Study of sexual behaviours with different types of estrus synchronization protocols in Boer goats.

There is still a lack of information on estrus synchronization in goats. Understanding the estrus synchronization protocols and the subsequent effects is important to improve the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and subsequently would improve the breeding procedures. This study will help in determining the most suitable estrus synchronization protocol and understand better the effect on the sexual behaviour and hormonal effects in goats. A total of 127 Boer does were used and divided into three groups with different duration of CIDR insertion intravaginally either for 14 (two groups) or 9 days (one group). Approximately 0.5 ml Estrumate® (PG) was administered intramuscularly to all groups at CIDR removal, and only groups PMSG14 and PMSG9 were administered with 200IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) intramuscularly. Estrus signs were observed at 4 h intervals and blood samples were collected for progesterone and luteinizing hormone determination. The percentage of does in estrus within 24 to 72 h post CIDR removal was significantly higher (P<0.05) in groups with PMSG compared to the group without the PMSG. The numbers of does display estrus signs within 24 to 28 h post CIDR removal were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group shorter period (9 days) compared to groups with 14 days CIDR. The P4 concentrations at 24 hours post CIDR removals and LH concentration was not significantly different (P>0.05) in all groups. The time of the LH peak in the group without the PMSG was significantly delayed (P<0.05) when compared to group 9 days CIDR and administered with PMSG. It is recommended to use the treatment for 9 days CIDR since the estrous cycle can be shortened.

Study of sexual behaviours with different types of estrus synchronization protocols in Boer goats

There is still a lack of information on estrus synchronization in goats. Understanding the estrus synchronization protocols and the subsequent effects is important to improve the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and subsequently would improve the breeding procedures. This study will help in determining the most suitable estrus synchronization protocol and understand better the effect on the sexual behaviour and hormonal effects in goats. A total of 127 Boer does were used and divided into three groups with different duration of CIDR insertion intravaginally either for 14 (two groups) or 9 days (one group). Approximately 0.5 ml Estrumate® (PG) was administered intramuscularly to all groups at CIDR removal, and only groups PMSG14 and PMSG9 were administered with 200IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) intramuscularly. Estrus signs were observed at 4 h intervals and blood samples were collected for progesterone and luteinizing hormone determination. The percentage of does in estrus within 24 to 72 h post CIDR removal was significantly higher (P0.05) in all groups. The time of the LH peak in the group without the PMSG was significantly delayed (P(AU)

Estrous synchronization in sheep with reused progesterone devices and eCG

The objective of the present research was to determine the effect of long synchronization protocols based on reused progesterone devices (controlled internal drug release [CIDR]) associated with different doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on reproductive variables in crossbred sheep (Suffolk × Kathadin × Dorset). The CIDR were used for eleven days in a previous study in sheep from the same herd and were washed and disinfected before reusing. Sixty-four sheep, in the reproductive season, were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (n = 16). Treatments consisted of a group with 10 d CIDR and 300 IU eCG; a group with 10 d CIDR and 400 IU of eCG; a group with 12 d CIDR and 300 IU of eCG; and a group with 12 d CIDR and 400 IU of eCG. A completely randomized design was used. There was an estrous presentation rate of 100% in all treatments. The begining of estrous, gestation rate, fertility rate, type of parturition, and prolificacy index were equal between groups. Progesterone serum concentration was higher in sheep from the 10 d CIDR groups. The CIDR, reused for the second time, associated with 300 or 400 IU of eCG for estrous synchronization in sheep, are effective to obtain good pregnancy rates and ensures higher prolificacy rates.

Study of sexual behaviours with different types of estrus synchronization protocols in Boer goats

There is still a lack of information on estrus synchronization in goats. Understanding the estrus synchronization protocols and the subsequent effects is important to improve the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and subsequently would improve the breeding procedures. This study will help in determining the most suitable estrus synchronization protocol and understand better the effect on the sexual behaviour and hormonal effects in goats. A total of 127 Boer does were used and divided into three groups with different duration of CIDR insertion intravaginally either for 14 (two groups) or 9 days (one group). Approximately 0.5 ml Estrumate® (PG) was administered intramuscularly to all groups at CIDR removal, and only groups PMSG14 and PMSG9 were administered with 200IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) intramuscularly. Estrus signs were observed at 4 h intervals and blood samples were collected for progesterone and luteinizing hormone determination. The percentage of does in estrus within 24 to 72 h post CIDR removal was significantly higher (P0.05) in all groups. The time of the LH peak in the group without the PMSG was significantly delayed (P

Avaliação da eficiência de reutilização do CIDR® em protocolos de superovulação de ovelhas / Evaluation of efficiency of the reuse of CIDR® in sheep superovulation protocols

Sheep farming is an area of veterinary medicine of great importance at regional and national level, among the easily found breeds of economic relevance in northeastern Brazil are Morada Nova and Santa Inês. In addition, ultrasonography has been used systematically in animals superovulatory response to the sheep supervoulation protocols. In order to assess, based on the number of yellow bodies and number of viable embryos produced, the efficiency of the reuse of CIDR® in superovulation protocols in sheep using ultrasonography in color Doppler mode, a superovulatory protocol was performed in a total 40 sheep, with G-USED when 10 Morada Nova ewes and 10 Santa Inês ewes received reused CIDR® and G-NOVO when 10 Morada Nova ewes and 10 Santa Inês ewes received new CIDR®. The mean and standard error of yellow bodies was 10.35±1.33 for G-USED and 9.25±1.65 for G-NOVO, while the number of viable embryos was 6.50±2, 54 for G-USED and 8.25±1.49 for G-NEW. Thus, the reuse of CIDR® demonstrated efficiency in superovulation and did not interfere with the development of corpus luteum and the production of quality transferable embryos in sheep.(AU)

Avaliação do uso do CIDR novo e reutilizado no início e duração do estro em ovinos / Evaluation of the use of new and reused CIDR at the beginning and duration of estrus in sheep

