a higher risk of CVE. Conclusion Hypertension, along with male sex, was the strongest risk factor for cerebrovascular events in GCA patients. In these high-risk patients, antiplatelet therapy should be re-considered and evaluated in prospective studies (AU)

Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia e impacto de los factores de riesgo cerebrovasculares en los episodios cerebrovasculares (ECV) de pacientes con arteritis de células gigantes (ACG). Métodos Análisis de los pacientes diagnosticados con ACG identificados en la base de altas hospitalarias española entre 2016 y 2018. Resultados Se identificaron 8.474 ingresos hospitalarios en pacientes diagnosticados de ACG. El 3,4% de los ingresos se atribuyó a ECV (ictus en 2,8% y accidente isquémico transitorio en 0,6%). En comparación con los ingresos por otras causas, los pacientes que presentaron ECV mostraron una mayor tasa de sexo masculino (36,2 frente a 43,5%, p=0,007), hipertensión (66,9 frente a 74,4%, p=0,004), diabetes (27,6 frente a 33,7%, p=0,016) y aterosclerosis (6,6 frente a 10,2%, p=0,0017). Tras el ajuste, el sexo masculino (OR=1,35, IC 95% 1,06-1,72) y principalmente la hipertensión (OR=1,44, IC 95% 1,11-1,90) se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de ECV. Conclusión La hipertensión, junto con el sexo masculino, fueron los principales factores de riesgo de ECV en los pacientes con ACG. En estos pacientes de alto riesgo, el tratamiento con antiagregantes debería reconsiderarse y evaluarse en estudios prospectivos (AU)

Tumor de células gigantes óseo en arco costal, tratado con denosumab. Reporte de un caso / Giant cell tumour of bone in the rib cage treated with denosumab. A case report

El tumor de células gigantes óseo (TCGO) representa el 4-5% de los tumores óseos primarios, se localiza en la epífisis de huesos largos, cuerpos vertebrales y huesos planos, y es más frecuente en el sexo femenino entre los 20 y 45 años. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 31 años con dolor torácico de un mes de evolución. En la exploración física se palpó un nódulo en mama derecha y semiología de derrame pleural ipsilateral. El estudio mediante TAC torácica evidenció una masa infiltrante. La lesión fue biopsiada, permitiendo el diagnóstico de TCGO. Debido a la localización y a la morfología, se planteó un amplio diagnóstico diferencial. Adicionalmente, se detectó la mutación del gen de la histona H3F3A, reforzando el diagnóstico. Recibió tratamiento neoadyuvante con denosumab, haciendo posible la posterior resección quirúrgica de la lesión. En la pieza quirúrgica se observaron cambios histológicos, fuente de pitfalls diagnósticos.(AU)

Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTOB) accounts for 4-5% of all primary bone tumours and occurs most frequently in females between 20 and 45 years old. It is found in the epiphyses of the long bones, vertebral bodies and flat bones.We report the case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with a one month history of thoracic pain. On examination, a mass was found in the right breast with signs of an ipsilateral pleural effusion. A thoracic CAT scan revealed an infiltrating mass which was subsequently biopsied and a GCTOB was diagnosed. Due to the localization and the morphology, a wide range of differential diagnoses were considered. Genetic studies detected a mutation of the gene H3F3A, supporting the original diagnosis. The patient underwent treatment with denosumab followed by surgical resection of the mass. The histopathology of the tumour revealed various histological changes which were a source of diagnostic pitfalls.(AU)

Osteoclast-rich undifferentiated carcinoma of the bladder and the diagnostic usefulness of immunohistochemistry. A case report / Carcinoma urotelial indiferenciado con células gigantes tipo osteoclasto: Ayuda inmunohistoquímica para una entidad poco frecuente

Osteoclast-rich undifferentiated carcinoma (ORUC) of the urinary tract is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma, first described in 1985 by Kitazawa et al. It has a worse prognosis compared to other histological variants of invasive urothelial carcinoma and its diagnosis may prove challenging due to the variability in its immunohistochemical profile. We present a case of ORUC in which GATA3 immunostaining was a useful diagnostic tool.(AU)

El carcinoma urotelial indiferenciado con células gigantes tipo osteoclástico es una variante poco frecuente del carcinoma urotelial, descrito por primera vez en 1985 por Kitazawa et al. que debido al peor pronóstico que asocia y a la variabilidad del perfil inmunohistoquímico que presenta, hace de esta entidad un verdadero reto diagnóstico para los patólogos. Presentamos aquí un caso, exponiendo la utilidad e importancia de GATA3 en el diagnóstico de esta variante infrecuente de carcinoma urotelial.(AU)