Study evaluated the use of new and re-utilized CIDR® to increase the reproductive breeding efficiency of the Santa Inês (SI) and Morada Nova (MN). In the synchronization protocol, 40 sheep was divided into four groups: MN with re-utilized CIDR®; MN with new CIDR®; SI with re-utilized CIDR® and SI with new CIDR®. The protocollasted for 15 days. At D0, females received CIDR®. Between D7 and D9, ovarian superstimulation was inducedby two doses application with a 12-hour break of p-FSH. Estrus confirmation was evaluated with ruffians, and the duration determined with the first and last mounts. The ovulation was determined by B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler. All animals of the experiment showed signs of estrus after removal of the device and there was no difference between treatments (p>0.05). In Treatment 1 (T1, CIDR® used), the beginning of estrus was 22.3±1.53h and in Treatment 2 (T2, new CIDR®) was 22.9±1.64h. In estrus duration, T1 and T2 was similar (21.6±1.81 and 22.2±0.63, respectively). Conclusion: the treatments are efficient to induce and synchronize estrus, with satisfactory results in their duration.(AU)

Avaliação da eficiência de reutilização do CIDR® em protocolos de superovulação de ovelhas / Evaluation of efficiency of the reuse of CIDR® in sheep superovulation protocols

Sheep farming is an area of veterinary medicine of great importance at regional and national level, among the easily found breeds of economic relevance in northeastern Brazil are Morada Nova and Santa Inês. In addition, ultrasonography has been used systematically in animals superovulatory response to the sheep supervoulation protocols. In order to assess, based on the number of yellow bodies and number of viable embryos produced, the efficiency of the reuse of CIDR® in superovulation protocols in sheep using ultrasonography in color Doppler mode, a superovulatory protocol was performed in a total 40 sheep, with G-USED when 10 Morada Nova ewes and 10 Santa Inês ewes received reused CIDR® and G-NOVO when 10 Morada Nova ewes and 10 Santa Inês ewes received new CIDR®. The mean and standard error of yellow bodies was 10.35±1.33 for G-USED and 9.25±1.65 for G-NOVO, while the number of viable embryos was 6.50±2, 54 for G-USED and 8.25±1.49 for G-NEW. Thus, the reuse of CIDR® demonstrated efficiency in superovulation and did not interfere with the development of corpus luteum and the production of quality transferable embryos in sheep.

Avaliação do uso do CIDR novo e reutilizado no início e duração do estro em ovinos / Evaluation of the use of new and reused CIDR at the beginning and duration of estrus in sheep

Study evaluated the use of new and re-utilized CIDR® to increase the reproductive breeding efficiency of the Santa Inês (SI) and Morada Nova (MN). In the synchronization protocol, 40 sheep was divided into four groups: MN with re-utilized CIDR®; MN with new CIDR®; SI with re-utilized CIDR® and SI with new CIDR®. The protocollasted for 15 days. At D0, females received CIDR®. Between D7 and D9, ovarian superstimulation was inducedby two doses application with a 12-hour break of p-FSH. Estrus confirmation was evaluated with ruffians, and the duration determined with the first and last mounts. The ovulation was determined by B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler. All animals of the experiment showed signs of estrus after removal of the device and there was no difference between treatments (p>0.05). In Treatment 1 (T1, CIDR® used), the beginning of estrus was 22.3±1.53h and in Treatment 2 (T2, new CIDR®) was 22.9±1.64h. In estrus duration, T1 and T2 was similar (21.6±1.81 and 22.2±0.63, respectively). Conclusion: the treatments are efficient to induce and synchronize estrus, with satisfactory results in their duration.

Characterization of the LH peak after short and long fixed-time artificial insemination protocols in sheep raised in the tropics.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the peak in luteinizing hormone (LH) and the pregnancy rate of sheep (Texel × Santa Inês) in the tropics using short- (6 days) and long-term (12 days) progesterone protocols followed by artificial insemination (AI) both in and out of the breeding season. Experiment 1 was conducted within (IN) the breeding season (autumn, n = 36), and experiment 2 was conducted outside (OUT) of the breeding season (spring, n = 43). In each experiment, the sheep were divided into two groups (6 or 12 days) according to the duration of treatment with a single-use progesterone release vaginal device (CIDR® , Pfizer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), and blood samples were collected from 10 animals per group every 4 hr to measure the LH and progesterone concentrations. In the spring, the characteristics of the LH peak did not differ between groups; but in the autumn, there were differences between groups at the beginning (G-6 IN: 36.44 ± 5.46 hr; G-12 IN: 26.57 ± 4.99 hr) and end of the LH peak (G-6 IN: 46.22 ± 7.51 hr; G-12 IN: 34.86 ± 8.86 hr). The results showed alterations in the LH peak during the breeding season only in the sheep undergoing the short-term protocol.

Sincronização Do Estro E Ovulação Com Progesterona Em Ovelhas / Estrus And Ovulation Synchronization With Progesterone In Sheep / Sincronización Del Estro Y Ovulación Con Progesterona En Ovejas

Com a atual expansão da criação de ovinos no Brasil e a necessidade de melhoramento genético dos rebanhos, a alternativa mais benéfica disponível é a inseminação artificial (IA), sendo sua adoção facilitada pelo uso concomitante da sincronização do estro e ovulação visando à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). O ciclo estral nas ovelhas tem duração de 17 dias, que se divide em fase luteal e fase folicular. A ovelha é uma poliéstrica estacional caracterizado por períodos de atividade sexual durante os dias curtos (outono e inverno) com ciclos regulares. Durante os dias longos (primavera-verão), a atividade sexual diminui com os animais apresentando desde completo anestro até irregularidade dos ciclos. Para escolha da técnica de sincronização deve ser considerada a estacionalidade reprodutiva dos ovinos, uma vez que, dependendo da época do ano, será peculiar a técnica a ser empregada. Existem basicamente dois conjuntos de métodos de manipulação do ciclo estral em ovinos, um natural, o chamado efeito macho, outro que inclui métodos artificiais, que empregam progestágenos e as prostaglandinas. Progesterona e progestágenos são amplamente utilizados para sincronização do estro em ovelhas. Em ovinos: as esponjas vaginais de liberação lenta impregnadas com 50 mg MAP são muito utilizadas e existe também o dispositivo intravaginal de liberação de drogas (CIDR®).

With the current expansion of sheep farming in Brazil and the need for genetic improvement of livestock, the most beneficial alternative available is artificial insemination (AI), and its adoption was facilitated by concomitant use of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in order to time artificial insemination fixed (IATF). The estrous cycle in sheep lasts 17 days, which is divided into luteal phase and follicular phase. The sheep is an animal with reproductive seasonality characterized by periods of sexual activity during the short days (autumn and winter) with regular cycles. During the long days (spring-summer), sexual activity decreases with animals displaying complete anestrus up from irregularity of cycles. To choose the synchronization technique, the reproductive seasonality of the sheep should be considered, since, depending on the time of year, the technique to be used will be peculiar. There are basically two methods of manipulating the estrous cycle in sheep, a natural one, the so-called male effect, another that includes artificial methods that employ progestogens and prostaglandins. Progesterone and progestagens are widely used for synchronization of oestrus in ewes. In sheep: vaginal sponges impregnated withslow-release 50 mg MAP are widely used and there is also the intravaginal drug delivery device (CIDR®).

Con la actual expansión de la cría de ovinos en Brasil y la necesidad de mejoramiento genético de los rebaños, la alternativa más beneficiosa disponible es la inseminación artificial (IA), siendo su adopción facilitada por el uso concomitante de la sincronización del estro y la ovulación visando la inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF). El ciclo estral en las ovejas tiene una duración de 17 días, que se divide en fase luteal y fase folicular. La oveja es poliésica estacional caracterizado por períodos de actividad sexual durante los días cortos (otoño e invierno) con ciclos regulares. Durante los días largos (primavera-verano), la actividad sexual disminuye con los animales presentando desde completo anestro hasta irregularidad de los ciclos. Para elegir la técnica de sincronización debe ser considerada la estacionalidad reproductiva de los ovinos, ya que, dependiendo de la época del año, será peculiar la técnica a ser empleada. Hay básicamente dos métodos de manipulación del ciclo estral en ovinos, un natural, el llamado efecto macho, otro que incluye métodos artificiales, que emplean progestágenos y las prostaglandinas. Progesterona y progestágenos son ampliamente utilizados para la sincronización del estro en ovejas. En ovinos: las esponjas vaginales de liberación lenta impregnadas con 50 mg MAP son muy utilizadas y existe también el dispositivo intravaginal de liberación de drogas (CIDR®).

Sincronização Do Estro E Ovulação Com Progesterona Em Ovelhas / Estrus And Ovulation Synchronization With Progesterone In Sheep / Sincronización Del Estro Y Ovulación Con Progesterona En Ovejas

Com a atual expansão da criação de ovinos no Brasil e a necessidade de melhoramento genético dos rebanhos, a alternativa mais benéfica disponível é a inseminação artificial (IA), sendo sua adoção facilitada pelo uso concomitante da sincronização do estro e ovulação visando à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). O ciclo estral nas ovelhas tem duração de 17 dias, que se divide em fase luteal e fase folicular. A ovelha é uma poliéstrica estacional caracterizado por períodos de atividade sexual durante os dias curtos (outono e inverno) com ciclos regulares. Durante os dias longos (primavera-verão), a atividade sexual diminui com os animais apresentando desde completo anestro até irregularidade dos ciclos. Para escolha da técnica de sincronização deve ser considerada a estacionalidade reprodutiva dos ovinos, uma vez que, dependendo da época do ano, será peculiar a técnica a ser empregada. Existem basicamente dois conjuntos de métodos de manipulação do ciclo estral em ovinos, um natural, o chamado efeito macho, outro que inclui métodos artificiais, que empregam progestágenos e as prostaglandinas. Progesterona e progestágenos são amplamente utilizados para sincronização do estro em ovelhas. Em ovinos: as esponjas vaginais de liberação lenta impregnadas com 50 mg MAP são muito utilizadas e existe também o dispositivo intravaginal de liberação de drogas (CIDR®).(AU)

With the current expansion of sheep farming in Brazil and the need for genetic improvement of livestock, the most beneficial alternative available is artificial insemination (AI), and its adoption was facilitated by concomitant use of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in order to time artificial insemination fixed (IATF). The estrous cycle in sheep lasts 17 days, which is divided into luteal phase and follicular phase. The sheep is an animal with reproductive seasonality characterized by periods of sexual activity during the short days (autumn and winter) with regular cycles. During the long days (spring-summer), sexual activity decreases with animals displaying complete anestrus up from irregularity of cycles. To choose the synchronization technique, the reproductive seasonality of the sheep should be considered, since, depending on the time of year, the technique to be used will be peculiar. There are basically two methods of manipulating the estrous cycle in sheep, a natural one, the so-called male effect, another that includes artificial methods that employ progestogens and prostaglandins. Progesterone and progestagens are widely used for synchronization of oestrus in ewes. In sheep: vaginal sponges impregnated withslow-release 50 mg MAP are widely used and there is also the intravaginal drug delivery device (CIDR®).(AU)

Con la actual expansión de la cría de ovinos en Brasil y la necesidad de mejoramiento genético de los rebaños, la alternativa más beneficiosa disponible es la inseminación artificial (IA), siendo su adopción facilitada por el uso concomitante de la sincronización del estro y la ovulación visando la inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF). El ciclo estral en las ovejas tiene una duración de 17 días, que se divide en fase luteal y fase folicular. La oveja es poliésica estacional caracterizado por períodos de actividad sexual durante los días cortos (otoño e invierno) con ciclos regulares. Durante los días largos (primavera-verano), la actividad sexual disminuye con los animales presentando desde completo anestro hasta irregularidad de los ciclos. Para elegir la técnica de sincronización debe ser considerada la estacionalidad reproductiva de los ovinos, ya que, dependiendo de la época del año, será peculiar la técnica a ser empleada. Hay básicamente dos métodos de manipulación del ciclo estral en ovinos, un natural, el llamado efecto macho, otro que incluye métodos artificiales, que emplean progestágenos y las prostaglandinas. Progesterona y progestágenos son ampliamente utilizados para la sincronización del estro en ovejas. En ovinos: las esponjas vaginales de liberación lenta impregnadas con 50 mg MAP son muy utilizadas y existe también el dispositivo intravaginal de liberación de drogas (CIDR®).(AU)