Prevalence and impact of cerebrovascular risk factors in patients with giant cell arteritis: An observational study from the Spanish national registry.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and impact of cerebrovascular risk factors (CRF) on cerebrovascular events (CVE) in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). METHODS: Analysis of the patients diagnosed with GCA identified in the Spanish Hospital Discharge Database between 2016 and 2018. RESULTS: 8,474 hospital admissions from patients diagnosed with GCA were identified. 3.4% of the admissions were motivated by CVE (stroke in 2.8% and transient ischemic attack in 0.6%). When compared with the admissions due to other causes, the patients who suffered from CVE presented a higher rate of male sex (36.2% vs 43.5%, p=0.007), hypertension (66.9% vs 74.4%, p=0.004), diabetes (27.6% vs 33.7%, p=0.016) and atherosclerosis (6.6% vs 10.2%, p=0.0.017). After adjustment, male sex (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.06-1.72) and mainly hypertension (OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.11-1.90) were associated with a higher risk of CVE. CONCLUSION: Hypertension, along with male sex, was the strongest risk factor for cerebrovascular events in GCA patients. In these high-risk patients, antiplatelet therapy should be re-considered and evaluated in prospective studies.

[Giant cell tumour of bone in the rib cage treated with denosumab. A case report]. / Tumor de células gigantes óseo en arco costal, tratado con denosumab. Reporte de un caso.

Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTOB) accounts for 4-5% of all primary bone tumours and occurs most frequently in females between 20 and 45 years old. It is found in the epiphyses of the long bones, vertebral bodies and flat bones. We report the case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with a one month history of thoracic pain. On examination, a mass was found in the right breast with signs of an ipsilateral pleural effusion. A thoracic CAT scan revealed an infiltrating mass which was subsequently biopsied and a GCTOB was diagnosed. Due to the localization and the morphology, a wide range of differential diagnoses were considered. Genetic studies detected a mutation of the gene H3F3A, supporting the original diagnosis. The patient underwent treatment with denosumab followed by surgical resection of the mass. The histopathology of the tumour revealed various histological changes which were a source of diagnostic pitfalls.

Osteoclast-rich undifferentiated carcinoma of the bladder and the diagnostic usefulness of immunohistochemistry. A case report.

Osteoclast-rich undifferentiated carcinoma (ORUC) of the urinary tract is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma, first described in 1985 by Kitazawa et al. It has a worse prognosis compared to other histological variants of invasive urothelial carcinoma and its diagnosis may prove challenging due to the variability in its immunohistochemical profile. We present a case of ORUC in which GATA3 immunostaining was a useful diagnostic tool.

Argon Beam Coagulation as an Adjuvant for Extended Curettage for Giant Cell Tumors of the Bone: A Study of 50 Cases / Coagulação por plasma de argônio como adjuvante à curetagem estendida em tumores de células gigantes do osso: Um estudo de 50 casos

Abstract Objective Extended curettage with adjuvants of giant cell tumors of bone is associated with a lower rate of recurrence of the tumor while preserving the adjacent joint. The present study was conducted to estimate the recurrence rate and functional outcome after using argon beam as an adjuvant for extended curettage. Methods We selected 50 patients with giant cell tumors, meeting all the inclusion criteria, who underwent extended curettage using high speed burr and argon beam photocoagulation between July 2016 to January 2019. On their follow-up visit, they were assessed for any complaints of pain and signs like tenderness, locally raised temperature, and decreased range of motion of the adjacent joint. Radiologically, the patients were assessed for any increased lucency around the cement mantle and uptake of the subarticular graft. Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS) was administered to the patients, and range of motion of the adjacent joint was compared with the contralateral joint. Results Recurrence was found in 4 patients, that is, an 8% recurrence rate. Twenty-six out of 28 patients with a tumor in the lower limb had a grade-5 weight bearing status 6 months from the surgery, and their range of motion was comparable to contralateral healthy joint with an average MSTS score of 27 (18-30). Conclusion Extended curettage of giant cell tumors using argon beam coagulation is associated with low recurrence rates of the tumor and is an effective modality in the treatment of these tumors besides having a functional outcome comparable to the healthy limb.