Comparison of fertility following use of one versus two intravaginal progesterone inserts in dairy cows without a CL during a synchronization protocol before timed AI or timed embryo transfer.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of increased progesterone (P4) during preovulatory follicle growth during timed AI (TAI) or timed embryo transfer (TET) protocols. Lactating dairy cows with no CL and low circulating P4 (≤1.0 ng/mL) were submitted to a protocol using one or two intravaginal P4 implants (controlled intravaginal releasing device [CIDRs]), and were bred to TAI or TET. The low P4 cows for this experiment were identified on nine farms, four utilized TAI (n = 326 of 1160 cows examined), and five utilized TET (n = 445 of 1396). All cows were synchronized by insertion of P4 implant(s) (CIDR[s]) at start of protocol (Day -11) and simultaneous treatment with 2 mg of E2-benzoate. After 7 days, cows were treated with PGF (Day -4) and 2 days later treated with 1.0-mg E2-cypionate and CIDR(s) were removed (Day -2). Cows received TAI on Day 0 or TET on Day 7. Cows were randomly assigned to receive either one or two CIDRs on Day -11 until Day -2 (1CIDR vs. 2CIDR). Presence of CL was determined by ultrasound on Day -11 and Day 7 after protocol (to determine ovulation to protocol), P4 concentrations were determined on a subset of cows (Day -11, Day -4, Day 7), and ovulatory follicle diameter was evaluated on Day 0. Pregnancy success (P/AI or P/ET) was evaluated on Days 32 and 60. The 2CIDR treatment increased circulating P4 by Day -4 (1.77 ± 0.23 vs. 2.18 ± 0.24 ng/mL) but had no effect on ovulation at the end of protocol (83.6 vs. 82.6%) or ovulatory follicle diameter (15.6 ± 0.3 vs. 15.3 ± 0.3 mm). If only cows that ovulated to the protocol were included, 1CIDR tended to have lower P/AI than 2CIDR by Day 32 (42.8 vs. 52.6%; P = 0.10) and Day 60 (37.7 vs. 48.1%; P = 0.08) but there was no effect on pregnancy loss. There was an interaction (P = 0.05) between ovulatory follicle diameter and CIDR treatment on P/AI (Day 60). In cows ovulating larger follicles (≥14 mm), 2CIDR treatment increased P/AI compared with 1CIDR (53.3 vs. 34.9%; P = 0.02) but not in cows ovulating small follicles (<14 mm). There was no effect of treatment on P/ET on Day 32 (30.0% vs. 32.0%) or Day 60 (24.7% vs. 25.6%). Thus, these results add evidence to the concept that increased circulating P4 during preovulatory follicle development may improve P/AI, most likely due to improved oocyte quality in cows that ovulate larger follicles, since improvement was only in cows ovulating larger follicles and no effect of preovulatory P4 was observed in cows that received ET.

Oxidative status and fertility of ewes supplemented coffee pulp during estrous ¤ synchronization and early pregnancy / Estado oxidativo y fertilidad en ovejas suplementadas con pulpa de café durante la sincronización estral y gestación temprana / Estado oxidativo e fertilidade nas ovelhas suplementadas com a polpa de café durante sincronização do estro e gestação inicial

Summary Background: it is known that coffee pulp can modify the oxidative status and fertility in dairy cows. Objective: to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with coffee pulp on the antioxidant capacity, lipid oxidation and reproductive characteristics of ewes during estrous synchronization and early gestation. Methods: forty Dorset-Suffolk crossbred ewes with 3 or 4 parturitions were allocated to two treatments: T0 (n = 21), ewes supplemented with 450 g of a control feed; and T1 (n = 19), ewes supplemented with 450 g of the feed with 25% coffee pulp. Supplementation began 14 days before estrous synchronization and ended 25 days after breeding. During estrous synchronization, progestogen (CIDR, Controlled Internal Drug Release) was inserted and left in situ for 11 days. Eighteen hours later, estrous detection began with the aid of rams. Blood samples were collected at different times of synchronization and during early pregnancy to determine antioxidant capacity, lipid oxidation and blood progesterone concentration. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 and 60 days after CIDR removal. Results: supplementation with coffee pulp did not affect estrous onset, estrous response or progesterone concentration, but fertility decreased from 100 to 78.95%. The antioxidant capacity measured using the FRAP technique was greater in coffee pulp supplemented ewes only before progestogen insertion. Coffee pulp did not modify lipid oxidation; however, this variable was affected by sampling time, decreasing after progestogen removal to its lowest values at 22 days into pregnancy. Conclusion: although supplementation with coffee pulp at 25% in the concentrate increased antioxidant capacity of ewes before insertion of progestogen, it is not recommended to use this percentage during synchronization or early pregnancy since it can negatively affect gestation rate.

Resumen Antecedentes: se sabe que la pulpa de café puede modificar el estado oxidativo y la fertilidad en vacas lecheras. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos del suministro dietario de pulpa de café y su capacidad antioxidante, oxidación lipídica, y características reproductivas en ovejas durante la sincronización del estro y la gestación temprana. Métodos: cuarenta ovejas cruzadas Suffolk x Dorset de 3 y 4 partos fueron asignadas a dos grupos: T0 (n = 21), suplementación con 450 g de alimento (grupo testigo); y T1 (n = 19), suplementación con 450 g de alimento con 25% de pulpa de café. La suplementación inició 14 días antes de la sincronización del estro y terminó 25 días después del apareamiento. El progestágeno (CIDR, Dispositivo Intravaginal de Liberación Controlada) fue insertado en los animales por 11 días. Dieciocho horas después de su retiro se inició la detección de estros. Se muestreó a diferentes tiempos después de la sincronización y durante la gestación temprana para determinar capacidad antioxidante, oxidación lipídica y concentración de progesterona. El diagnóstico de preñez se realizó 30 y 60 días después de la remoción del CIDR. Resultados: la suplementación con pulpa de café no afectó el inicio del estro, la respuesta al estro ni la concentración de progesterona. Sin embargo, la fertilidad disminuyó de 100 a 78,95%. La capacidad antioxidante, medida mediante la técnica FRAP, fue mayor en ovejas suplementadas con pulpa de café, pero solo antes de la inserción del progestágeno. La pulpa de café no modificó la oxidación lipídica; sin embargo, si fue modificada por el tiempo de muestreo, decreciendo desde la remoción del progestágeno hasta los 22 días de preñez. Conclusión: aunque la suplementación del concentrado con 25% de pulpa de café incrementó la capacidad antioxidante antes de la inserción del progestágeno, no se recomienda ese porcentaje durante la sincronización y gestación temprana, ya que redujo el porcentaje de gestación de las ovejas.

Resumo Antecedentes: a polpa de café pode modificar o estado oxidativo e a fertilidade em vacas leiteiras. Objetivo: avaliar a polpa de café na capacidade antioxidante, oxidação da gordura e nas características reprodutivas das ovelhas durante sincronização do estro e gestação inicial. Métodos: quarenta ovelhas cruzas Suffolk e Dorset de 3 e 4 nascimentos foram agrupadas no T0 (n = 21), suplementação com 450 g de alimento controle e T1 (n = 19), suplementação com 450 g de alimento com 25% de polpa de café. A suplementação iniciou 14 dias antes da sincronização do estro e terminou 25 dias depois do acasalamento. O hormônio progestina (CIDR, dispositivo intravaginal de libertação controlada de fármaco) foi inserido por 11 dias. Dezoito horas depois da retirada iniciouse a detecção do estro. Fizeram-se amostras de diferentes tempos do período e da gestação inicial para determinar a capacidade antioxidante, oxidação dos lipídeos e concentração de progesterona. Realizou-se o diagnóstico de gestação 30 e 60 dias depois de remover o CIDR. Resultados: a suplementação com a polpa de café não afetou o início do estro, a resposta ao estro e a concentração de progesterona, mas a fertilidade decresceu de 100 a 78,95%. A capacidade antioxidante que foi medida pela técnica de FRAP foi maior nas ovelhas suplementadas com a polpa de café somente antes da inserção do progestágeno. A polpa de café não modificou a oxidação dos lipídeos; no entanto, estes foram modificados pelo tempo de amostra, decrescendo depois de remover o progestágeno até 22 dias de gestação. Conclusão: ainda que a polpa de café a 25% de concentração incrementa a capacidade antioxidante antes da inserção do progestágeno, não é recomendado este percentual para as ovelhas durante a sincronização do estro e a gestação inicial, já que decresce a porcentagem de gestação.

Use of estradiol benzoate to induce ovulation in a short-term protocol for fixed-time AI in sheep / Uso de benzoato de estradiol para induzir ovulação em protocolo de curta duração para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em ovelhas

The aim of this study was to test the hormonal protocol for fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) with a progesterone vaginal device for six days applying equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) or estradiol benzoate (EB) as an ovulation inducer in ewes. On day 0 (D0), the ewes (n=31) received a device containing 0.33 g of intravaginal progesterone (CIDR®) and were divided into three groups. The G-CT (control group) used CIDR for nine days and upon withdrawal of the progesterone, were administered prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2?) and eCG. In the eCG (G-eCG) group, CIDR was administered for six days, instead of nine as in the G-CT group, followed by PGF2a and eCG after progesterone withdrawal. In the EB (G-EB) group, CIDR was also administered for six days, but eCG was not applied, and EB was used to induce ovulation 24 hours after removing the CIDR and PGF2a application. TAI was realized in all groups 50 hours after CIDR withdrawal. The pregnancy rate in the G-eCG group (66%) was higher (p 0.05) than that in the G-EB group (11.1%). The short-term groups showed no difference (p>0.05) compared to the G-CT group (30%). It is possible to reduce the application time of the progesterone and use eCG for TAI in sheep; however, using EB resulted in a low ovulation rate in the sheep.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar protocolo hormonal para inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF) usando dispositivo de progesterona vaginal por seis dias e aplicação de eCG (gonadotrofina coriônica equina) ou BE (benzoato de estradiol) como indutor de ovulação em ovelhas. No dia 0 (D0), as ovelhas (n=31) receberam CIDR e foram divididas em três grupos. O grupo controle (G-CT) usou CIDR por nove dias e na retirada do dispositivo foi administrado PGF2a e eCG. No grupo eCG (G-eCG), CIDR foi mantido por seis dias, ao invés de nove como no G-CT, com aplicação de PGF2a e eCG na retirada da progesterona. No grupo benzoato de estradiol (G-EB), o CIDR também foi administrado por seis dias, mas não foi utilizado eCG, o BE foi usado para induzir ovulação e foi aplicado 24 horas após a remoção do CIDR e administração de PGF2a. A IATF foi feita em todos os grupos 50h após a retirada do CIDR. A taxa de prenhez do G-eCG (66%) foi maior (p 0.05) que no G-EB (11,1%). O grupo G-eCG de curta duração não diferiu (p>0,05) do G-CT (30%). É possível reduzir o tempo de permanência da progesterona usando eCG para IATF em ovelhas, entretanto o uso de BE resultou em baixa taxa de ovulação.(AU)

Use of estradiol benzoate to induce ovulation in a short-term protocol for fixed-time AI in sheep / Uso de benzoato de estradiol para induzir ovulação em protocolo de curta duração para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em ovelhas