Resumo Objetivo A curetagem estendida com adjuvantes de tumores de células gigantes do osso está associada a uma menor taxa de recidiva da neoplasia e à preservação da articulação adjacente. Este estudo foi feito para estimar a taxa de recidiva e o resultado funcional após o uso de plasma de argônio como adjuvante à curetagem estendida. Métodos Cinquenta pacientes com tumores de células gigantes que atendiam a todos os critérios de inclusão foram selecionados para o estudo e submetidos à curetagem estendida com broca de alta velocidade e fotocoagulação com plasma de argônio entre julho de 2016 e janeiro de 2019. À consulta de acompanhamento, os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a quaisquer queixas de dor e sinais como sensibilidade, aumento local da temperatura e diminuição da amplitude de movimento da articulação adjacente. Radiologicamente, os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à presença de qualquer aumento de radiotransparência ao redor do manto de cimento e incorporação do enxerto subarticular. O questionário Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS) foi administrado aos pacientes e a amplitude de movimentação da articulação adjacente foi comparada à articulação contralateral. Resultados Quatro pacientes apresentaram recidiva, o que corresponde a uma taxa de 8%. Seis meses após a cirurgia, 26 de 28 pacientes com tumor no membro inferior tinham capacidade de sustentação de peso de grau 5 e amplitude de movimento comparável à articulação saudável contralateral, com pontuação MSTS média de 27 (intervalo de 18 a 30). Conclusão A curetagem estendida de tumores de células gigantes com coagulação por plasma de argônio está associada a baixas taxas de recidiva da neoplasia; é uma modalidade eficaz no tratamento desses tumores e o resultado funcional é comparável ao do membro saudável.

Técnica sandwich para tumores de células gigantes alrededor de la rodilla / Sandwich technique for giant cell tumors around the knee

Objetivo Describir algunos detalles quirúrgicos de la técnica sandwich empleada en la resección de tumores de células gigantes en la rodilla, una localización que pone en riesgo la articulación. Material y métodos Se presenta el caso de un paciente con tumor de células gigantes en tibia proximal. Debido a las características de la lesión, se decide legrado completo del tumor y relleno con autoinjerto y cemento. Resultados A los 8 meses del postoperatorio, las radiografías de control confirmaron la integración del injerto y la ausencia de recidiva tumoral. Conclusión La técnica sandwich es un procedimiento de reconstrucción en tumores de células gigantes que conserva las ventajas del cemento y evita la posible necrosis térmica del cartílago en pacientes jóvenes. (AU)

Objetive To describe some surgical details of the sand-wich technique, used in the resection of giant cell tumors in the knee, a location that puts the joint at risk. Material and methods A case with a giant cell tumor in the proximal tibia is presented. Due to the the characteristics of the lesion, a complete curettage of the tumor and filling with bone autograft and cement was performed. Results At 8 months postoperatively, the control x-rays confirmed the integration of the graft ant the ab-sence of tumor recurrence. Conclusion The sandwich technique is a reconstruction procedure for giant cell tumors that preserve the advantages of cement and avoids possible thermal necrosis of cartilage in young patients. (AU)

Técnica sandwich para tumores de células gigantes alrededor de la rodilla / Sandwich technique for giant cell tumors around the knee

Objetivo Describir algunos detalles quirúrgicos de la técnica sandwich empleada en la resección de tumores de células gigantes en la rodilla, una localización que pone en riesgo la articulación. Material y métodos Se presenta el caso de un paciente con tumor de células gigantes en tibia proximal. Debido a las características de la lesión, se decide legrado completo del tumor y relleno con autoinjerto y cemento. Resultados A los 8 meses del postoperatorio, las radiografías de control confirmaron la integración del injerto y la ausencia de recidiva tumoral. Conclusión La técnica sandwich es un procedimiento de reconstrucción en tumores de células gigantes que conserva las ventajas del cemento y evita la posible necrosis térmica del cartílago en pacientes jóvenes. (AU)

Objetive To describe some surgical details of the sand-wich technique, used in the resection of giant cell tumors in the knee, a location that puts the joint at risk. Material and methods A case with a giant cell tumor in the proximal tibia is presented. Due to the the characteristics of the lesion, a complete curettage of the tumor and filling with bone autograft and cement was performed. Results At 8 months postoperatively, the control x-rays confirmed the integration of the graft ant the ab-sence of tumor recurrence. Conclusion The sandwich technique is a reconstruction procedure for giant cell tumors that preserve the advantages of cement and avoids possible thermal necrosis of cartilage in young patients. (AU)

Outcomes of Extended Curettage with and without Bone Allograft for Grade II Giant Cell Tumors around the Knee. A Retrospective Comparative Study / Resultados da curetagem estendida com e sem aloenxerto ósseo para tumores de células gigantes de grau II no joelho. Um estudo comparativo retrospectivo