The aim of this study was to test the hormonal protocol for fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) with a progesterone vaginal device for six days applying equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) or estradiol benzoate (EB) as an ovulation inducer in ewes. On day 0 (D0), the ewes (n=31) received a device containing 0.33 g of intravaginal progesterone (CIDR®) and were divided into three groups. The G-CT (control group) used CIDR for nine days and upon withdrawal of the progesterone, were administered prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2?) and eCG. In the eCG (G-eCG) group, CIDR was administered for six days, instead of nine as in the G-CT group, followed by PGF2a and eCG after progesterone withdrawal. In the EB (G-EB) group, CIDR was also administered for six days, but eCG was not applied, and EB was used to induce ovulation 24 hours after removing the CIDR and PGF2a application. TAI was realized in all groups 50 hours after CIDR withdrawal. The pregnancy rate in the G-eCG group (66%) was higher (p 0.05) than that in the G-EB group (11.1%). The short-term groups showed no difference (p>0.05) compared to the G-CT group (30%). It is possible to reduce the application time of the progesterone and use eCG for TAI in sheep; however, using EB resulted in a low ovulation rate in the sheep.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar protocolo hormonal para inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF) usando dispositivo de progesterona vaginal por seis dias e aplicação de eCG (gonadotrofina coriônica equina) ou BE (benzoato de estradiol) como indutor de ovulação em ovelhas. No dia 0 (D0), as ovelhas (n=31) receberam CIDR e foram divididas em três grupos. O grupo controle (G-CT) usou CIDR por nove dias e na retirada do dispositivo foi administrado PGF2a e eCG. No grupo eCG (G-eCG), CIDR foi mantido por seis dias, ao invés de nove como no G-CT, com aplicação de PGF2a e eCG na retirada da progesterona. No grupo benzoato de estradiol (G-EB), o CIDR também foi administrado por seis dias, mas não foi utilizado eCG, o BE foi usado para induzir ovulação e foi aplicado 24 horas após a remoção do CIDR e administração de PGF2a. A IATF foi feita em todos os grupos 50h após a retirada do CIDR. A taxa de prenhez do G-eCG (66%) foi maior (p 0.05) que no G-EB (11,1%). O grupo G-eCG de curta duração não diferiu (p>0,05) do G-CT (30%). É possível reduzir o tempo de permanência da progesterona usando eCG para IATF em ovelhas, entretanto o uso de BE resultou em baixa taxa de ovulação.

Avaliação de estratégias para aumentar a fertilidade de fêmeas nelore submetidas a protocolos de sincronização / Evaluation of strategies to increase fertility of Nellore females submited to synchronization protocols

Três experimentos foram desenvolvidos para avaliar protocolos hormonais de sincronização de estro e ovulação em fêmeas Nelore, extratificadas nas três principais categorias de fêmeas (vacas secas, novilhas e vacas paridas) comumente encontradas nas propriedades. Os experimentos possuíam objetivos de comparar a performance reprodutiva das categorias supra citadas, sobre a taxa de detecção do estro, taxa de prenhez na IA (exp. I e II) e/ou IATF (exp III) e no repasse, de fêmeas submetidas a protocolos de sincronização do estro e ovulação. EXP I: Foram utilizadas vacas Nelore não lactantes (n=286), blocadas em um esquema fatorial 2x3, e receberam no D0 o CIDR e 2mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE). O CIDR permaneceu por 5 dias (D5) ou 7 dias (D7), no dia da remoção do CIDR, as vacas receberam PGF2α (12,5mg, 25mg ou 50mg), formando os tratamentos: 5d12,5mg, 5d25mg, 5d50mg, 7d12,5mg, 7d25mg e 7d50mg. [...] EXP II: Utilizou-se 407 novilhas Nelore pré-puberes, blocadas em um esquema fatorial 4x2, as novilhas receberam no D0 o CIDR e 2 mg de BE, o CIDR permaneceu por 5, 7, 9 ou 11 dias. No dia da remoção do CIDR, as novilhas receberam 25mg de PGF2α e 300 UI eCG. [...] EXP III: Foram utilizadas vacas Nelore lactantes (n=191), divididas em dois tratamentos: 1xPGF-5d (as vacas permaneceram com o CIDR por 7 dias, sendo que 25mg de PGF2α foi aplicada no D5); 2xPGF-0/7d (as vacas permaneceram com o CIDR por 7 dias, sendo realizadas duas aplicações de 12,5mg de PGF2α, no D0 e D7). O CIDR foi retirado no D7, e aplicou-se 0,3 ml de ECP e 300 UI de eCG. Após 50 horas todas as vacas foram submetidas à IATF. [...] A utilização do protocolo 7d BE+CIDR, apresenta bons resultados reprodutivos, sendo que podemos reduzir o número de manejos sem o comprometimento da performance reprodutiva, realizando a aplicação de 12,5mg na inserção e na retirada do CIDR

Three experiments were designed to evaluate estrus synchronization protocols in Nellore females of three different class (dry cows, heifers and lactating cows) commonly found in properties. The experiments had aim to compare a reproductive performance of the categories mentioned above, at the estrus detection, pregnancy rate at AI (exp. I and II) or TAI (exp. III), pregnancy rate at rebreeding, of females submited to estrus synchronization program and ovulation. EXP I: Nonlactating Nellore cows (n=286), were randomized in a 2x3 fatorial arrangement. All animals received the CIDR and 2 mg of EB at D0, the CIDR remained for 5 days (D5) or 7 days (D7). At day of CIDR removal, cows received PGF2α treatments (12.5mg, 25mg and 50mg), the treatments followed: 5d12.5mg, 5d25mg, 5d50mg, 7d12.5mg, 7d25mg and 7d50mg. [...] EXP II: Prepubertal Nellore heifers (n=407), randomized in a 4x2 factorial arrangement. Heifers received CIDR and 2 mg EB at D0, CIDR remained for 5, 7, 9 or 11 days. On day of CIDR removal, heifers received 25mg of PGF2α and 300 IU of eCG. [...] EXP III: Lactating Nellore cows (n=191) were randomized in two groups, 1xPGF-5d (cows received CIDR for 7 days, and 25 mg of PGF was applied on D5); 2xPGF-0/7d (cows received CIDR for 7 days, and two injections of 12.5mg of PGF, on D0 an D7). CIDR was removed on D7, and was associate with injections of 0.3 ml ECP and 300 IU of eCG. TAI was performed 50 h after CIDR removal. [...]The use of 7d EB+CIDR program yields good reproductive results, and we can reduce a number of handlings without reduce a reproductive performance

Reproductive parameters of Santa Inês ewes submitted to short-term treatment with re-used progesterone devices / Características reprodutivas de ovelhas Santa Inês que receberam dispositivos de progesterona reutilizados

The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of reusing intravaginal progesterone (P4) devices on the reproductive parameters in Santa Inês ewes. Females received intravaginal P4 devices for their first, second or third use for five days plus 300 IU eCG IM and 5mg dinoprost laterovulvar 24h before device removal. Blood was collected at different moments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed from device removal to ovulation. Part of the ewes were submitted to artificial insemination by laparoscopy (IAL - n=55) with fresh semen, whereas the rest were bred by fertile rams (n=41). On the initial 18 h, ewes that received devices for the first time showed higher P4 concentrations (5.1±1.8 vs 3.5±1.4 vs 2.4±1.1 - P<0.05). However, after the first 48h no difference was observed among all treatments and P4 supraluteal concentrations were detected in all ewes upon device removal. Estrous response, interval from device removal to estrus, rate of ovulating animals, number of ovulations, time from device removal to ovulation and average conception rates after IAL or natural mating were similar among all 3 groups. Intravaginal progesterone devices can be used up to three times without altering reproductive parameters in Santa Inês ewes.(AU)

Avaliou-se a eficácia da reutilização de dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona (P4) sobre características reprodutivas em ovelhas Santa Inês. As fêmeas receberam dispositivos intravaginais contendo P4 para o seu primeiro, segundo ou terceiro uso por cinco dias, associado a 300 UI eCG IM e 5mg dinoprost laterovulvar 24h antes da remoção dos dispositivos. Ultrassonografia transretal foi realizada da remoção dos dispositivos até a ovulação. Parte das ovelhas foi submetida à inseminação artificial laparoscópica (IAL- n=55) com sêmen a fresco, enquanto outra parte foi acasalada por machos férteis (n=41). Nas 18 h iniciais, as ovelhas que receberam dispositivos pela primeira vez apresentaram maior concentração de P4 (5.1±1.8 vs 3.5±1.4 vs 2.4±1.1 - P<0.05). Entretanto, após as primeiras 48h nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os tratamentos quanto as concentrações circulantes de progesterona. Foram encontradas concentrações de progesterona supraluteais em todas as ovelhas na retirada dos dispositivos. Estro, intervalo da retirada ao estro, taxa de animais que ovularam, número de ovulações, momento da retirada à ovulação e taxa média de concepção após IAL ou monta natural foram similares entre os tratamentos. Dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona podem ser usados até três vezes sem alterar as características reprodutivas de ovelhas Santa Inês.(AU)

Reproductive parameters of Santa Inês ewes submitted to short-term treatment with re-used progesterone devices / Características reprodutivas de ovelhas Santa Inês que receberam dispositivos de progesterona reutilizados

The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of reusing intravaginal progesterone (P4) devices on the reproductive parameters in Santa Inês ewes. Females received intravaginal P4 devices for their first, second or third use for five days plus 300 IU eCG IM and 5mg dinoprost laterovulvar 24h before device removal. Blood was collected at different moments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed from device removal to ovulation. Part of the ewes were submitted to artificial insemination by laparoscopy (IAL - n=55) with fresh semen, whereas the rest were bred by fertile rams (n=41). On the initial 18 h, ewes that received devices for the first time showed higher P4 concentrations (5.1±1.8 vs 3.5±1.4 vs 2.4±1.1 - P<0.05). However, after the first 48h no difference was observed among all treatments and P4 supraluteal concentrations were detected in all ewes upon device removal. Estrous response, interval from device removal to estrus, rate of ovulating animals, number of ovulations, time from device removal to ovulation and average conception rates after IAL or natural mating were similar among all 3 groups. Intravaginal progesterone devices can be used up to three times without altering reproductive parameters in Santa Inês ewes.

Avaliou-se a eficácia da reutilização de dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona (P4) sobre características reprodutivas em ovelhas Santa Inês. As fêmeas receberam dispositivos intravaginais contendo P4 para o seu primeiro, segundo ou terceiro uso por cinco dias, associado a 300 UI eCG IM e 5mg dinoprost laterovulvar 24h antes da remoção dos dispositivos. Ultrassonografia transretal foi realizada da remoção dos dispositivos até a ovulação. Parte das ovelhas foi submetida à inseminação artificial laparoscópica (IAL- n=55) com sêmen a fresco, enquanto outra parte foi acasalada por machos férteis (n=41). Nas 18 h iniciais, as ovelhas que receberam dispositivos pela primeira vez apresentaram maior concentração de P4 (5.1±1.8 vs 3.5±1.4 vs 2.4±1.1 - P<0.05). Entretanto, após as primeiras 48h nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os tratamentos quanto as concentrações circulantes de progesterona. Foram encontradas concentrações de progesterona supraluteais em todas as ovelhas na retirada dos dispositivos. Estro, intervalo da retirada ao estro, taxa de animais que ovularam, número de ovulações, momento da retirada à ovulação e taxa média de concepção após IAL ou monta natural foram similares entre os tratamentos. Dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona podem ser usados até três vezes sem alterar as características reprodutivas de ovelhas Santa Inês.