Abstract Objective This is the first study to establish the utility of extended curettage with or without bone allograft for Grade II giant cell tumors GCTs around the knee joint with the aim of exploring postoperative functional outcomes. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 25 cases of Campanacci grade II GCTs undergoing extended curettage between January 2014 and December 2019. The participants were divided into two groups: one group of 12 patients underwent extended curettage with bone allograft and bone cement, while the other group of 13 patients underwent extended curettage with bone cement only. Quality of life was assessed by the Revised Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score and by the Knee score of the Knee Society; recurrence and complications were assessed for each cohort at the last follow-up. The Fisher test and two-sample t-tests were used to compare the categorical and continuous outcomes, respectively. Results The mean age was 28.09 (7.44) years old, with 10 (40%) males and 15 females (60%). The distal femur and the proximal tibia were involved in 13 (52%) and in 12 (48%) patients, respectively. There was no significant difference in the musculoskeletal tumor society score (25.75 versus 27.41; p= 0.178), in the knee society score (78.67 versus 81.46; p= 0.33), recurrence (0 versus 0%; p= 1), and complications (25 versus 7.69%; p= 0.21). Conclusions Extended curettage with or without bone allograft have similar functional outcomes for the knee without any major difference in the incidence of recurrence and of complications for Grade II GCTs. However, surgical convenience and cost-effectiveness might favor the bone cement only, while long-term osteoarthritis prevention needs to be investigated to favor bone allograft.

Resumo Objetivo Este é o primeiro estudo a estabelecer a utilidade da curetagem estendida com ou sem enxerto ósseo em tumores de células gigantes (TCGs) de grau II na articulação do joelho com o objetivo de explorar os resultados funcionais pós-operatórios. Métodos Revisamos retrospectivamente 25 casos de TCGs de grau II de Campanacci submetidos a curetagem estendida entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2019. Os participantes foram divididos em 2 grupos: um grupo de 12 pacientes foi submetido a curetagem estendida com aloenxerto ósseo e cimento ósseo, enquanto o outro grupo, com 13 pacientes, foi submetido a curetagem estendida apenas com cimento ósseo. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pela Pontuação Revista da Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MTS, na sigla em inglês) e pela Pontuação da Knee Society (KS, na sigla em inglês), enquanto as taxas de recidiva e complicações foram avaliadas em cada coorte na última consulta de acompanhamento. O teste de Fisher e os testes t de duas amostras foram usados para comparação de resultados categóricos e contínuos, respectivamente Resultados A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 28,09 (7,44) anos; 10 (40%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 15 (60%) pacientes eram do sexo feminino. O fêmur distal e a tíbia proximal foram acometidos em 13 (52%) e 12 (48%) dos pacientes, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa na pontuação revista da MTS (25,75 versus 27,41; p= 0,178), na pontuação da KS (78,67 versus 81,46; p= 0,33) e nas taxas de recidiva (0 versus 0%; p= 1) e complicações (25 versus 7,69%; p= 0,21). Conclusões A curetagem estendida com ou sem aloenxerto ósseo tem resultados funcionais semelhantes em pacientes com TCGs de grau II no joelho, sem qualquer diferença importante na incidência de recidivas e complicações. No entanto, a conveniência cirúrgica e o custo-benefício podem favorecer a utilização apenas de cimento ósseo, enquanto a prevenção da osteoartrite em longo prazo precisa ser investigada para favorecer o enxerto ósseo.

Tumor de células gigantes malignizado: a propósito de un caso

Introducción: La rodilla es la región anatómica donde asientan la mayor cantidad de tumores benignos y malignos que afectan el esqueleto humano, entre ellos se encuentra el tumor de células gigantes. Objetivo: Conocer un paciente con un tumor de células gigantes que sufrió transformación maligna. Caso clínico: Paciente, masculino de 28 años de edad, blanco sin antecedentes mórbidos de salud, que acudió a la consulta externa de la especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología por presentar desde hace dos años una tumoración dolorosa a nivel de la rodilla que en los últimos dos meses ha aumentado de tamaño. Se realizaron exámenes imagenológicos mediante radiografía simple, tomografía axial computarizada e imagen de resonancia magnética, además de toma de biopsia incisional para confirmar el diagnóstico. Al analizar los resultados de los exámenes anteriores el equipo multidisciplinario decidió la amputación de la extremidad. Conclusiones: El tumor de células gigantes es una enfermedad que se presenta con mayor frecuencia desde la tercera a quinta décadas de la vida, sus complicaciones principales son la recidiva, las metástasis pulmonares y la transformación maligna. Por lo general, los enfermos con esta última complicación necesitan de procedimientos como la amputación de la extremidad.

Introduction: The knee is the anatomical region where the largest number of benign and malignant tumors that affect the human skeleton settle, among them is the giant cell tumor. Objective: To present a patient with a giant cell tumor that underwent malignant transformation. Clinical case: A 28-year-old white male with no morbid health history, who attended the Orthopedics and Traumatology outpatient clinic for presenting a tumor accompanied by pain at the level of the right knee. It appeared two years ago, but has increased in size rapidly in the last two months. Imaging tests were performed using plain radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as incisional biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. After analyzing the results of the previous examinations, the multidisciplinary team decided to amputate the limb. Conclusions: The giant cell tumor is an entity that occurs most frequently from the third to fifth decades of life; its main complications are recurrence, lung metastases and malignant transformation. In general, patients with this last complication need procedures such as amputation of the limb.