Microbiological and functional evaluation of an alternative device (OB®) for estrous synchronization in ewes / Avaliação microbiológica e funcional de um dispositivo vaginal alternativo (OB®) para sincronização de cio em ovelhas

The use of synthetic progestagens released by vaginal devices is an important tool to overcome the reproductive seasonality in sheep, but cost and/or subsequent vaginitis are limiting factors for their use. To identify economic, simple and innocuous alternative vaginal devices for estrous synchronization/induction protocols in sheep, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and functional viability of the human vaginal tampons (OB®) impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) on reproductive performance of ewes. The study compared them with commercial vaginal inserts (CIDR®) and polyurethane sponges impregnated with MAP. In Experiment 1, the device loss rate, the degree of vaginitis during the device removal, the count and identification of bacterial colonies at the device insertion and removal, and efficiency in estrous synchronization and estrus temporal distribution were evaluated. Pubertal ewes at the beginning of the breeding season were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: CIDR®, PSP (polyurethane sponge) and OB®. No device losses occurred in any group, but the use of OB® caused milder signs of vaginitis than polyurethane sponges, with a similar vaginal bacterial growth and microbiota than the CIDR group. The estrus distribution was more disperse in the CIDR than PSP or OB groups. In Experiment 2, pregnancy rates using CIDR® or OB® devices were compared, with estrus manifestation (85.4 percent and 89.8 percent) and pregnancy rates (58.3 percent and 49.0 percent) being similar between groups (P>0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the use of human intra-vaginal tampons (OB®) impregnated with MAP was proven highly hygienic, practical and effective as a low-cost alternative for estrous synchronization and AI in sheep.

O uso de progestágeno sintético liberado por pessários vaginais é uma importante ferramenta para suplantar a sazonalidade reprodutiva em ovelhas. Todavia, seu uso é limitado pelo custo ou pelas subsequentes vaginites. Na busca de uma alternativa simples e de baixo custo para sincronizar estro em ovelhas, este estudo avaliou o tampão vaginal humano (OB®) impregnado com MAP, na performance reprodutiva de ovelhas, comparando com o CIDR® e as esponjas de poliuretano, estas também impregnadas com MAP. No experimento 1 foram avaliados a taxa de perdas; o grau das vaginites no momento da remoção do pessário; a contagem e identificação das colônias bacterianas; bem como a eficiência da sincronização e a distribuição temporal dos cios. As ovelhas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em um de três grupos experimentais: CIDR, Esponjas e OB, no inicio da estação reprodutiva. Não ocorreram perdas de pessários em qualquer grupo, porém o OB causou menor grau de vaginite em relação às esponjas, com um crescimento bacteriano e microbiota similares ao grupo CIDR. A distribuição dos cios foi mais dispersa no grupo CIDR do que nos grupos Esponja ou OB. No experimento 2, foram comparados o CIDR e OB em relação à manifestação de cio (85,4 por cento e 89,8 por cento) e taxa de prenhez (58,3 por cento e 49,0 por cento), que foram similares (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o pessário OB impregnado com MAP é higiênico, de baixo custo, prático e efetivo como para a sincronização de cios e IA em ovelhas.

Microbiological and functional evaluation of an alternative device (OB®) for estrous synchronization in ewes

The use of synthetic progestagens released by vaginal devices is an important tool to overcome the reproductive seasonality in sheep, but cost and/or subsequent vaginitis are limiting factors for their use. To identify economic, simple and innocuous alternative vaginal devices for estrous synchronization/induction protocols in sheep, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and functional viability of the human vaginal tampons (OB®) impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) on reproductive performance of ewes. The study compared them with commercial vaginal inserts (CIDR®) and polyurethane sponges impregnated with MAP. In Experiment 1, the device loss rate, the degree of vaginitis during the device removal, the count and identification of bacterial colonies at the device insertion and removal, and efficiency in estrous synchronization and estrus temporal distribution were evaluated. Pubertal ewes at the beginning of the breeding season were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: CIDR®, PSP (polyurethane sponge) and OB®. No device losses occurred in any group, but the use of OB® caused milder signs of vaginitis than polyurethane sponges, with a similar vaginal bacterial growth and microbiota than the CIDR group. The estrus distribution was more disperse in the CIDR than PSP or OB groups. In Experiment 2, pregnancy rates using CIDR® or OB® devices were compared, with estrus manifestation (85.4% and 89.8%) and pregnancy rates (58.3% and 49.0%) being similar between groups (P>0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the use of human intra-vaginal tampons (OB®) impregnated with MAP was proven highly hygienic, practical and effective as a low-cost alternative for estrous synchronization and AI in sheep.

O uso de progestágeno sintético liberado por pessários vaginais é uma importante ferramenta para suplantar a sazonalidade reprodutiva em ovelhas. Todavia, seu uso é limitado pelo custo ou pelas subsequentes vaginites. Na busca de uma alternativa simples e de baixo custo para sincronizar estro em ovelhas, este estudo avaliou o tampão vaginal humano (OB®) impregnado com MAP, na performance reprodutiva de ovelhas, comparando com o CIDR® e as esponjas de poliuretano, estas também impregnadas com MAP. No experimento 1 foram avaliados a taxa de perdas; o grau das vaginites no momento da remoção do pessário; a contagem e identificação das colônias bacterianas; bem como a eficiência da sincronização e a distribuição temporal dos cios. As ovelhas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em um de três grupos experimentais: CIDR, Esponjas e OB, no inicio da estação reprodutiva. Não ocorreram perdas de pessários em qualquer grupo, porém o OB causou menor grau de vaginite em relação às esponjas, com um crescimento bacteriano e microbiota similares ao grupo CIDR. A distribuição dos cios foi mais dispersa no grupo CIDR do que nos grupos Esponja ou OB. No experimento 2, foram comparados o CIDR e OB em relação à manifestação de cio (85,4% e 89,8%) e taxa de prenhez (58,3% e 49,0%), que foram similares (P 0,05). Conclui-se que o pessário OB impregnado com MAP é higiênico, de baixo custo, prático e efetivo como para a sincronização de cios e IA em ovelhas.